Fission and Fusion

[@Debedeb]

Thank you for taking time to share free educational videos of high standard for free. It is much appreciated!

[@cassiopeiaproject]

We are talking about the positive proton charge trying to push the nucleus apart vs the residual strong force holding it together.

[@Yora21]

So THAT is why Iron is the last element that is created by fusion inside regular stars! Makes perfect sense now.

[@cassiopeiaproject]

The mass of a neutron is about 1.294 MeV greater than that of a proton. So when beta decay produces an electron (.511MeV) and an antineutrino (around 0 Mev). There is an excess (1.294 MeV - .511 Mev =) .783 MeV that goes into kinetic energy of the electron and antineutrino. Technically, a down quark changes into an up quark and emits a Wminus which subsequently decays into the electron and the antineutrino.

[@CptUSMC]

@cassiopeiaproject If I'm not mistaken, H^3 is scattered on the surface of the moon. Therefore no under the surface mining is required, rather just gathering top soil. *I believe* it is because elements from the sun are changed within and bounced off of our atmosphere into space and since the moon does not have a substantial atmosphere to reflect the element like the Earth does, the moon catches some of these reflected elements where it, for the most part, sits on the top meters of the surface.

[@imtheduke]

@cassiopeiaproject thanks for the info, and thank you Carl Sagan. I had forgotten so much about these basic principles of chemistry and science in general since leaving school years ago. Sagan's work got me interested again and I'm relearning a lot.

[@cassiopeiaproject]

Beta decay always leads to a more stable nucleus, else it wouldn't happen. The fusion reaction between deuterium and helium-3 primarily produces helium-4 and a proton. And the production of an energetic free proton is another advantage that this fusion reaction has over the deuterium-tritium reaction. The free proton can be contained by electric and magnetic fields and thus can generate electricity directly.

[@rj9168]

this narrator creeps me out, i feel hypnotized

[@masluxx]

or to keep the options open, don't forget that one could just remove/cancel the strong force(of effect of).to make this reaction achievable at any temperature/pressure.

[@Asm8492]

I don't think energy companies would allow us to dig up helium from the moon

[@cassiopeiaproject]

True, sort of. Let's make a distinction between the nuclear force between protons and neutrons and the color force between quarks. The nuclear force is a residuum of the color force and it satisfies the strength ratio you put forward. But it is usually the color force that is called the Strong Force today.

[@cassiopeiaproject]

A proton will attract a proton 2.5 proton-diameters away as strongly as the electromagnetic force repels it... in any direction. So the 2.5-proton-diameter-length is the radius of a sphere. The volume of that sphere is 4/3 * pi * 2.5 * 2.5 * 2.5. This sphere could contain about 60-65 nucleons.

[@cassiopeiaproject]

@imtheduke "nucleons" is a collective term that includes both protons and neutrons.

[@cassiopeiaproject]

@imtheduke Exactly correct on the protons and electrons. There are four naturally occurring isotopes of iron (different number of neutrons in the nucleus). They have 28, 30, 31, and 32 neutrons. There is an isotope of iron with 34 neutrons, but is is extinct on earth.

[@LemonDudE17]

Creating a small sun through a nuclear fusion would bring so many benefits to the world. It would give us a new source of energy.

[@jack8n]

@MrSharan1997 Heavy water is Deuterium oxide, and it makes up 6400 ppm of all water. The way that companies separate D2O is with a centrifuge.

[@cassiopeiaproject]

@uut0 Sure, but the availability of free neutrons is a problem. There aren't enough to make this reaction useful.

[@cassiopeiaproject]

No. The force that keeps the nucleus together is the Strong Nuclear Force while the force that causes beta decay is the Weak Nuclear Force. Particles held together by any force in a high energy state will eventually transition to any allowable lower-energy state. The energy difference in the states goes to making new particles and into the kinetic energy of the daughters.

[@stevenos100]

great example of why we need high Gauss fusion +- DC states instead of an AC fission

[@cassiopeiaproject]

@tubin199 Actually he says it has a RADIUS of about that. And a sphere with such a radius has a volume sufficient to contain 16 or so nucleons.

[@Shubhoooooooo]

this video is really a very helpfull for understanding the nuclear fission and nuclear fusion . thanks a lot for sharing this video

[@GrungeMaster92]

we take 25 tons of sediment up there, lay it out and take 25 tons of H3 back with us. Shouldn't affect gravity or EM field. Although converting mass to energy might provide an eventual loss off mass on the earth if done on a grande scale.

[@jeevesayer]

bloody brilliant animation

[@hellbreaker6666]

@IcedPhoenix666 actually there are several good reasons for borders, 1 is to keep foreign diseases and illnesses away from places that arent immune to said illness. 2 is to keep drugs away from the country. 3 is to keep foreign animals from destroying crops, produce, and any number of things.

[@alexst3333]

great visual explanation!

[@Debedeb]

Dusty, they rather remain in duh... reality. Not everyone is born to be brillant and understanding of what surrounds them, ppl like you are rare and I hope you use your gift wisely!

[@ThuderDragon2408]

the music at 3:28 slaps

[@cassiopeiaproject]

Until the nucleus is four protons wide, every nucleon feels the pull of every other nucleon. Once the nucleus gets larger than this, the number of other nucleons that are felt is increasingly fewer than the total number present. Meanwhile the electric repulsion between protons continues to grow and eventually overpowers the residual strong force.

[@handfullocheez]

me too^ any idea how you fuel these? can they convert anything to fuel? like..can you throw dirt on it and keep it burning? obviously not doing anything would make it burn out pretty quickly..i just wasn't sure if maintaining it is practical..otherwise it's more of a novelty

[@Rotemetoot]

I'm at 2:46 and I already love this video... Thanks!

[@cassiopeiaproject]

@AFullerton86 Everything we do -- or DON'T do -- has an impact on the planet. We ARE part of the ecosystem. We just need to choose our impacts wisely for the benefit of ourselves and other parts of that system.

[@timewasteland]

AWESOME! Thanks a lot, I really wanted to know these things.

[@insaniac747]

There is still only a finite amount of He3 on the moon. I hope they don't intend to 'replace' study into renewable energy with this.

[@phongbong]

Holy shit, Helium 3 is what was being mined in the movie Moon! Crazy!

[@BoManton]

good video... One question- the chemical reaction seems to be not balanced when you talk about substituting in the He-3. The reactants have 3 protons and the products have 2 protons. What am I missing?

[@Jokker88]

In the video it depicts the range of the strong force originating from the center of the nucleus, wouldn't it be originating from within every single proton and neutron, therefore encompassing any proton or neutron within the range of 4 proton lengths of any proton and neutron? The idea that a proton and neutron could fall outside this range doesn't really make sense, could you elaborate on this?

[@MrPVP210]

What about positron emission? A proton has a +1 positive charge, so one could say it has one proton, one positron, and one electron. By emitting the positron, you combine remaining proton and electron to make a neutron. Is it possible to emit a positron and convert a proton to a neutron?

[@imtheduke]

@cassiopeiaproject So Iron would have 26 protons ( and 26 electrons) and about 34 neutrons right?

[@abbakabba321]

this video just blew my mind.

[@imtheduke]

How can the nucleus of an Iron atom have 60 nucleons if it's atomic number is only 29? Sorry if it's a stupid question, I'm just trying to make sense of all this.

[@jack8n]

Tritium can be created easily by combining the extra neutron with Li 6 or N 14. It would me much more efficient to pump liquid lithium or Nitrogen through the walls of a fusion reactor than to go all the way to the moon for fuel. As for deuterium, it can be extracted from seawater, and would provide power for one million years+

[@mnada72]

at 6:42 one thing I couldn't understand in fusion , if the binding energy in the output is higher than the input how come the reaction releases 18 MeV , it should absorb this amount not releasing . confused Update: The nearest logical explanation is that higher binding energy means more mass defect which is converted to energy according to E=mc² ... Any body to confirm

[@oilotnoM]

@originalrhombus MeV is a standard abbreviation.

[@skrimyt2484]

Meh, the main advantage of He3 fusion is that it's aneutronic. It's not better enough than the D-T cycle to justify a lunar mining operation for the purposes of powering civilization on Earth - where D and Li are common, and we can breed T and extract energy from the neutrons without that much difficulty. He3 I think would be really nice for spacecraft fusion engines in the future though, where you'd want more easily controllable charged particles from which to extract energy and produce thrust.

[@phongbong]

This is so over my head, but I like it.

[@Sunnrise-vhs]

I love scientific videos. All of your videos are interesting. Mom can barely understand it. I can.

[@samsonsemere3150]

reason for that screaming sound? it makes hard to focus on what you were saing. thanks @cassiopeiaproject

[@ArturGrigio]

Please Explain! If you're fussing H2 (from earth) with He3 (supposedly from the moon), aren't you simply gonna run out of H2 (eventually)? And thus have no H2 (kinda important component in water)...?

[@hellbreaker6666]

you have a point but right now borders are the only way to keep whatever it is out but until the day borders become obsolete i will welcome those who pass through

[@PykohYT]

Why don't we come up with a mass/energy unit where all the fundamental particles are have an integral mass, like charge or color?

[@Ethernet3]

wouldnt it be easier to add a neutron to a proton? then we would end up with 2 MeV,deterium and there is no EM force to worry about :O

[@fordskydog]

So at the end there, the max payload would be for takeoff, right? But we'd be bringing back He3 from the moon, right? And the space shuttle doesn't travel to the moon anyway. This last idea is just crazy to throw into this otherwise great video...

[@Imafungi123]

Why make a mini sun in the lab when we have a large one in the sky already?

[@handfullocheez]

i guess in this they suggest using h3..but it would be nice if it didn't need a fuel that is already radioactive

[@Imafungi123]

I know. But wouldnt it be equally smart to attempt to harness that massive amount of energy that pours out of the sun hourly/daily? Imagine every desert (which are hardly used for anything in the world (i say every but we can start with some) covered with solar panels. Would be a lot of money to create them all, and establish power lines from them extending outwards to near citites or power stations, but after that it would be a constant source of massive amounts of energy.

[@dannypercival]

Excellently informed.

[@MrSharan1997]

but the problem is deuterium..... it exists mainly in heavy water ........ so we need to find a way to extract it from H2 O

[@keggerous]

there is a huge difference.......the tsar bomb was over 50 megatons while the bombs we dropped on japan were far smaller. looks are to subjective in order to make a calculation like that.

[@FreeKicksPFC]

sorry im 15 and have a test very soon, how would they harvest helium??????

[@moneyboyok]

Maybe we could use fission to produce hydrogen atoms/isotopes (making even more energy.

[@michaeljackson537]

renewable energies that you metioned couldn't power the UK due to their power to size ratio. Its been calculated every square metre of the UK would be needed to power it using wind turbines. We need something more efficient, like Fusion!

[@farzero]

going back to the moon. thats awesome.

[@METALFREAK193]

the music reminds me somehow of resident evil :P

[@giovannimazzoleni]

Sorry, i need an explenation... Why it's said that anytime a fission of uranium take place we get 192 Mev of energy and when we fuse H2 and H3 to get He4 we gwt 18? Isn't it unconvinient. i know that fusion is more convenient than fission! Thank a lot! P.S. The video is amazin! congraturations!

[@KiwiTibb]

wouldn't beta decay make atoms less stable? more protons and less neutrons... and wouldn't H-2 + He-3 --> n + Li-4 (Li-5?) or would Li-5 beta decay into He-5?

[@Xjak]

I would like to imagine a world without borders but I can't imagine the people who would regulate the laws and control the government of the new world.

[@tommytalks77]

So, at the end of the day a Nuclear_power plant is nothing more than a steam-engine with a fancy replacement for the charcoal. There's got be a better way of harnessing energy from atomic-fission, isn't there - ok, that sounds rather pretentious of me implying nobody ever thought there might be a better way of doing that but still, the question remains: isn't there a more efficient way of harnessing energy from atomic-fission than boiling water?

[@VonDutchyy]

Cold fission is possible but very very very rare, you will need a high-flux nuclear reactor to see it.

[@bluntsafety]

My mind has been blown. Don't worry, that's not a lot of energy.

[@RTRVII]

MeV is actually pronouced "mega" electron volt its SI units... great video!

[@GopalKrishanAggarwal1]

The problem of moon's mass decreasing can be solved by taking mass from earth to moon...maybe

[@TheZeroJoker]

Writing mass in MeV is incorrect. Given the equation E=mc², the convenient unit for mass is actually MeV per c².

[@kingdavidjapan]

these videos are fantastic! thanks so much :3

[@nomadpoet4004]

Does anyone know how much the US spends on energy in a year? Also how much a mission to the moon costs?

[@pieordi]

would it be possible to use fusion and respectively fission to separate them abd repeat the process in some sort of machine for unlimmited energy?

[@afoolserrand9645]

No, we would need to create really unstable atoms by ourself. Usually, stars can't create atoms bigger than iron. For as far as I know the bigger atoms were created in supernova's and other processes more close to the big bang. Or in other words: It would probably take more energy to fuse the atoms that can be used to fuse eventually.

[@SebastianPereira]

The modern state relias on global comunications to function and exert control and order, backed up by force. Without satelaties that level of conectivity is impossible or at least not usable for a period of time. Without central states regions may devolve into city states and fight each other for the local reasources. This could be the case if the change happens during a solar pick of activity, every eleven years if I remeber correctly.

[@TigerSlashX]

I am actually gay and comfortable with my sexuality. I was being sarcastic and I thought I made that clear by my blatant spelling errors. I just love the way people react when they write out a huge reply and get the stupidest thing ever back.

[@Danemarkofmalvern]

Once opon a time there was a country called america, which played with forces it couldnt handle and it exploded. And everyone else celebrated and lived hapily evr after. YAY

[@fordskydog]

@9hello123 Actually, a theory, in scientific terms, is always backed up by evidence. If you have no evidence it is called a hypothesis. A theory is an explanation for some natural occurrence, that can be validated by experiment. So a theory must be testable, and validated by the data resulting from such tests. If you're theory is not validated by data, then you must revise your original hypothesis and see if you can validate it. Only once backed by data do scientists call it a theory.

[@Artas1984]

1:28 - false - if a diameter of the equalent E between the electromagnetic force and the proton force is 2,5 the radius of a proton, than that kind of cube would have only 16 nucleons, not 60..

[@IcedPhoenix666]

There are advantages and disadvantages to everything. All these problems you name are controllable or solvable, and not necessarily by only one way. In order for science to advance together, we must be together. On the political side, it is not fair that person A gets exceptional health care and legal defence, and person B gets zero, just because they were born on different sides of an imaginary line.

[@d3m0n876]

the only way to make fusion possible is through fission a fission reaction is the only way to create enough energy to make the deuterium and tritium come together

[@sakainesscool]

MeV - million volt ?

[@imLightmess]

Yes that is the problem, money. It would cost a significant amount of money and wouldn't be practical. We could only gather energy during the day. A miniature sun would be better because the enery could be taken directly from the source. Heat = Energy. The heat created from the miniature sun would be much more advantageous.

[@oscarstenberg2745]

Can someone answer my question? In nuclear power plants they sepparate uranium (92) and get plutonium (94) how is that possible??

[@Artas1984]

In the video it was shown as if 2,5 would be the "whole diameter", that's what i got wrong.. Now clear.

[@TheImpignorate]

turn on English captions and stop at 2:26

[@AutodidacticPhd]

Ok... that last bit makes no sense with the given info. The shuttle has never had a super-orbital configuration and is being retired well before any return moon mission would be getting underway. But that is beside the point because you wouldn't have a reason to bring back 25 tons of material that you haven't even proven you can actually use.

[@gwendance]

8:01 That's not a difference between H-3 and He-3. That's showing where He-3 can be found. And by the way, H-3 is radioactive (half-life = about 12 years) and He-3 is not. There's your difference.

[@a51nx]

Thnx for the Vid! sure helped me alot :)

[@sidewaysfcs0718]

OH now this reminds of the new movie MOON however the movie has a darker side :D in the movie they cloned the worker that mined the he 3 and he never knew :D ofc that has nothing to do with the science behind it ^^ (atleast now i know why they called it he3 ..i thaught it was was He3 as in a molecule ...i forgot it could be an isotope)

[@NoobyIntellect]

So intresting...

[@cmsgtluna]

if we could create our own mini star, wouldnt we need an astronomical amount of hydrogen to convert into helium? Even the sun is finite.

[@squarkyt]

I want a mini sun...

[@reedalej]

lol so i read through the comments and i'm curious.....how does a video on fission and fusion end up being people insulting eachother about the lifestyle....

[@SebastianPereira]

Might be enough of our field to protect the earth's surfase, but our satelaties are doom. This resulting into armed conflict down below.

[@sonofagunM357]

i will NOT be tolerating factual inaccuracies in my youtubes. Sir, i am taking it upon myself to inform you that you now have a matter of hours to amend this discrepancy.

[@bravonana10]

Just because (s)he posted a comment to a youtube video wishing that people would take interest to nuclear physics, doesn't mean he's a smart man, he may be a smart man (no offense to him) but some of the things he has in his comment are thousands of years out of us coming close to creating anything remotely like it, such as huge ships flying around the solar system...

[@orbsandtea]

Yeah.. I actually didn't know that at the time I posted that comment.. ehe.. The Nuclear Force is complicated and is, at its simplest form, an exchange of mesons mediated by gluons... I'm still learning.. Thanks anyway! ;D

[@cassiopeiaproject]

@sakainesscool Million(Mega) Electron Volts