28 Subatomic Stories: Before the Big Bang

[@asdfdfggfd]

Rapidly becoming my favorite physicist because of willingness to say "I don't know" with the humility to admit, we may never know. Wait, is it weird to have a favorite physicist?

[@drdon5205]

No. All the best people have one.

[@flyingskyward2153]

No question, just wanted to say thanks for taking time out of your day to explain these things to us.

[@navinsingh1730]

Nicest comment I've seen today! :)

[@constpegasus]

Exactly.

[@karlosgill]

Yes thanks Don and Fermilab, we all really appreciate the work you do

[@chrisparker5796]

One No problemo.madame ..

[@davidkugel]

I appreciate Dr. Lincoln saying he made a mistake. It takes humility to admit an error.

[@fabricebaro]

It's also the very definition of real science / a real scientist

[@dj53144]

It is one thing to show a man that he is in an error, and another to put him in possession of the truth. Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours. John Locke

[@kalicom2937]

I appreciate it even more because it is a fantastic example to others and should be what science is all about. If we all behaved this way in our daily lives the world would almost certainly be a better place.

[@davidkugel]

@@kalicom2937 I was a math teacher. Each week I made at least one mistake often copying a problem wrong. I freely admitted to the class when I made an error. I think the classes liked the fact that adults and teachers made mistakes just like they do.

[@kalicom2937]

@@davidkugel And I am sure the smart ones that spotted your mistakes were empowered by the fact that you did not get upset when they pointed it out to you. I think many people react badly when they are corrected because they often get embarrassed (odd, since to err is human).

[@Meticulate826]

Just wanted to say thanks for doing these shows. They are invaluable for the understanding of this sience amongst the general population across the world and I value it immensely.

[@hueydockens4415]

Dr. Don Lincoln, I'm an old man, and you have taught me so much good stuff, I could never repay you. you are the greatest!

[@Petrov3434]

Thank you !!! Informative, entertaining and with highest scientific integrity of an expert -- what else one can wish for !!!

[@Etudio]

SOLID Scripting & Delivery. Good Job, Team!

[@hummakavula3750]

"Professionally crazy" is my new favorite job description

[@innertubez]

Same here! I loved it

[@KippiExplainsStuff]

Hahah amazing

[@rollinwithunclepete824]

I'm not paid to be crazy so I guess I'm just an amateur.

[@jacobdrj101]

I am still enjoying these. Please keep up the awesome work.

[@FreshBeatles]

thank you for making this series i need it

[@ZedaZ80]

That curvature explanation at the end is pretty cool! I struggle with physics stuff, but that seemed quite intuitive. Thank you!

[@redims8967]

A sincere Thank you Dr. Lincoln for taking the time to answer my question!

[@preethiyogesh9821]

Hey Dr Don Lincoln , have you ever got irritated by someone and said " get your subatomic particles out of here"

[@captainconsumer]

hey doc lincoln get those particles on the bus 👉🏻👉🏻

[@pansepot1490]

No question, just huge thanks for your clarity. It’s rare, well actually you dr Lincoln are the only one who is so explicit in telling what is measured science and what is speculation. People make a lot of claim about the Big Bang, the origin of the universe etc. and knowing exactly what is science and what is untested hypothesis is invaluable imo. Love your down to earth approach. Thanks again, your work is much appreciated.

[@GlennHamblin]

Your humility puts you in my Feynman camp🙂 the second physicist I can truly admire!! Thanks for the video.

[@dahbrezel]

I really like how you make clear that accepting that you don't know something is a vital part of science and not some sort of failure or shortcoming :)

[@drdon5205]

Actually, it's not that I didn't know that. It's that I had a momentary dive into stupidity. It's especially embarrassing, as I certainly knew this and just screwed up.

[@rfontana5379]

Dear Dr. Don Lincoln, thank you for your weekly videos: I am a fan, but want to tell you that one video per week is not enough; we all love your clean, honest, profound knowledge sharing, and just one video of 15 minutes per week is like looking the cherry on cake but not being allowed to get a slice of it. I say it because your way to widespread scientific knowledge has something special, able to make people reasoning not only on science but also on scientific knowledge. Please don't give up, and give us more videos commented by you (sorry but you are unique)!

[@nophoto6875]

I truly hope making series like these becomes a hobby for the best scientist in the universe as they approach the end of their own existence. Thank you for releasing that energy back into the cosmos in the form of data transfer between biological organisms.

[@pansepot1490]

I hope you are not suggesting that dr Lincoln is old!

[@Coastaljaeger]

Proof of time time dilation. 18 min video up for 8 minutes and already 12 comments on its contents. Im convinced.

[@garyrogers2843]

Shouldn’t time have inflated during inflation as well as space?

[@PhysicsGuy1000]

*Space and time are two aspects of the same thing.*

[@garyrogers2843]

@@PhysicsGuy1000 so how can we measure how long inflation lasted if time was expanding as well? How long was a second during inflation? Was time advancing at 1s/s?

[@navinsingh1730]

Or deflated...! :\ Doctor Don, need your help here!!!

[@a.randomjack6661]

Time is relative (hence theory of Relativity) and it's passage only depends on what an observer perceives. Simultaneity dies not exist, it's always and only apparent to an observer.

[@deonpersaud8502]

Inflation only happened to the universe's space, not to it's time. Not sure if this violates Special Relativity.

[@zaffa995]

Hey Dr Lincoln, what gives charged particles their charges? Thank you for the videos

[@pXnTilde]

Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. If there are more protons then the overall charge is positive and vise versa. Protons are positive because they have a combination of charged quarks that result in an overall positive charge. The quarks and the electron do not have a reason they are charged, they just are.

[@zaffa995]

@@pXnTilde thank you for the answer but I meant where the charge come from for electrons and quarks

[@pXnTilde]

@@zaffa995 right, there is no reason. It's just a property they have

[@addajjalsonofallah6217]

@@zaffa995 The reason isn't known and it appears there is no reason they simply do just because those particles are those partilces

[@esajpsasipes2822]

@@zaffa995 i think on some video he said that electrons are described by complex numbers, and their phase (arrow pointing from zero to that number) shifts over time, and that antimatter goes backwards in time, and from our perspective it would shift the other way (that means going clockwise vs. counterclockwise). There is no reason why electron has negative charge and a positron has positive charge, it's just a thing of naming things. It just matters that they are diffirent charges, ie. diffirent directions of shifting the phase of complex numbers that describe electrons over time. I'd guess it's the same/simmilar when talking about other particles.

[@beijingbond]

Hi Dr Lincoln. Not really a question, more of a statement. I never did physics at school because my maths was poor (the teachers advised me not to try it at 13 years old:( ), BUT.....watching your channel is fascinating. I don't understand all of it, of course, but your explanations of complex ideas and science allows me to understand some and enjoy the rest. Thank you.

[@video99couk]

16:40 Could we get measurements in the future will less uncertainty?

[@ctwentysevenj6531]

What a fantastic KZbin channel. You learn so much.

[@karlosgill]

Hi Don, love the series. Does the expansion of the universe also affect particle size? Is it just the gaps between stellar objects that is increasing or are we ourselves and our constituent particles also expanding? And is this measurable or affect measurements? Thanks

[@jimmylee695]

The space between stellar objects is expanding only. But with Dark Energy, the far distant future will make every little part of space expand. Including within atoms. That is the epoch of what we call 'the big rip'.

[@bluecaroline4407]

Thank you Dr. Lincoln. Why is that that listening to you have such a calming effect on my existential anxiety?

[@arekkrolak6320]

science is correcting your own mistakes and learning from them instead of burying head in the sand! well done

[@jvkurtz]

Question: if the CMB produced here is long gone, does this mean there's parts of the observable universe that aren't shown in it? If we had that data, would the CMB have more area or would the information we already have be clearer to understand?

[@laurentstorchi290]

The light from the CMB that reaches us is from increasingly further away so it would be interesting to see whether in the future, the CMB will look different in any unexpected way. Part of the CMB that always breaks my mind, is that the universe was already that large at such a young age.

[@KohuGaly]

The CMB we currently see comes from the edge of the observable universe. It quite literally is the heat glow from parts of the universe so far away, that the light only now reached to us. That is the only part of the observable universe shown in the CMB. The CMB from all the parts closer than that edge has already reached us in the past.

[@paulmichaelfreedman8334]

@@laurentstorchi290 The CMB was released about 380,000 years after the big bang itself. The observable universe was pretty big by then but it did have quite some time to get to that size.

[@pXnTilde]

It's gone in the sense that it isn't here. Someone observing at the distance at which the CMB we see is from would see the CMB that originated from here.

[@jaxzinremy4141]

In quantum tunneling do the different particles have a barrier bias? In a way that each particle has a type of barrier or structure it is more likely to tunnel through than other particles

[@laurentstorchi290]

good question; like can something influence tunneling or is it purely a matter of chance and distance?

[@KohuGaly]

Pretty much yes. For something to be a barrier, it has to interact with a particle in such a way, that the particle needs extra energy to overcome that barrier. So off course, different particles react to different kinds of barriers, due to having different properties. For example, a charged particle can't pass through solid walls, due to the electromagnetic repulsion of atoms of that wall. But for a neutral particle, like a free neutron, the wall almost no barrier at all. The "barrier effect" for them comes from the fact, that a very small part of the wall (by volume) are atomic nuclei, which can interact with the neutron through strong nuclear force. The same applies to neutrinos, but for them it's the weak nuclear force.

[@markmidwest7092]

Dr. Lincoln, not that it matters to anyone but me but I always look forward to your videos and the insights you give I get nowhere else. There's another physicist, Nick Lucid (Science Asylum), I love to watch, too (he's a theorist) and yours and his deliveries are polar opposites but I love you both. Thank you.

[@dariopalomba8420]

As always, thank Dr. Lincoln for your video, just a bit difficult the "metastable" concept , however I will watch it again. Greetings from Athens, Greece.

[@whatelseison8970]

Back in my day we just had the one universe but you gotta understand that back then, that was a lot of universes. Folks knew the _value_ of a universe. Nowadays one measly universe won't even cover portal fare. That's inflation for ya.

[@mikaelstrandanger2742]

Hi Don! What is your comment on Roger Penrose's ideas of the origin, the end and the restarting of a new universe/big bang, that frequency, ie time is connected to through the two famous equations? When the universe is unconscious of mass or diluted of mass, the universe loses the notion of time, and thus size, that is space.

[@42Hz]

Dr. Don Lincoln, I have 2 questions: 1. Do you think that the speed of light can be higher in between plates of the Casimir Effect experiment? 2. What do you think about Roger Penrose's idea that the Universe is cyclic and it "resets" after a universe is so expanded that there are only photons left which means there is no mass in the Universe, thus no time. Roger Penrose - Did the Universe Begin?: kzbin.info/www/bejne/hXfUm3RrmtCgpbs Thanks!

[@sandhyagupta3487]

@Slavik Hz Inside the Casmir plates the permeability of space and time and thus the speed of light will remain the same only the wavelength will decrease

[@jeroendebruijn1974nl]

I had # 2 as question too. If head death as ripped away ever last particle. But I then pondered strings and the quantum foam. As long as the foam still works would that not propagate time? But intuition (and oh my how often is that wrong on quantum level) would say if head death removes all particles, we would have some kind of and pre expansion situation, where the ‘battle’ between the equilibrium state and the lowest energy state might perhaps trigger a new expansion. But I guess I would hardly be the first who has put forth this suggestion when Unicorn farts had been dismissed as the start of the origin of the universe. Alas I have to admit my physics skills, besides a great enthusiasm for the subjects, are more on the level of the googleplex e-mails with 99 identical unique thoughts Don Lincoln gets on a daily base.

[@42Hz]

@Ψ Thanks, I'll watch that video!

[@42Hz]

@@jeroendebruijn1974nl Thanks. I didn't think of quantum foam. I also wonder how virtual particles will behave in such an expanded space. Maybe there vacuum will also have no energy at some point...

[@sandhyagupta3487]

@@jeroendebruijn1974nl if there are no particles then there will be no strings and no quantum foam either

[@paulireson1154]

Hi there Dr Don.Just like to comment that you are a rarity among scientists.Usually there are those who can do and those that cant teach.You do both very well.I only became interested in Physics late in life so am doing catch up.Thanks for your help.Paul in Ireland

[@pavelsulc2617]

Hello Do we know at what time the creation of our universe was allowed to create black holes? I assume that something prevented their formation in the initial stages. What was it? I don't think it's explicitly said yet. Thank you for your wonderful work.

[@buckybarnes3803]

Dr Don I really miss that intro music that you guys had last year ! Hard to describe, heavy strings or cello that starts abruptly and then ends abruptly. It was exciting stuff !

[@dragonemperor007]

After conflicting with a 11-dimensional string theory paper, they might have had to remove the music made from 3-dimensional strings.

[@innertubez]

Nice calculation yielding the result that the whole universe is at least 500 times the size of the observable universe. That’s huge!

[@Ballistikraft]

The "Big Bang happened everywhere at once" and "There's no central location for the Big Bang" parts can be easier to understand if you imagine you're not an outside observer of an explosion but you're the explosion. More confusing to me is to understand how the universe became exponentially bigger during the inflation era...

[@Lucius_Chiaraviglio]

You: ". . . you're the explosion." Me: (Starts thinking about how to make bean and prune soup with lots of spices . . . .)

@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio Don't forget to use milk in it. Prunes on milk are very explosive. :D

[@tanmaydeshmukh3517]

Been watching this series from the beginning

[@x19man1]

Hello; I read that a black hole can only have 3 properties -mass charge, and spin. What happens to the other properties of particles that fall into it, such as strangeness, isospin, hypercharge, etc ? Thank you.

[@drdon5205]

This is the black hole information paradox. It's worth Googling it.

[@TheMemesofDestruction]

6:05 -- Thank You! ^.^

[@tomburau8362]

Best physics lessons on youtube!

[@Linguae_Music]

When he said "Hold on to your' socks" I WAS LITERALLY ALREADY HOLDING MY SOCKS AAAAAAAAAA

[@ozzyherrera1027]

Oddly enough I can listen to each episode several times with out getting bored😅

[@Lolwutdesu9000]

Fellow physicist turned teacher here. I've used your videos in some of my lessons and the students really enjoy watching them. They (and admittedly, so do I) have one small question, however: would it be possible to lengthen the duration of your talk about the subject and reduce the time spent answering questions? Thanks for all your hard work!

[@drdon5205]

Have you looked at the 100 long form videos that are produced by Lincoln and are on the Fermilab KZbin channel? They may be more to your liking.

[@nikolaki]

Dr Don, have you considered Roger Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology? Do you think it's viable?

[@toppocket2856]

I would also love to hear Don's thoughts on CCC as it is pretty wild.

[@Petrov3434]

Thank you and - a question: Any comment on Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) hypothesis? Is it more "fantastical" than the "inflaton" field and cosmic inflation in the ten on -35 seconds -- which his mathematics showed would not resolve the cosmos homogeneity... Many thanks in advance

[@Zack-ke1qy]

Hello dr Lincoln. About a month ago I asked about a path to working at fermi lab while in high school. My comment was mentioned in a video, just checking up to see how it’s going 😁

[@drdon5205]

Hi Zack, unforeseen obstacles have arisen on answering your question. It would perhaps be better to email your question directly.

[@Paul-ty1bv]

Dr. Lincoln, you are a class act and an exemplary scientist.

[@daffidavit]

At 9:19 did Dr. Lincoln say "It's just baryon likely"?

[@ioannistsile4221]

Nice video as always!

[@oderalon]

6:51 "That's science for you: people make mistakes, others correct them, and, together, we get to the right answer." 😊

[@user-fo3ug3cr4m]

I have a question about research in particle physics. In numerous articles I read the terms statistical significance and standard deviations, I would like to know what they mean and how the value is calculated. Thank you.

[@michaelsommers2356]

Try these: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance

[@user-fo3ug3cr4m]

Michael Sommers I will but I am also curious what he, as a particle physicist, has to say.

[@_vicary]

first time I’ve ever heard of the 0.001 ±0.002 measurement, can we know more of the details?

[@yangpan5902]

Please Correct me if I'm wrong: If the 0.002 in the 0.001±0.002 means standard uncertainty, then the confidence interval is only 68%. We have more than 16% chance that curvature is larger than 0.003, and another 16% where it's smaller than -0.001. So the universe could be smaller than 500*observable universe.

[@drdon5205]

Yes, of course. Those numbers are one standard deviation. But that level of sophistication was, of course, beyond the level of that five-minute video.

[@BookaYashee]

I love that catchy phrase on the end of the every video. I've always say it with You out loud. Dr Don I've question. Is to correct to say that we always travel through spacetime with c speed? And if we move faster through space then we move slower through time?

[@esajpsasipes2822]

I think that is true, from what i learned from other videos. That's precisely what time dilation is, going slower through time when moving quickly through space.

[@mohscorpion2]

i have a question , as i understood from this clip you made two ideas multiverse and CCC . but can they both happen ? like evolution in horizontal and vertical sequence?

[@cameosix7077]

7:50 What about the Alcuberrie warp field

[@issholland]

I really appreciate the fact that you say you don't know

[@openohm]

Thank you for your dedication. Have a super week!

[@navinsingh1730]

Second nice comment I've read today! :D

[@NeonsStyleHD]

This is not related to the BB, but I'm curious. What causes the magnetic field of a black hole? It can't be dynamo based, and I would've thought the magnetic field of objects it consumes, would diminish over time since it's destroyed. So what causes and maintains it?

[@Bit-while_going]

Is there anywhere in the universe where four-quark particles are likely to be more common? What effect would they have on the physics if they were more common in a black hole?

[@denisustynov3028]

Great episode, thank you Dr Lincoln. Is the shape of the universe some crucial entity for cosmology or it's just an interesting thing to know?

[@navinsingh1730]

I think it will be crucial, it can explain so many things!

[@helenel4126]

Aside from watching your excellent videos, what resources do you recommend an interested layperson to read in order to try to understand (in a very elementary way, of course) concepts of quantum mechanics and particle physics? Thank you.

[@davidgreenwitch]

Thanks for the video! But as usual I have a question: How can the size of the "spots" of the CMB indicate the curvature? Couldn't they have many other reasons for having their size? Same for the inflation. I understand the "spot size" is what makes people assume they must have had enough time to exchange before expanding. But after all, aren't there other reasons for a (more or less) uniform temperature in the universe with some patches? Maybe it's just a default "reset" value when space time comes into existence. Or maybe those spots of differences come from (dark) matter distribution in space etc. It sounds pretty uncertain to me to base such fundamental assumptions simply on the observed size of tiny temperature differences. Is it really that certain?

[@boazsayar1193]

What do you think about Quantized inertia (QI), proposed in 2007 by physicist Mike McCulloch

[@luwen77777]

"How you didn't know that?" "I don't have a theory of quantum gravity"

[@chirag2300]

thank u sir like the way u accept ur mistake and even tell us about it in the following video u are a great personality

[@marekkaletka6746]

My favorite explanation for general realtivity not working all the way to the beginning is analogy to arithmetic: divide 3 by 4, you get 3/4, 3 by 2 works perfect, even 3 by1 does great, but then you try to divide by zero and everything blows out.

[@KyuremPlayer]

Are there less Quantum fluctuations inside of warped spacetime or always the same? Because of time dilation?

[@mike3684]

This video got me contemplating sizes of the universe and such and I came to wondering; how does the measured volume of a Black Hole compare if measure from opposite sides of the event horizon? I understand the relativistic problems with this in practice, but conceptually, would you get a different volume measuring from out side the horizon versus inside the horizon??

[@SpaceCadet4Jesus]

Who can measure the insides of a Black Hole? You can infer the inside volume from the outside volume but that's only a guess that they are the same. Our understanding of physics breaks down with black holes.

[@busybillyb33]

If General Relativity breaks down when you get to the realm of the quantum world, is there also a super large size beyond which it becomes inaccurate or inapplicable?

[@czarekcz1097]

Is it not a reason why dark matter is invented? It already breaks at the galaxy level.

[@dikshantsingh3613]

Has there recently been any progress in the development of Quantum Gravity?

[@paulmichaelfreedman8334]

Nope, unless someone recently survived a journey in and out of a black hole. The data needed for quantum gravity lies beyond the event horizon. In particular, the true size of the singularity and the geometry of space and time are unclear within the event horizon, although there are some good theories out there. But no one knows if one of them is correct. for example, if space and time swap roles within the event horizon,the singularity would not have a size but a duration...

[@torqtorq]

If I see the spot on the CMB map, how do I know that 1 degree size corresponds to the flat space? To judge about the flatness of the universe I either have to know the exact size of that spot (which we don't) OR take another measurement of some other object.

[@tam1kc]

Hi, how could the universe be possibly infinite now, if it expanded continuously from a finite volume at the big bang ? Thanks.

[@michaelsommers2356]

It could be infinite today if it always had been infinite.

[@laurentstorchi290]

according to the big bang theory; the visible universe expanded from a very small start. For the part of the universe that lays outside of the visible, it is obviously hard to say what goes for that.

[@maythesciencebewithyou]

Just watch again, and this time try to pay attention. Or for more clarification, watch the last episode.

[@ahsanihafizhu]

in your opinion, what is the most plausible extension of the standard model?

[@jonassvelander1622]

It's really hard to get a clear idea on that if the universe was once unimaginatively small, what spawned all the matter? Could the buildingblocks of matter really be compressed that much, did the expansion itself somehow spawn these buildingblocks or is the size of the buildingblocks relative to the size of the universe?

[@astrogerard]

Hello Dr. Lincoln, why are some (or all) laws of physics only valid on a certain scale and how do we know where the scale begins or ends?

[@funpub1311]

Sir i have a question you should pick: Does the picture of universe showed by scientists: small sphere of visible universe inside sphere of actual universe, is it true, If yes, how was it confirmed. The visible universe can also be situated at the another part of the universe, not at the center of it or at somewhere else.

[@Jugger_Coach]

Thank you so much for this new, brilliant format! It is great to see another Lava Lamp fan going totally rocket on their favourite topic! The universe of lava lamps is infinite indeed ... (10 and still collecting)

[@martinnyberg9295]

About that 125 thing: is there no theoretical or measurable difference between two baryons with the same kinds of quarks but with shuffled colour charges?

[@PaulGreeve]

Dr Lincoln, based on current scientific understanding, as the visible universe expands, does what we get to see of the rest of the universe (stars, galaxies, etcetera) become larger or smaller? Or is what we can currently see all we will ever see? Thanks

[@NimbleBard48]

Dr Lincoln: Can you take us through some of the books with your name on it that are behind you on the shelf?

[@sathishb507]

Hi, during planch epoch time before big bang happened all forces are one and same due to high energy/ temperature. At that time Space was not expanding but time was moving foward leading to decrease in temperature/energy and gravity seperated first from others forces.Where did that temp/Energy go when space was not expanding during that time before big bang happened?

[@antoinelo]

Hello Dr. Lincoln. My question is, if the universe is infinite in extent, infinite inflation theory and various multiverse theories are wrong; If the universe is infinite then it can only be one, at a time?

[@LynxBlackWind]

Hi I always wanted to ask: do black holes transform absorbed mass into masless particles e.g. photons via hawking radation, this contribute to reduce mass in the universe?

[@sebastianveratoledo2319]

Hi Dr. Don Lincoln, I have 2 question: 1. If relativity indicates that gravity is the curvature of space due to energy, how is the (theoretical) graviton particle interpreted? How can the curvature of space be a particle too? 2. In string theory, most of the theoretical developments treat extra dimensions through compactification, are there developments that do not use compactification? that the extra dimensions are bigger for example

[@dannyb2816]

Hi Don. If gravitational waves have been detected. Given the particle/wave duality in quantum mechanics does this mean gravitons are real too?

[@ZeDlinG67]

So far the best idea for "before the Big Bang" I've heard is in Asimov's book The Gods Themselves. I recommend it to everyone interested in this channel :)

[@samuelrodrigues2939]

Hi Don.. in that scale of temperature vs universe time, closer to 0 would mean we need big bang temperature? What would that be? (Infinite? Does it make sense to say this?)

[@EyadAmmari]

Can't read all the names of the books behind you. Would you someday make a recommended list of the best books on your shelf, please?

[@markmd9]

I heard that at high energy photons can scatter each other like particles. How do you explain that?

[@navinsingh1730]

Really? Like a photonic molecule or something, not just superposition like interference? ?

[@ShaheenGhiassy]

Question: if someone were to start running towards some edge of the visible universe, would their surrounding visible universe horizon move with them (thus “uncovering” previously invisible space)? Or would their visible universe horizon stay the same as when they were originally standing still?

[@drdon5205]

The first. Kinda.

[@MrWildbill]

Perhaps it is semantics or something but I struggle with the statement that time started with the big bang, if time did not exist how could anything happen?

[@fredericobarbosa6003]

If negative mass would exist, does it mean that time would 'shrink'' or reverse nearby? Regards.

[@dpeastman]

Question: Would it be accurate to say that the speed of light is not constant at extremely small scales, say a couple Planck lengths, but that it's speed follows a predictable probability curve and therefore averages to a constant speed at any scale we could measure?

[@justinmueller2825]

How does the idea of eternal inflation (and inflation in general) square with the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? It seems like inflation events would create points of very low entropy, but the 2nd law states that entropy can only increase. Am I missing something?

[@Chayonray]

Sir Roger Penrose (new Nobel co-Laureate in Physics) has postulated that time depends on clocks and clocks depend on inertial mass (e.g. photons do not experience time). Since mass is imparted on particles through the Higgs Field, is it reasonable to speculate that there might be a connection between time and the Higgs Field (e.g. time would not exist without the Higgs field)?

[@sudipta74]

Hi, I am from Computer Science background. Can it be true that knowing the beginning of universe is computationally intractable, as in the case with some optimisation problems?