Explaining Image File Formats

[@mystarstudios]

You have a god-given talent for breaking down the complicated into simpler conceptual parts. I have been working with image files for the past 50 years and although I understand the difference there is no way I could explain it as well as you have in this video. Thank you!

[@MichelMorinMontreal]

I agree wholeheartedly!

[@Paddy_Roche]

Perfectly put.

[@thehappycoder3760]

Yes

[@KTHKUHNKK]

He absolutely does explain it well. It is still very hard for me to understand all this. WOW But I am trying.

[@003somnath]

This guy's bucket is always full of content and it will never empty.. Thank you for sharing your never ending knowledge with us..😍😍

[@mrkitty777]

And he has a virtual cat 😸

[@andrekz9138]

This video is timeless. People will continue seeking this particular condensed, informative content for years to come

[@sihledotcom]

I missed these explaining videos... Please make more and more :) They are one of the reasons i fell in love with the channel some 7 years ago :)

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks! I always like returning to this type of content.

[@bfapple]

Fantastic to finally understand the typical use cases for each file format. I work with pngs a lot, it's good to finally understand what the "alpha channel" actually means.

[@paulvanobberghen]

Nice thing about SVG is it’s an XML text tag based document, which means it has a DOM that can be manipulated via scripting (JavaScript most likely) or even CSS. Very useful for the web. Several JavaScript libraries exists to do so.

[@ExplainingComputers]

Yes, agreed -- SVG is a really great format.

[@dnoodspodu1159]

Whenever I download a SVG and open it in CorelDRAW, I have to ungroup [unlock] it - and then have to remember to remove some empty objects [clutter]. Thus I really do not like that format, as I also had some issues exporting my Corel works to it

[@WildWestDesigns]

Bare in mind what vector program one uses to open files. Inkscape will ignore non spec svg-xml markup, while Ai and Draw will delete. I have add-ons that store info in the markup, if I open in Ai/Draw etc and re-save that info is lost. Inkscape will just ignore. Keep that in mind if using add-ons from Inkscape, but Ai and others are used in the pipeline as well.

[@HPerrin]

It’s also a really great format for icons, since you can embed an SVG image in an HTML document. No additional download required, and no data: URI needed.

[@WildWestDesigns]

@@HPerrin also can use JS for interactivity as well. I had created audio player controls once using SVG. So much better compared to the built in ones.

[@JosephXFS]

Thanks for being the most straight to the point tech tuber.

[@otakuribo]

You're like the Techmoan of computer topics, thank you so much for putting out basic explainers like this!

[@brentlaube568]

Mr. Scissors always gets a moment in the spotlight. Love it!

[@djzio]

Professor Barnatt, this content not only was as informative on a grand scale as always, but gave me a good start to my day. I've needed to engage my brain. Despite being in the imaging industry for over 40 years, I had never heard image file formats explained so well. Thank you.

[@CarneyBryan]

wow!!! thank you a million times. no one can ever explain this but you have done it in just 14 minutes. this is the best resource ever. I really appreciate your time in making this video and sharing it. Great job!!!

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks for watching! :)

[@Ynhockey]

My favorite part in these videos is that even when I know everything, it's still interesting and deserves watching until the end. Great job as usual with this video. Surprised that Webp wasn't mentioned, given that it's the only relatively-common format, as far as I know, that has been invented recently.

[@captainkeyboard1007]

This forum about digital imaging makes me appreciate the microcomputer more and more. I am beginning to acquire some desire to work with photographs like I do working with text. Thank you for presenting this forum on KZbin.

[@rexjuggler19]

Excellent overview of file formats and a very good selection to narrow down the important points. I could easily use this video as a reference starting point for new hires. Having worked in the print industry for over 20 years and now healthcare (radiology IT) for the past 15, a good understanding of image file formats and lossless vs lossy compression as well as RGB vs CMYK knowledge is indispensable. Well done, Chris!

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks for this. :)

[@SLATEB0Y]

Another great video. Been dealing with these formats since windows 95 and you still educate me with clarity and thorough explanation . Thank you

[@JendaLinda]

Very informative video! PNG format is very versatile, it actually supports 16 bits per channel. Additionally, it supports low bit depths down to 1 bit per pixel for images consisting of fewer colours. TIFF provides some interesting features too. For the most interesting feature, TIFF may include more pictures (pages) in a single file.

[@MichaelGustavsonArchitect]

I think .png supports layers. This wasn't mentioned in the video.

[@aaa-os3pj]

@@MichaelGustavsonArchitect it was mentioned

[@anthonymccarthy4164]

Everything you ever wanted to know about image file formats but were to intimidated to ask. Very useful for we the confused.

[@RoyNeeraye]

My favourite moment of the day! Thanks again for another awesomely instructive and entertaining video, Chris.

[@reggiep75]

It's been a long time since I did my graphic design training and then work (starting in 1992), but from working at a printers, that did its own design work and processing of customers work, you soon learnt which raster & vector formats were industry standard and favoured. If a customer was supplying photos or vector images, you indicated that it would be best to supply them as a specific format for reasons like CMYK for full colour printing and having the alpha channel which was often used to make masks if there was further processing needed. I'm a general RAW, PNG and SVG user these days when I do work as they can be processed or converted all across the board by a number of programs with no further quality losses. Another great vid 👍

[@hassanlearning4086]

I found understanding image formats on different platforms challenging, but your tutorial made it easy. Thank you.

[@srtcsb]

Really excellent Chris. You've covered video file formats and now this for graphics... The two together make a 'can't miss' reference for content creation. Thanks for another great video. 👍

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks Steve. At some point I'll add audio formats, and maybe 3D ones too.

[@JamsODonnell100]

@@ExplainingComputersYes, please!!

[@Remington510]

I wonder how many subscribers unsubscribed when they heard, that Chris is in the "GIF" camp, not "JIF" :P SVG is awesome, this format can do a lot of tricks that are not widely known, especially in web development. It's worth mentioning that SVG is basically a text file, you can open it with a notepad and embed in your website without using the file and later animate it by manipulating the data over time with scripts.

[@alliejr]

Chris is correct!

[@Rationalific]

​@@TheRenHoek You're right that both ways are acceptable, but personally, I don't really care what that author of the GIF file format prefers. Some people think that whatever he says is the law. However, in my opinion, there are two even greater laws that supersede what he prefers, and those are the fact that "Graphics" has that "hard G" sound, and the "hard G" also agrees with general English phonology. Thus, I find it nonsensical to veer from that and make it sound like a "J", despite what the author thinks. I could come up with the "Conscious Algorithm Technique", or "CAT" for short, and if I try to get people to pronounce "CAT" as "Sat" ("C" as in "Cindy"), then I'm the weirdo.

[@michaelwright2986]

@@Rationalific People are always right about how their own names are pronounced, and so by extension you could say the giver of a name is also always right. But if you expect consistency in English spelling, and so consistency in the pronunciation of words that start in written form, I'm afraid you're making a giant mistake, as gigantic as putting ginger in your gin.

[@dnoodspodu1159]

Whenever I download a SVG and open it in CorelDRAW, I have to ungroup [unlock] it - and then have to remember to remove some empty objects [clutter]. Thus I really do not like that format, as I also had some issues exporting my Corel works to it

[@Remington510]

@@dnoodspodu1159 The drawback of proprietary vs generic. Had the same issue at some point with some other software. The Web-SVG seems to often have some extra headers compared to plain "just edit me" .svg.

[@elementbr]

A perfect way to relax on a Sunday evening, an Explaining Computers video. :) I always look forward to these.

[@davidhardaker192]

A great collection of information that is hard to find in one place - thanks Chris

[@rudge3speed]

You just touched the surface, but who can watch a seven hour video that explains the history of digital image generation starting from the first pixel! I hope this video gets more people interested in digging deeper, and thank you for making it.

[@jamesdinsmore9022]

Thanks!

[@ExplainingComputers]

Once again thanks James. :)

[@Alifrom-Texas]

Mr Christopher, just wanted to say you always bring very interesting videos here on KZbin ! I am hooked on your channel !

[@ExplainingComputers]

Great to hear - thanks! :)

[@Oharafolk]

So nice explanation! Thanks so much every time is a joy to see a video from you!

[@jamesdinsmore9022]

What an excellent and understandable presentation of such a complex subject!

[@John_Locke_108]

I feel so much smarter after watching your videos. Thanks for the knowledge!

[@MicrobyteAlan]

Excellent, interesting and well presented. Information I needed right about now. Thanks from my 3D printer lab in Orlando Florida 👍👍

[@ExplainingComputers]

I take is that 3D printing is going well then?! :)

[@MicrobyteAlan]

@@ExplainingComputers- yes thank you. I’ve even printed a design I created in fusion 360.

[@ExplainingComputers]

@@MicrobyteAlan Cool. I'm starting to work on my photogrammetry video (photos to 3D models) -- I think you may well experiment with this too!

[@MicrobyteAlan]

@@ExplainingComputers - excellent, looking forward to that. 😊

[@Pekitos]

@@MicrobyteAlan @ExplainingComputers I will follow by near to see what you will be creating. A good subject to working on is more 3d printing.

[@senior_ranger]

Outstanding overview --- much thanks. This should be required viewing for every visual artist.

[@dodg3rii]

I confess I came for the pronunciation of 'GIF'. I was not disappointed 😁😁 As a bonus, I learned a lot of stuff I thought I already knew. This guy is amazing!

[@ahah8797]

Chris. Excellent presentation, as always. I did not have an epiphany about image formats, however congratulations on a well researched presentation. I have taught image processing to graduate students for 13 years (I'm now retired) and one of the lectures covered image formats. Had i access to this presentation, I would have given my students the link. Best

[@_Digitalguy]

So glad I could learn several new things from this video, despite believing I already knew this stuff pretty well!

[@michaelmiller641]

Thankyou, very useful! I've been using alpha channels without realising what they are!

[@kyoudaiken]

As always a nice video that I can send around friends who were wondering what the difference of all those file formats actually are! Thank you Chris and please stay healthy in those weird times!

[@damonbombino1237]

Thank you for taking the time to teach us the wonderful world of computers

[@MrMoonpie001]

While it seems very easy and simple, understanding these concepts and how they work often are the cornerstone if a project is going to work or not!! I recently got a new monitor, using most of my computer time editing photos. The monitor I chose was the BenQ3200 which has a 10 bit depth RGB perfect for me to see as close as I can the product before it prints. Now this monitor is no good at all for a gamer of someone who watches lots of streaming it has been spectacular at representing my printed product to a very high degree. I also want to congratulate you for giving "Mr. Scissors" a staring role in this video!!!!!! Thank you Chris for all you do!!!! Rich

[@nin6246]

This channel is absurdly useful and informative. Thanks for the great and important content!

[@watchreadplayretro]

Fantastic depth yet easy to follow and a joy to watch. And yes agree, you have a true talent. Your videos remind me of the early to mid 80s Computer courses on tv, yet with modern technology; whilst still mentioning core/origin tech which is handy too! There's a clear knowledge and passion in your delivery and on reading your about section, I can see that your ease of knowledge comes from a thorough grounding in it all as a longterm teacher and author. It's truely amazing to not be overloaded with facts but just to soak up so much information duing easy listening. I knew some of this but this was so concise and flowed it all together in a fascinating way. Thanks again for a wonderful channel, instant sub and will from now on will most likely just thumbs-up, but I did want to post this thanks.

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks for the sub -- and welcome aboard! :)

[@robertdocherty6127]

Just so glad that I found your channel. Thanks again. Now I'm going to get a coffee and watch another of your video tutorials. Great stuff

[@miguelnglopes]

This is what explaining computers is all about!

[@ExplainingComputers]

Yes, exactly. :)

[@enginerd80]

I hadn't realized that JPEG was such a "recent" invention. By recent I mean that it came out a couple of years _after_ we got our first PC. But now that I think about it, the plain standard VGA in our then PC couldn't even show 24-bit colors at all; it could show 16 colors at 640x480 resolution or 256 colors at 320x200 resolution. And I remember even the few (scanned) photos of the time being usually GIFs, so up to 256 colors in total anyway. I don't know how common or rare it was, but when drawing (raster) images, in my memory we saved them mostly in BMP or PCX format, sometimes also in TIFF. For some reason I don't have many self-drawn GIFs from the first years of using PC.

[@ExplainingComputers]

I too find it amazing to reflect on how recent JPEG is. What you describe saving files in BMP or PCX was very common not that many years ago. :)

[@kervala]

I remember that before JPEG, almost all images were in 320x200 or 640x480 GIF, especially those from BBS :D

[@johnbaldwin143]

well explained in a non-complicated way. I am an old IT tech but still learned some details I had not considered. Thank you for offering a layman's description of file formats!

[@BruceS42]

I spent most of my career working with graphics, and hoped (but didn't expect) to hear ECs take on the formats and tools I used. Nope. I had higher expectations (but still not very high) that he'd talk about the biggest competitor to what I used, but he didn't. These were vector graphics, meant for CAD, though they had the ability to handle various raster images as well. We used it for a lot of modeling purposes, mostly mapping of utilities (electric, gas, water, sewer, telco, etc.), charting for naval or aviation, building design, and business interior layouts. Even without the nod to CAD, this was yet another fun video from EC, and I thank him for it.

[@ExplainingComputers]

I may over CAD formats in another video -- I always have to draw the line somewhere!

[@BruceS42]

@@ExplainingComputers If you're going to draw a line, I say CAD is a great place to do it! At one job, I read an architects analysis of the CAD system I used as a possible part of the solution they were looking for. He said that it didn't actually store arcs, just simulated them with a bunch of short lines. I had to laugh at that. It did, in fact, store arcs, as well as many other 2D and 3D geometries. It's been a while since I was into it, but as I recall an arc had a center, radius, starting angle, and sweep angle, as well as a matrix for 3D rotation. My work was adding functionality so users could place coherent objects, such as electric lines, transformers, valves, etc. with "intelligence" to them.

[@ExplainingComputers]

@@BruceS42 A great story, thanks for sharing here! :)

[@Martin_from_SC]

Very well explained and accurate - I've been a digital prepress tech for over 20 years and have come in contact with all of those and more!

[@Shawclough]

Another great video I need to watch several times and share with colleagues.

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks -- and share away! :)

[@LMacNeill]

Thank you for pronouncing GIF correctly. 😊

[@ciokas]

For educational purposes XPM and PPM file formats are great. They both can be opened by text editors one can easily inspect and alter the color of every single pixel. XPM has an added bonus that one can easily create ASCII art with it.

[@PS_Tube]

Interesting video Chris. As someone who works with images, it's nice to see this topic greatly explained particularly the lossy compression. BTW, isn't it Leica and not *Lecia* ?

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks for this. Looks like I got Lecia wrong -- I think there is a law that whenever I make one of these types of video, a typo sneaks in somewhere.

[@monchiabbad]

@@ExplainingComputers well we're all a bit dyslexic due to video creation stress ;-)

[@walts555]

👍Excellent summary and personal story at the end. I had a similar png epiphany years ago.

[@judsonleach5248]

GREAT EPISODE! As Always! HOWEVER i really missed getting to see "Stanley, The Knife" today! lol Best Sidekick EVER !!! hahaha! - Cheers! - Judson & Buddy!!!

[@pravatiacharya5921]

I was waiting for this video after the video on Explaining Video formats and this video finally came :-)

[@ExplainingComputers]

I always get there in the end! :) Audio formats remains on the list. And then maybe 3D file formats.

[@WorldWorrier3273]

I am Really really Happy 😃 & satisfied 😌 to see 👀 that u don't miss anything at all in your video 🎥

[@jls9225]

Another great video as usual, this time on photo extensions. Thank You, As Always, Be Smart and Stay Safe.

[@ShinobiDiabolik]

Hello Christopher, Thank you for the excellent explanation. It is sad that such good quality and informative videos like yours are rare, but your videos offer superb value.

[@oliverbatt3559]

Great video as usual, Chris. What would be fantastic at some point would be a video dedicated to looking at various open file formats and codecs for images, audio and video.

[@PeteVanDemark]

This video lit up a few LEDs in my mind. Thanks again!

[@kevinchadwick1206]

Yet another "keeper" video from Chris. These educational videos are so very useful and allow me to go into more detail if required. What would be really great would be a complete set of Chris' videos in a set of DVDs. Any thoughts?

[@ExplainingComputers]

An interesting idea . . .

[@SyberPrepper]

So much information. So many questions answered. Thank you.

[@gusdanvaz]

Very nice video. Thanks for the simplicity.

[@davidmusk9605]

Wonderful simple explanations of a difficult topic. Always enjoy the videos and have learnt a lot about the digital world. Keep up the good work.

[@paurano]

And so again without making effort I became an expert in a computer subject of which until just before I knew nothing. 🙏🤗

[@sid_gm1949]

I learnt about image format in Photoshop school . Thank you for going in depth I appreciate that .

[@robinbrowne5419]

A great Explaining Computers episode. I always wondered about these different file formats 🤔 Thank you 😊

[@paulie1672]

Thanks

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks for your support, most appreciated. :)

[@MdFahimMuntasir]

It's very helptful to learn File Format the way easily understand and without putting any effort. Thank you, Christ to showing us and teach us like a guidelines that is much appreciated and delivered certain knowledge with us. 😊😍😍

[@SJM2]

Great overview Chris. I'm au fait with the minutiae of the audio world but graphics file formats were always a bit of a mystery - until now! Cheers.

[@kurtweber162]

Very clear and interesting. I always enjoy your content.

[@midnightwind8067]

Well that explained a great deal. Another great one Chris. Thank You!

[@KowboyUSA]

Always the best computer oriented content 👌😃

[@Mixesha001]

Always a pleasure to learn with such clear explanations. Thanks as always for your content.

[@Colin_Ames]

Excellent video as always, with clear explanation of the various formats. I ran afoul of the CDR format some years ago, when the Italian parent company of my UK, and then US, employer decided to produce drawings using Corel. Unfortunately, my employer wouldn’t spring for multiple copies of Corel Draw, so I was reduced to begging every time I needed something edited or printed.

[@tonykeltsflorida]

I use canon cameras. The cr2 format is how I store my photos. I can quickly convert to jpg any photos I post online. Good video.

[@arazriel]

Another great video from Chris, thank you so much!

[@badisheffey4550]

Thank you for another great video. This is very helpful for us non-computer people!

[@ProjectPhysX]

Thank you! This video is an excellent overview on the image formats out there!

[@ianperkins8812]

Incredibly useful and well done!

[@rogerkoh1979]

Nice way to explain different formats. I use lots of SVG as we need the image to be sharp when zoom in. Most of my email i use jpg or png as email tend to limited attachment size. Thanks for another great show.

[@kevinshumaker3753]

One of the first programs I ever wrote took an RLE encoded file from compuserve and displayed it in my 'wrapper', and converted RLEs into sprites on my C64. It was fun learning about the magic of images.

[@DeAngeloDowning-rl3te]

[(())]=sounds

[@WTBMrGrey]

Love how simple you explain how to do things in your videos. I would really like it if you could do a series on how to make a home server and what uses it has. I have 6 PC's in our house, my wife , 4 children and myself all have our own gaming PC. I would like to learn how to 'link' them all up.

[@KTHKUHNKK]

I'm kind of lost but I'm going to keep listening. You sure do know your stuff. WOW

[@ExplainingComputers]

Hi Keith! I hope that all is well with you.

[@KTHKUHNKK]

@@ExplainingComputers Hi Chris Yes everything is okay. I'm getting through this crazy world just like the rest of us. Have a good one buddy

[@OldieBugger]

Thanks for all this info. I've used files in most of these formats, but never knew the differences. Now I do (forgetfulness coming in 9,...8,...7,...). Well, anyway, I can (and probably will) use this as a reference manual later on.

[@fattomandeibu]

The first format I used were ILBM(typically with .iff extension, but in true Amiga fashion, didn't require an extension) which I made in Deluxe Paint, which was amazingly by the same EA that is now a video games behemoth. They allowed files to be stored in as little as 2 bits per pixel, up to 8bpp, with their own unique palette. There were also other modes such as HAM which was a special mode which allowed the use of all the Amiga's 4096(or over 2 million on later models) by holding 2 of the colour values like the hold function of a slot machine and gradually shifting colours as you move to the next pixel. Wasn't very good, except for high resolution photographs, looked similar to a very low quality JPEG, but we had to work within the memory limitations of the systems we had back then.

[@ExplainingComputers]

I too started with those formats on an Amiga -- Photon Paint was my first paint program. Happy days! :)

[@ej2095]

@@ExplainingComputers Beat me too it, was going to say what about the Amiga and .iff, i had lightwave 3d on my Amiga (Which i still have and use) but got a few more amigas now for my collection

[@ceptimus]

ILBM stood for 'interlaced bitmap', even though most of the images displayed on the Amiga weren't using interlaced modes.

[@fattomandeibu]

@@ceptimus It was interleaved. Was due to the fact the file was stored in an interleaved(bytes, or sequences of bytes, arranged in chunks that may not always been in the right order) format. The Amiga could also do interlaced modes if required, but it looked awful and used a lot of video RAM, so no one used them.

[@ceptimus]

@@fattomandeibu Thanks. I'd misremembered. :(

[@elliptical3]

Pronounces ".gif" like a champ. I'll never change either, lol.

[@BirdFusion]

Very informative video 😄 I was unaware that TIFF can be similar to the other formats depending how it's configured when saved.

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks for this. TIFF is a very interesting and flexible format, although sadly not all programs allow all of its features to be used.

[@121Pal]

…another fantastic video…thanks again, Chris…

[@joeg3950]

Good to know information. Thank you for having it all in one video.

[@irenedagg6516]

You are an excellent teacher. Thank you very much for this video as it helped me to understand this stuff :)

[@ExplainingComputers]

You're very welcome!

[@AMDRADEONRUBY]

Yay finally Sunday I'm ready have a nice week.

[@marcos7106]

As always the information and content is of the highest quality. It has helped me, because only yesterday I was debating over whether to save a picture in one format or another. Thank you.

[@rager-69]

Nice explanation. I never knew the specific differences between .jpg, .png and .tiff

[@Bassotronics]

Side Note: DIGITAL VIDEO I remember when I was starting to deal with digital video using a program, as I wanted to save the video to a certain format I was like “oh my god look at all these formats and variations!” I did not even know what to pick and why. It took me a long time to figure out which format to use that provided me the highest resolution with the lowest file size. But as of lately, I’m always using the M2t format to upload my videos to KZbin because if I try other formats, they actually degrade the sound for whatever reason on KZbin’s part. Because even though the quality of the audio sounded great on my end on other formats, for whatever reason KZbin itself degrades it. And I’ve noticed that by using the M2t format the quality stays pretty much the same. Then we have all these other options within the issue for example, anti-aliasing options, dithering options, bit depth options so many other options when rendering a video. -- With so many different formats and variations, it’s like going to a store and seeing a whole bunch of different types of bread. You have no idea which bread is the richest tasting so you have to go through each and every one of them to find out and it can be quite a task. - Television before the digital era was actually crisp and clear and all channels looked great. Ever since the digital era arrived there is a complete mess of resolutions on the TV broadcast. I can see a commercial that looks very good but then the next commercial looks grainy and low quality. The same goes with news broadcasts sometimes they’re showing an interview of a person that looks great and then when they go to show a video of some sorts related to the news that they’re talking about it looks horrible. We never had this issue back in the day. The only way to combat this is if all Television stations choose one high-quality format for everything. But I don’t see this happening anytime soon. - Everybody uses whichever format they choose and the digital video world becomes a huge clusterfruck of videos with all sorts of resolutions and quality. I wish there was only ONE format and container for all provided it’s the highest quality available for the sake of the beautiful crisp and no nonsense video. I’m dreaming of the MPNG format to appear.

[@ExplainingComputers]

I have a video on digital video formats, codecs and containers, very much focused on the professional space, here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/Y2WxiauPadKUj8U

[@Bassotronics]

@@ExplainingComputers Thank you kind sir.

[@Peter-qo7uz]

I am happy to see when others use PNG as well. I use PNG images to embed them in work instructions or share images like screenshots from applications. Or any other simple graphic. It is wonderful how small the PNG file can be, where other dumbbells will be using JPG for everything creating unnecessary storage demand.

[@davideloi9176]

Love your channel. I’m learning so many things!

[@ExplainingComputers]

Thanks for watching!

[@johngangemi1361]

Excellent concise guide on image file formats.

[@wolfcrossing2734]

Very informative, concise, Excellent! Thanks.

[@alanthornton3530]

Thank you for another informative & interesting video, a good subject to help us expand our knowledge further.

[@studiosnch]

Just a correction on 09:57 : you probably ment to say "Leica", read as "lie-kaah". Other than this everything else is just superb. This is definitely useful for academic use!