Four Forces - Sixty Symbols for Valentine's Day

[@Inritus618]

Can the weak force and strong force get their own videos? I don't feel like they're ever really explained well, especially not how they work.

[@sixtysymbols]

Don't miss the extra footage (see the video response or description for the link)... As usual it is uploaded to nottinghamscience (which you should really be subscribed to!)

[@proyc95]

Brady is cool, giving roses to all the professors!

[@benjamin-w]

Another great video!! Thank you Brady and Nottingham. I always look forward to hear and learn from the professors. BTW, I love Professor Bowley's plum shirt!!!

[@KevinVanOrd]

It's funny how every KZbin commenter suddenly becomes an ahead-of-his-time expert when viewing physics videos. Gravity is "just a ratio?" Forces are analogous to colors? Oh, Internet. Never change.

[@nonyadamnbusiness9887]

They all watched a Depak Chopra video so now they know how to control the quantum woo of physics.

[@flavorlessquark8614]

But gravity is not a force, it's the bending of spacetime :(

[@GeekProdigyGuy]

@Jmr2urbo I'm not sure what you mean by what "generates" the strong force -- it's just how quarks interact. It's a fundamental property of quarks, which make up protons and neutrons. One might as well ask why there is something instead of nothing. Electrons are not affected by the strong force, because they're not made up of quarks (indeed, the electron is thought to be a elementary particle, and isn't made of anything, unless string theory is correct).

[@raydredX]

@Jmr2urbo I think it only works on quarks. Protons and neutrons are made of quarks. Electrons are leptons therefore no strong interaction.

[@nagualdesign]

@525047 There is a good reason why physicists compare the strengths of fundamental forces, and one which was not touched upon in this video - grand unification theories (GUTs). At ever higher energy densities the relative (yes, it's all relative) strengths of the fundamental forces tend to converge. That is to say, at a certain point in the early universe these forces were (perhaps) one and the same.

[@TheDingiso]

@Jmr2urbo strong force like EM force is the force between things with charge. But the strong interaction charge is called color charge.but unlike +/- charge they r only stable when 3 different color charge come together,blue,red,green(or one with its anticolor so only needs 2).A proton is made of 2 up quarks and 1 down quarks, each of these quarks has its own color,and by exchange of gluon like photon in EM,they change color bind together by strong force. No,electron's no color charge

[@JustToaster]

How about dropping something metal and then picking it up with a magnet and comparing the size of the magnet and the Earth?

[@ndewhurst12]

These videos make me want to study physics. I find it absolutely fascinating!

[@ItsNeuroscience]

Oh my goodness, I honestly scream like a little girl when the man comes on and starts saying "true" for "through". Your accent is so cute sir!

[@lonewolf2852]

@lonewolf2852 The strong force has a mediating particle known as the gluon that is responsible for strong interaction, it is the strong force equivalent of the photon. I'm not sure what you mean by what generates it, essentially when nucleons (protons and neutrons) are sufficiently close they interact using this gluon which creates a attractive force between them to counteract the electromagnetic repulsion between protons.Sorry, this is the best answer I could come up with, not exactly complete.

[@lonewolf2852]

@Jmr2urbo Electrons are classified under something known as a lepton, which by definition do not feel the strong force, there is theoretical niceness to think electrons do not feel the strong force. It has been verified experimentally that it is so. Ran out of characters, will talk more in next reply

[@nagualdesign]

@violinchick89 That's right. Or more properly inertia is a form of energy (what physicists would describe as 'the capacity to do work') also known as kinetic energy.

[@Hythloday71]

QUESTION - In the STANFORD Utube series - renown prof Leaonard Susskind - in discussing the MANY associated fields of the particles of the standard model - explicitly states - that it is wrong to think that there is only four forces - are you inclined to agree ?

[@SorryCrane16]

Amazing physicists :) should've applied to Nottingham but oh well, now it's too late :))

[@JustToaster]

@wacko031290 Didn't think of black holes, but yes you are right. If you screw around with dimensions of objects my anology no longer fits. But when I tell people about the fact that gravity is much weaker than the electromagnetic force, I use a small magnet and a paperclip to demonstrate that it requires an entire planet to pull it down, but only a small magnet to pull it back up. It's much easier to understand and demonstrate too :P

[@FearlessSpinner]

Thanks to all the professors and doctors and of course brady for the well spent time on the net!

[@Trichomes503]

A+ for the 'Gravity In Action' demonstration.

[@Jmr2urbo]

@lonewolf2852 Thanks for the reply and taking the time.

[@shnab]

@JustToaster brilliant analogy

[@uwilly23]

Could have made a brief mention of dark energy, though we known very little about it at the moment.

[@Tossphate]

@12gaugebleachdrinker In the sense that gravity is additive (there is no negative gravity, everything attracts everything else and the more mass, the more gravity it exerts), then yes I suppose you're right

[@MadCodex]

Weak force is exchanges of gluons (color charges) in proton, neutron or similar particle. Strong force is exchanges of mezons between protons and neutrons.

[@daniel.siegmund]

@AlainG80 i think he used his epression of the number to demonstrate it for those who don't know decillions, he could also say 4x10^33

[@nagualdesign]

@TheLordZixx Hmmm.. Light doesn't interact with itself. The 'chromo' in QCD refers to the 'colour charge' of gluons (which has nothing to do with colour as we know it). Gluons also have different 'flavour's'. I kid you not! :)

[@BenMcKenn]

Are you talking about the normal reaction force, like when you push your hand down on a desk? If so, that's down to the electrostatic force, where the electrons in your hand and those in the surface of the desk are repelling each other.

[@Anthrage]

There are those who believe that gravity may be as weak as it is, because it originates in another dimension, and what we experience here is only what bleeds through. This idea could relate to why and how it is so difficult to unite gravity with the other 3 forces. Hopefully before too long we will be able to confirm or rule this out, and it may as a consequence provide insight on how gravity could be included with the other unified forces.

[@Hythloday71]

@TheLegendarySkeptic - i think u R unawares of 'his' meaning, from memory it was to do, possibly with 'guage' field theories - a specifically meaning there are more than 4 forces - implying as far as i understood, in particle physics, many forces associated with each 'type' of particle - each particle - perhaps being its own gauge field - i don't know - he was definitive though - he wasn't talking in the general sense to whch u refer - for example the dark energy force - but real already known..

[@FairCogent]

This Valentine's day, I proclaim my love of Sixty Symbols!

[@theultimatereductionist7592]

Could you make a list of all known particles & all forces which act on those particles? Thank you!

[@mtnbkr2011]

If I ever make it to England, I am making it my goal to meet the whole Sixty Symbols/Periodic Videos/Deep Sky video gang. You guys (and girls) are the best!

[@Rjaggarwal]

@rolandnordborg Because 'love at first sight' is determined from the speed of light in that instance. So it isn't instantaneous either :D.

[@TheLordZixx]

@blenderpanzi I believe it is, because it'd just be how light reacts with eachother :3

[@sidewaysfcs0718]

electromagnetism was always a single force, we just thought it was 2 separate properties. electricity, and magnets are both guided by 1 force, it took us quite a while to figure it out. the "first" true unification of forces is the unification of Electromagnetism and Weak force, they are separate at our energy levels, but in high energy states these two forces become one. proof that they have a common link is the neutral current.

[@nagualdesign]

@blenderpanzi Ben Miller is a self-confessed university drop-out (for all the right reasons!). He was studying for a PhD in solid-state physics when he began acting. And his thesis was (famously?) titled 'Novel Quantum Effects in Quasi-zero Dimensional Mesoscopic Electron Systems'. I guess he had to put some of that knowledge to good use, eh? :)

[@the_mentaculus]

From my understanding, gluons don't really create the strong force, they are just the bosons that mediate it. Just like photons don't create the electromagnetic force. There is something called a "color charge" associated with the Strong force, similar to the charge in electromagnetism, except instead of just 2 charges (+ or -), there are 3 different charges. This is my very simplified understanding of what generates the strong force.

[@89Ayten]

Gravity is so very interesting in that it's the weakest of the forces but can scale to the point of black holes where it presumably breaks the laws of the other 3. Kind of like the shy little kid who'se picked on and years later beats up the bullies.

[@fddsagfdshdfgfdsdf]

It binds protons and neutrons, and also quarks to each other. It is mediated by gluons. It does not affect electrons because they are leptons.

[@nagualdesign]

@blenderpanzi He was asked once whether he'd ever consider going back to finish his PhD, but he said he probably wouldn't remember anything! Re: 'patching some random words together' - reminds me of SCIgen (worth a Google?), a program from MIT that randomly generates computer science research papers. The results are nonsense (or funny if you're a scientist!), but one of them was once accepted to the SCI 2005 conference! XD

[@wandiloch]

Is inertia another force or is it just an aspect of the gravitational force?

[@ALLTHESAVED]

I didn't catch any of this...but I'm always so excited to see another video. Thank you so much for this new video. =]

[@sidewaysfcs0718]

you are right, virtual particles mediate forces. but we also have real versions of these particles, like real photons wich make up light. we do not have many real gluons, or W/Z bosons , or Higgs, since they decay so fast, they only exist for a short time in particle accelerators , in nature they come into and out of existence as virtual particles during force interactions al the time. gluons might be found in quark gluon plasma, but that's also only found in particle accelerators.

[@KeeganLeahy]

@AlainG80 the number you wrote is four

[@Territomauvais]

Nearly 20 minutes of footage about the forces...this is going to be good! Thank you for this :] I love their accents lol always have

[@Territomauvais]

Going to watch the extra footage now... Does anyone know why gravity seems to be so annoyingly irreconcilable with the other three forces?

[@LAnonHubbard]

What's the one that's created by all living things? The one that surrounds us, penetrates us, and binds the galaxy together. I seem to remember being taught about that previously...

[@dalonelybaptist]

@Territomauvais Nobody really knows, its one of the greatest question we have to answer. Some thing it could be because it 'leaks' through into other dimensions. -Physics undergrad

[@chosen_none]

@DeanMalenko I think you mean the Casimir force. It's real and has been measured. It causes some problems in nanotechnology.

[@Adrianmk2208]

gluons are responsible for the strong force.. its one of the gauge bosons such as the photon and w-/z-bosons. part of the standard mobel... where as it affecting electrons or not, i dont know... hope this helped :)

[@otakucode]

Why is it, in general, that the strong nuclear force gets such short shrift? Is it just because it acts over such a small scale? What if the strong nuclear force can bend spacetime like gravity (obviously on an extremely smaller scale) to the point that it can cause spacetime to self-intersect, leading to quantum tunneling?

[@Lavabug]

I like Feynman's analogy for comparing EM and gravity: 2 grains of sand a few cm apart with completely opposite charge feel an attractive force of several million tons. Happy V-day. :)

[@isreasontaboo]

There could be more forces but could there also be less? Something even more fundamental that somehow manifests itself as gravity, EM, weak or strong force? A bit like the particle zoo that got reduced to 6 quarks and anti quarks only.

[@wb5rue]

I was once told that you can compare gravity with electromagnetism in this way. If your left bicep represents the strength of gravity and your right bicep represented the strength of electromagnetism then having an average left bicep would make your right bicep fill the known universe.

[@KeeganLeahy]

@rousp1 it's the ratio. you could also look at it by thinking of the size of the attracter. think of a coin. if magnet could pull the coin at the same rate the earth would pull it, the ratio between the mass of the earth and the mass of the magnet would be around that incomprehensably big number. And that's what he is trying to get across, that gravity is extremely weak.

[@wacko031290]

@JustToaster That's a good way of describing it but unfortunately not accurate as you cannot really compare the sizes. Just take a black hole and a huge but weak magnet. The black hole is so much denser so it would win a 'tug of war', just like the magnet with the earth analogy has a high enough domain density to overcome gravity.

[@Kaeralho]

you give a rose to a physicist and he loves tearing it apart.

[@shyamtripathi6817]

What is the general definition of that makes weak nuclear force a force?

[@Jmr2urbo]

What generates the strong force? Can it affect electrons? (sorry if theses are stupid questions just curious.)

[@chopperboi89]

"It can't be instantaneous, it can only travel at the speed of light" ...Really? Hahaha. Keep up the great work Brady & team!

[@GiorgioCapocasa]

I love how the quiet guy talks (: Great video, as always.

[@danjeffries96]

You guys are so awesome, if I lived in England, I would seriously consider going to Nottingham!

[@diamondjaws]

If there was no strong force would there not be a universe? would everything be pulled apart to the point that if we saw it we would not recognize it?

[@sevinkadler]

something about the gravitos ability to travel between extra dimensions and it losing power in our bland 3 dimensions.

[@David-fj2el]

Which is normal force associated with?

[@88metallica88]

@nicschak 6 protons* mass of 12.

[@Denny2669]

exactly! i never thought about it, that´s really intriguing...

[@charmnl]

Is Gravity force or not? Do we have any idea what generate electromagnetic, strong and weak force?

[@ThePseudomancer]

Look up graviton. There needs to be some force carrier explaining why gravity causes attraction in the first place. Causing a dimple in space time is a nice way for the general audience to understand it, but we all suspect there is a particle which is a carrier of the force of gravity.

[@magadzhabraftw6157]

Even if it exists it would be pretty dang difficult to find it, due to it being so weak.

[@chosen_none]

Take a small magnet and put a piece of iron to it, now hold the top magnet so that it supports the iron on the bottom. The electromagnetic force on the iron is so much stronger that a small magnet pulls with a greater magnetic force than the entire gravitational force of the earth under it. That illustration of the magnitude of difference between the electromagnetic and gravitational force has always been the one that suck with me

[@chillz27]

@panzarw electric motors use electromagnetism, the second strongest force, he strong force acts on a very small range a femtometer or 10^-15 metres, so is unable to be ave any real effect on chemical or mechanical interactions

[@rondovk]

gluons are the exchange particles for the strong force. quarks "talk" to each other by exchanging gluons, which creates the strong force. only neutrons and protons are made up of quarks, so this wont affect electrons.

[@nagualdesign]

At 8:14 it says, 'The University of Nottingham UNITED KINGDOM - CHINA - MALAYSIA'. What does this mean? Another great video by the way, I'm off to see the extra footage now.... :)

[@LutzDerLurch]

@LutzDerLurch The Chances that they succeed are much better and the Result will far exceed those of the Jack's

[@RealRaynedance]

I love how Professor Moriarty is the only one that didn't laugh after getting the rose. (On camera at least.)

[@B2theYBroWny]

could entropy be classed as a force?

[@kinofrohan]

You should do a video on the Haas effect :)

[@lordicemaniac]

its interesting that gravity is so weak comparing to electromagnetic force and still, with huge mass like for example neutron star or even better black hole can overcome electromagnetic force

[@AlainG80]

@KingOfShadows92 Actually this video didn't contain any new info for me. But I rephrased my sentence, before your comment, because I rightfully deserved it.

[@expchrist]

Ok Brady the real question is how is it that these "attractive" forces exert negative momentum. Think about it for a second. You and I both have a magnet. I transmit magnetism to you by firing EM particles at you which have a momentum moving towards you. But then when they arrive at you instead of repulsing you they attract you towards me? So I just transmitted negative momentum? Same thing with gravity. Don't you find this very odd?

[@sidewaysfcs0718]

it's just that gravity is only attractive. if you made a huge star only out of positive particles, they could not collapse because electromagnetism makes them repell. but if you make a huge star out of "average" neutral stuff, it will collapse at a certain point, because gravity overcomes the other forces once you have too much mass, and it collapses into a black hole.

[@hvrtguys]

A rose by any other name would experience a minimum of four forces

[@525047]

I really hate people comparing the strength of the fundamental forces. Even with that flower at one point gravity was dominant and at another electromagnetic was. A force is a force and their relative strengths only exist in context.

[@MadCodex]

I was not aware of that, thank you good sir!

[@MarkArandjus]

A simple example of how weak gravity is is to put some paper clips on the ground then puts a small magnet on top of it. Earth VS small magnet, magnet wins every time.

[@Dodofeet19]

My brain broke.... I WANT TO KNOW MORE NOW!

[@XanderMarjoram]

@nicschak Magnesium has 12 protons ;)

[@HomeDistiller]

quote of the year "it can only travel at the speed of light" lol

[@JellyIsPeng]

Could anyone explain why it's so hard to unify gravity with the other three forces ?

[@cyphardotcom]

Mainly (from my understanding, at the very least) its because of General Relativity. General Relativity is a theory proposed by Einstein (and its predictions have been verified) that basically describes Gravity as less of a force and more of a consequence of the geometry of spacetime. The main idea is that masses can curve spacetime, and actually we only think that there is a force because we are resigned to 3 dimensions. Basically the idea is that all objects in a gravitational field still travel in a straight line but (like walking on a straight line on the Earth) the curvature of the very fabric of spacetime makes the paths seem curved to us, while they're actually just geodiscs (straight lines on a curved surface). As a result, gravity acts unlike any other force we know of and thus becomes quite difficult to reconcile with the other, fairly similar, forces. Some theories state that gravity is just an emergent property and that there is no actual gravitational force on a quantum level, others pay homage to the graviton (claiming it'll solve all their problems). All of this is still a very contentious issue, and we don't even know if a quantum theory of gravity even exists (although some theorists claim they know the answers, it's always wise to assume you are ignorant and be proven wrong than to assume your right and be proven wrong.

[@nicholashylton6857]

When physicists try to bring gravity into the mathematics of Quantum Mechanics with standard methods, the equations spit out nonsense answers. Infinities begin popping out of the woodwork. For the last 40 years or so, String Theory and its offspring offer the hope of a 'theory-of-everything' but (it is my understanding that) at present String Theory cannot be experimentally tested, offers no useful predictions, has ~10^500(!) possible solutions and has other unresolved issues. NOTE: I am not saying that it is wrong though... Since I am (surprise, surprise) not a theoretical physicist, take my words with a big grain of salt.

[@montymonty5040]

Also, all the Other forces have bosons ( particles) associated with them, gravity doesn't

[@nicholashylton6857]

Montgomery Bermann Gravity should have a particle associated it - the legendary 'graviton.' But because gravity is pathetically weak and that there is yet no quantum theory of gravity, it remains a beautiful dream in the minds of quantum physicists.

[@montymonty5040]

Nicolás Hyton, Yes i find the concept of quantum gravity quite intresting, but it Is extremly hard to work on, and i got realy disapointed when i heard that John Forbes Nash ( hope you know him) told his friendo by phone 3 days before he died on a car accident that he found a mathematical way to modify General Relativity to explain Quantum Gravity

[@SorryCrane16]

Where's moriartys accent from? It sounds so thick

[@jakehalford8541]

John Fletcher Near Dublin I think

[@Nullllus]

For some reason reminds me of Geordie.

[@sellout87]

sounds like dundalk or drogheda. In the louth area anyway.

[@chemicalsymphony]

@nicschak It has an atomic mass of 12

[@ThiagowwW10]

I would love to see one video about M-Theory :P

[@erictaylor5462]

What is the gravitational attraction of two people, both weighing 150 pounds standing 1 foot apart?

[@luizpaulo6535]

love

[@erictaylor5462]

Luiz Paulo GRAVITATIONAL attraction, not sexual attraction.

[@XsebT]

+Eric Taylor though you might just be trolling, I can't help myself. That equation (The Universal Law of Gravitation) is beautiful. That attraction, that force = The Gravitational constant ⋅ mass1 ⋅ mass2 / the distance squared. So, using SI units, 0.0000000000667408 N⋅m^2/kg^2 ⋅ 68 kg ⋅ 68 kg / 0.3^2 m = 0.00000102869 Newtons (kg ⋅ m/s^2).

[@erictaylor5462]

***** I'm not trolling. This is a question in some astronomy classes. It can be calculated, but I'm not sure how.

[@XsebT]

+Eric Taylor well now you know. F = G m1 m2 / R^2. :-)

[@Hannah_Em]

Which model of Airbus? ;)

[@miesrah12]

what is the physics of dividing 666 by the square rood of -0

[@BlueCosmology]

+Rhymenoceros So, what does your revolutionary idea that gravity is just an average predict differently?

[@rousp]

@ham236 Thanks, I realized that. :) I just couldn't make out what he said after the last billion.. =P Still can't.. So if you manage to hear what he said, please let me know! :D

[@sidewaysfcs0718]

it can't , but it did in the early universe when the electronuclear force existed, but that was 13,7 billion years ago

[@DenUil]

For some reason i feel that gravity is an emergence... You only sense it when you have a lot of particles... Like a wave like structure of sand dunes in the Sahara. If that is true, that would explain why we haven't found the boson that causes gravity and why you can't merge it with the others...