How can you look inside a supernova?

[@glasslakes]

It's so refreshing to see that one of the greatest research facilities in the world is good at communication with public and teaching them about physics. Thanks Dr.Don and Fermilab.

[@longcastle4863]

So glad they don't ruin their videos with distracting music like so many other science shows

[@anthempt3edits]

Always love a new Dr. Don Lincoln video

[@sapelesteve]

Yet another interesting video Dr. Don! Glad that you are posting more regularly now as I always enjoy watching your videos! Happy New Year! 💥💥

[@RavenFilms]

I just found this is a channel!!!! I used to go fishing at what my dad used to call the “cooling pond” there. (I think there were small circular “ponds” near the building, but that’s not where we were, we fished at a natural-looking pond farther away.) I spent many Saturdays in the early 90s there at the pond and walking through what my 8 year old, inner city brain throught was woods. I got to go inside a few times too, I thought that pendulum was the coolest thing ever! I was in the area again a few months ago and was sad to find out that I can’t just walk in and check the place out anymore. When I was last there, the displays of on-going projects they had in the halls were waaaaay over my head, it would be cool to check it out now as an adult.

[@TheTransporter007]

Good to see FL and the Doctor making content again!

[@gustavofernandez484]

Thank you Dr Lincoln for your videos....they are not only mindblowing but, at the same time, interesting and amusing....keep doing this, you'll inspire the next Einstein mind that is going to see you and become a physicist like you.

[@TooRandomForYou]

Fermilab is a gem of a channel! I am subbed to a lot of science channels this is one of the few that I put on notifications 🔔 Thanks for the video Mr. Lincoln

[@ip3931]

Fascinating, inspiring, and enlightening, thank you.

[@Ihab.A]

Love your videos Dr. Lincoln!

[@kpdubbs7117]

Always love these videos. Thank you Dr. Don. There are limits to the energy we can create in our machines and experiments here on Earth. Luckily, space likes to do those 'experiments' at millions of times the energy we can produce on it's own for us all the time. We just have to be in the right place at the right time to see them. When we do see them though, so much science is done and so many things are learned. Thank you Universe. You are truly stellar.

[@MrWildbill]

Glad to see ya back and thanks for another interesting video. Other than accounting for pretty much a rounding error, what purpose do you guys think neutrino's serve since they don't seem to interact much?

[@allanmontieth5211]

DUNE? The spice must flow.

[@chakratejaboppana6716]

Hello Dr Don Lincoln. Happy New year🥳

[@Condor512]

Thanks for another fantastic video Dr Don. And I don't know what it is but after watching your videos I always have a smile on my face.😁

[@NoahSpurrier]

One of the most astonishing things I’ve found about a supernova is that they release so many neutrinos that they crease pressure.

[@joseraulcapablanca8564]

Thanks Doctor lincoln, this was as ever entertaining and informative-

[@RME76048]

Lyrics for the song 'Little Neutrino' by David 'Dee" Long of the band Klaatu: Across your open mind I trace erratic lines In motion and in time I fought a battle won To the surface of the sun Through fires on and on It's only you It can't be me For I myself refuse to be I am someone you'll never know I am the little neutrino Solus is not far away It's face is brighter than a day So don't turn me away It's only you It can't be me For I myself refuse to be I am someone you'll never know I am the little neutrino And now I'm passing through The one who's known as you And yet you'll never know I do Goodnight

[@Splarkszter]

Many thanks for making these educational videos, they are of a good enough quality to be entertaining to watch. Really, thanks.

[@danielalvarez9638]

Can't believe I didn't discover this great channel till now.

[@RichMitch]

Powerful sunglasses

[@Psychx_]

I'd argue that a quasar is even more dramatic/energetic than a supernova. Anyhow, I love your vids Dr. Don!

[@yianexcite5654]

Greetings and Happy New Year from Athens Greece! My name is Yianni and i want it to Thank you for promoting physics and for your talent as a teacher! I followed the NESTOR Project here in Pylos Greece and neutrinos are really fascinating! Observing a Supernova is great as long as it does not happen close to us! 🙂

[@nicholascornwall6853]

Nice one don and team!

[@NeonsStyleHD]

Awesome. Missed your videos. New lighting is much much better too. :)

[@TheyCallMeNewb]

The most refined not to mention mellifluous opening and closing title cards out there! Also, most intriguing expansion into astrophysics.

[@michaelblacktree]

Dr Lincoln has the coolest t-shirts 😎

[@LordZordid]

Waiting for things to blow up. Now that is science!

[@bigsarge2085]

Fascinating!

[@mrajal8490]

Another interesting video! You said perhaps supernovae are the most dramatic events in the iniverse…aren’t black hole collisions even more so?

[@narfwhals7843]

There isn't really much going on in black hole collisions. Just spacetime swirling around. Now neutron star collisions on the other hand... There's actual _stuff_ in there.

[@GreasyBirb]

great video as always. you may wanna consider running a despill on the footage of Don so he doesn't look like he's turning into the Hulk mind.

[@dziban303]

So what information can be gleaned from supernovae neutrinos?

[@Christian-jz3xt]

Will there be tours available.

[@drdon5205]

Eventually

[@Christian-jz3xt]

@@drdon5205 Awesome. I have an 8 year old special needs child who is absolutely looking forward to it. He watches all of your videos... not sure if he understands it all, but he watches and points out the building every time we're on Roosevelt passing by

[@drstuffy]

If photons created in the core of the sun take 1000s of years to reach the surface, does that mean we are actually seeing the sun as it was 1000s of years ago despite being only 8 light min away?

[@Pyxis10]

No, the photons also get reabsorbed and emitted constantly on their way up so the ones that have a straight shot out aren't quite the same as they were when they started at the core.

[@R055LE.1]

It's technically not the same light as what was emitted in the core, that's why it takes so long. But more importantly the light that gets here is still leaving the surface of the star after having interacted with it, and beyond that there's so much more light that reaches us from the surface directly, that there's no time delay shenanigans. Physicists just say "it takes 1000s of years for that light to reach the surface" as a shorthand for "the electromagnetic energy on an escape vector from the core of the star is emitted as a photon, and over 1000s of years of being transmitted, absorbed and re-emited the energy finally escapes as a photon from the surface."

[@hillaryclinton2415]

Good question tho...

[@Frankness777]

Are the different types of neutrinos able to be detected from supernova compared to the lab created ones?

[@drdon5205]

In principle, yes. Depends on the specifics of the detector

[@TheDhaval]

Yes, they detect all kinds of neutrinos. But, the majority of neutrinos are electron neutrinos.

[@nicholassuntzeff228]

The supernova shown is SN1994D, and the image was processed by Pete Challis at Harvard. However, this is a Type Ia supernova. For these explosions of white dwarfs, most of the energy is not in neutrinos. For core-collapse supernovae like 1987A, you are right. Most of this energy actually comes from the gravitational energy of the collapse which then escapes as neutrinos.

[@JustaReadingguy]

Can these detectors get directional info?

[@MajorHavoc214]

That is a definite maybe. It all depends if the neutrinos interact with the liquid. And that is a big if.

[@michaelsommers2356]

Yes. Since even the Earth doesn't block neutrinos, they have to get some idea of where the neutrinos are coming from to make sure that they are looking at the neutrinos they want to look at.

[@RME76048]

So, the photons produced by core collapse take about an hour or two to propagate to the 'surface' of the star and scream off into space at their prescribed speed limit. Considering the photon density, the matter they interact with on their journey through the star's outer layers must be heated to extreme temperatures and pressures if the overall photon pulse is as bright as all the light the star ever previously emitted. Such being the case, what fraction of C is the gaseous material expanding at?

[@ryanwaege7251]

Astronomy in a Fermilab video is a rare day.

[@AnExPor]

It would be really interesting to see a second star for a few days; during the day.

[@keithrosenberg5486]

Do blackhole or neutron star collision give off neutrinos?

[@timwhittles6414]

I don't understand half of what you say. But the half I do.... I find fascinating. 😃

[@CUBOSH]

thats the best place to be. if you knew everything he was saying then you would not be learning

[@eatshitlarrypage.3319]

Wikipedia helps a lot, too. If you hear a term you don't understand, wiki it!

[@Francois_B]

SNOWLab in Sudbury was not mentioned in the available neutrino observatories. Has it stopped research?

[@drdon5205]

SNO is still working. It's just not a big detector and will therefore see few neutrinos.

[@patrickdaugharty7475]

What is written on the blackboard in the background? A recipe for supernova chili?

[@gabrielpalmar3789]

I really need the full intro theme.

[@wmschooley1234]

Dr. Don: Are there differences in the neutrino formation or distribution from super nova events that arise from a neutron star collapse as distinguished from a supernova event which arises from a black hole collapse? In the former, gravity is not strong enough to prevent light (electromagnetic waves) from escaping. But in the later, the gravity is so strong that even light can’t escape. Would there be more neutrinos from the lighter less dense neutron star than from the heaver more dense black hole? Or would the black hole prevent even the escape of even neutrinos? Respectfully, W.S.

[@drdon5205]

there are probably energy differences

[@ankitgyawali4391]

Sir why does a change in magnetic flux induce EMF ?

[@bitflogger]

Can the neutrinos characteristics be processed to give a rough "picture" ? That would be cool.

[@drdon5205]

The energy and arrival time give some information

[@kamcashman]

He had me up until 6:30 when we were talking about 70,000 tons of Argon being used on our next top of the line neutrino telescope... Is there even 70,000 tons of argon available to be withdrawn from the earth? Doesn't seem very plausible to throw out the reasonable number of 70,000 when we're correlating such a number to the availability of ""tons of super rare argon??!?"" Other than that very good video 10 out of 10 brother-!!

[@kamcashman]

Comprehending how much potassium it would take in order to derive 70,000 tons of it at less than 100° Kelvin temperature.., at God knows what pressure it would always need to remain at.... Really feels almost uncomprehendible no matter how you overthink it. And let's not try to figure out the maths of how expensive one cubic foot of liquid argon gas works out to be even when buying in bulk - especially when you're extrapolating up from one cubic foot up to something like 70 billion grams of liquid argon gas approximately/

[@drdon5205]

Argon makes up 1% of the Earth's atmosphere. So it is hardly "super rare."

[@shawn0fitz]

You said "beetleguise" three times!

[@KQVTownTheme]

Hi, Dr. Lincoln. Say a star went supernova behind Sagittarius A* relative to us. Would neutrinos lens around the black hole in a similar way to light, and if so, would we be able to detect that?

[@hillaryclinton2415]

1:24 and beam.. uranium etc becomes a thing....

[@PhysicsPolice]

1:00 You mean "the core of the star turns off". The word "Sun" refers to our star. Other stars are just called "stars".

[@MiguelFuentes420]

I saw sanduleka when it went supernova back in 87.

[@thomasdjonesn]

Neutrinos are cool, I always get a kick when one hits my optic nerve. It's like, that one's for you, man.

[@AndriiMuliar]

The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), or Sanford Lab, is an underground laboratory in Lead, South Dakota. The deepest underground laboratory in the United States, it houses multiple experiments in areas such as dark matter and neutrino physics research, biology, geology and engineering. There are currently 28 active research projects housed within the facility.

[@kricketflyd111]

The tesseract as an example can people see the geometry inside the cube? Can people see this geometry inside energy or light? Can people see into this fourth dimension?

[@MrGiXxEr]

Can you aim neutrinos from a particle collider at a neutrino detector on the other side of the Earth where it can be detected?

[@johannageisel5390]

Yes they did that. I think that's how they figured out netrinos changing into other type of neutrinos.

[@bbbl67]

How far away can a supernova be before we can't detect its gravitational waves anymore? Or alternatively, how close does a supernova have to be for us to detect its gravitational waves?

[@spindoctor6385]

Can the current equipment detect the direction the nutrinos come from? Or do we link the different detectors to know by time difference the direction? If not then could we? What would the challenges be?

[@Lucius_Chiaraviglio]

Yes, many of the current neutrino detectors (including at least most of the ones described in the video) can tell the direction the neutrinos came from, by seeing which way they induce Cerenkov radiation and/or particle showers (the latter for highly energetic neutrinos). I don't know how good the resolution is -- in the comment sections of some other videos, I had thought maybe we could use these to image the neutrino emission of supermassive black hole accretion disks, but some people responded that this is way too optimistic with our current neutrino detector technology.

[@spindoctor6385]

@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio Thanks mate, I just watched a PBS spacetime video that suggested exactly the same thing. (It has been a four hour rabbit hole and counting) The title was mapping black holes by catching neutrinos, released about a month ago, if you are interested.

[@Lucius_Chiaraviglio]

@@spindoctor6385 This one? kzbin.info/www/bejne/eaXQc41jiJeFaZI

[@spindoctor6385]

@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio Yeah that is the one. Sorry I messed up the title a little.

[@coleenrebar4496]

Hello ! Thank you for this interesting video. Question: I was wondering if, (a bit like (astro)physicists want to do with gravitational waves from neutron star or black hole mergers (if I understood correctly)), they could use massive neutrino detection, by triangulation, to quickly direct telescopes to the sector of the sky where they might have the opportunity to observe the supernova.

[@drdon5205]

They do that already.

[@MarcoRoepers]

Ice Cube is also neutrino detector, isn't it? Why isn't it mentioned?

[@ASHFMAIL2013]

How can energy released when star implodes/collapses be more than energy released when fusion is happening ? where does that imploding energy originates from ?

[@mudfossiluniversity]

Thats a hard question Don...can we engage on my light research again? This is Roger Spurr and I think it Deserves a new look my friend. BTW Happy New Year.

[@psmoyer63]

Well done.

[@hillaryclinton2415]

My fave teacher....

[@guilherme5094]

Really nice👍

[@SalahAldeenAlayyubi-f2x]

Happy new year Dr. Don! Thank you for what amazing videos you introduced to us. Why can't mass of an object effect the speed of an object ?. As we increase the mass of an object, the speed of the body will decrease. Such that, mass of an object is inversely proportional to the speed ( m = k/v or v=k/m where k is constant). Please I want some explanations.

[@cavetroll666]

Good video thanks🙃

[@AddictedToRandomAhGames]

0:01 wrong its a grb (gamma ray burst)

[@Madayano]

Why would the light flash outran the neutrinos if they were very heavy?

[@jkinkamo]

Why the IMB detected nothing below 20? Why the Kamiokande detected more on the region 20 and below? Baksan & Kamiokande more sensitive than IMB or the IMB somehow overloaded?

[@drdon5205]

Different detectors have different capabilities. And statistics comes into play as well

[@jkinkamo]

@@drdon5205 Ok, thanks, very interesting. So, in this 1987 case DUNE would have detected 120 neutrinos on its own. I guess majority of them still on "high energy region", and abt 15 %...20 % btw 6 & 12 secs.

[@drdon5205]

I cannot verify that DUNE number. It may be right, but I simply don't know

[@jkinkamo]

@@drdon5205 OK, thanks.

[@jkinkamo]

I read my old notes from the Schmidt & Francis lectures of ANU. Fermilab should re-run those same calculations in some video in order to "prove" that this 1987 A sent 30 trillion neutrinos for every square meter.

[@altontacoma]

Great video, thank you, Don! Gotta ask though... where is Kristy?

[@drdon5205]

She is now a professor at a prestigious university.

[@ss_here_50]

Sir what about hyper nova

[@drdon5205]

Them too.

[@kumagoro]

thank you!!

[@radiancelux]

Great video as always Dr Lincoln! I have a question... In theory light can make a blackhole (kugelblitz) assuming that's true, does that mean light can bend space-time (create gravity) through its energy and momentum? If so, is this taken into consideration when measuring the spin of galaxies and lensing seen in the intergalactic medium? Could this be what creates the signature of dark matter?

[@KuK137]

Light can bend space time yes. And no, this is not taken into consideration because light density is tiny compared to matter. Dark matter outweighs the effects of normal matter by orders of magnitude, to have enough light to replicate this every star in Milky Way would need to be as bright as a small supernova...

[@radiancelux]

@@KuK137 thanks for the reply

[@jeffspaulding9834]

I saw on Dr. Becky's channel that there's a paper going through peer review (as of January 2024) that suggests Betelgeuse will actually go supernova within the next few decades. If true, hopefully it's after we get the new detectors up and running.

[@pauls478]

It's still amazing to consider the simple fact that if we detected a supernova tomorrow, it actually blew up hundreds, or thousands, or tens of thousands (or more!) of years ago.

[@AkshayMattu]

In my first glance, I was like woah Bolsonaro is talking about space and supernova!

[@joyl7842]

5:44 that's not the Milky Way, obviously. It is the Andromeda galaxy, our closest big neighbor.

[@bobchelsy163]

i love this guy

[@aelabassi]

DUNE vs. HyperK 🤝please no competition.

[@tf5920]

There was a supernova just a few weeks ago, caught on telescopes!! Just a few months after this video was uploaded. What are the chances 😄

[@user-yo5hu7wk9x]

Can you pls tell me why night is not as bright as day...pls make a video about it...when stars ⭐ like proxima century is 4.3 light years away from us

[@narfwhals7843]

Night is darker than day because the *by far* brightest object we can see in the sky is our sun. At night we can not see the sun, because the earth is in the way, so it is significantly darker.

[@markusmencke8059]

How would ICECube factor in in case of a Supernova? Can they detect these Neutrinos, too?

[@drdon5205]

Yes.

[@CUBOSH]

i cannot help but imagine that for every supernova, the surrounding dozens of star systems get all of their life instantly annihilated

[@sophiophile]

Pretty much, if you are close enough. Edit: the supernova 'lethal distance' estimate is 50 light years.

[@Dragrath1]

Its not that simple after all massive stars form first within giant molecular clouds and these short lived stars supernovae are largely responsible for seeding additional star formation in the same complexes by compressing the gas and dust. For life to get instantly annihilated the supernovae would have to be pretty close astronomically speaking and most such massive stars don't get to wander far from their birth clusters, only the lowest mass stars capable of going supernovae and or high speed run away stars get to escape. As such most of those nearby systems are still in their early stages of formation much like the solar system was when the fossil radioisotope chemical signatures found in asteroids/meteorites were created some 4.5-4.7 billion years ago(In this case I'm referring to elements still chemically bonded like another element that has since decayed rather than like their current element). Clearly that wasn't an endgame for life in our solar system so I wouldn't count out other stars either yet. After all without supernovae guts we wouldn't be here either! ;)

[@sophiophile]

@@Dragrath1 The current estimate, which they call the 'supernova lethal distance' estimate, is ~50 light years.

[@Dragrath1]

@@sophiophile Yep cosmically that is a "tiny" distance. ;) The point is that supernovae have pros and cons for example there is work to suggest from a global spike in cosmogenic radioisotopes in sediments of 2.6 million years of age indicating a nearby supernovae (~150 ly or so) that coincides with an interval of climate change and overhaul which based on fossils we know is also largely responsible for driving our evolution as a species. Thus its quite possible that we as a species can be said to owe our existence to that supernovae. Also don't forget that phosphorus (the only cosmically rare element used in disproportionately high amounts by life on Earth) is only produced as a byproduct of oxygen core/shell burning which only occurs in the las few years of a very massive star's life as oxygen burning is the second to last major reaction to produce more energy than it takes to produce it, the last reaction of course being fusing silicon into iron. Such stars will invariably go supernovae unless they collapse directly into black holes and thus the only ay to get phosphorus out into the winder universe is via supernovae. ;) Creation and destruction are intimately linked in our universe by well effectively by the 2nd law of thermodynamics a.k.a. its deeper roots in information theory

[@sophiophile]

@@Dragrath1 Yeah, essentially everything heavier than iron is from supernovae (and/or part of the decay chain of the elements created). Supernovae that result in a black hole collapse also includes an explosion just the same.

[@totalfreedom45]

_There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, and science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works._ -Stephen Hawking Science rocks! Dr Don rocks! 💕☮🌎🌌

[@JamesCairney]

I like that tune. I should've probably said I like these videos first really. Take it as read that I do. Still a good tune though.

[@haroldfloyd5518]

It produces enough light to EVENTUALLY be seen billions of light years away…to be seen billions of years later, long after the star is a icy cinder.

How do we know that detecting a bunch of neutrinos a few hours before supernova was really causally linked and not just a coincidence since there was only one measurement?

[@jamesharmer9293]

There were three different measurements from three different sites.

[@nutCaseBUTTERFLY]

It it not clear why they are spending so much effort on "detecting" neutrinos, because there is no particular use to this. Do something different that can help discover new things...

[@michaelsommers2356]

They are discovering new things. Neutrinos are extremely important to understanding the universe.

[@nutCaseBUTTERFLY]

@@michaelsommers2356 How many neutrinos you want to detect until it is enough?

[@michaelsommers2356]

@@nutCaseBUTTERFLY Lots. The more we discover, the more questions we have. When people first started looking for neutrinos, no one has even a hint of a suspicious that they oscillated from kind to kind. And detecting neutrinos from things like supernovas gives us information about those things, so again the more the merrier. Science never ends, because we will never know everything.

[@BB-cf9gx]

Thankyou

[@ledaros6348]

It already blew up thousands of years ago. Now we just have to wait for the light to come to us 😀

[@oskarskalski2982]

I'm disappointed doctor Lincoln... 2-3 years ago you were posting regularly every week and now it's from time to time:(. Were yearning the knowledge from you, your visits are great. Keep it up (hopefully more frequently;).

[@radioboyintj]

A supernova explodes somewhere in the universe every second

[@StrayVertex]

I would look stellar! ;)

[@RetroGameSpacko]

As long as no star below 100ly distance goes supernova ^^

[@fredbloggs8072]

Are the detectors directional, so if you spot a supernova, you tell astronomers where to point their telescopes?

[@michaelsommers2356]

The detectors are omnidirectional; they receive neutrinos from all directions. It is, however, possible to tell from what direction they come.

[@defeatSpace]

I have perfect vision and my retinas are healthy, but super rarely I'll see a flash while laying in bed with my eyes closed, rare as in maybe three times so far in my life.

[@netdatabiz]

We can see inside anything just by listening