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Rail freight transport is the use of railroads and trains to transport cargo as opposed to human passengers.
A freight train or goods train is a group of freight cars (US) or goods wagons (UIC) hauled by one or more locomotives on a railway, transporting cargo all or some of the way between the shipper and the intended destination as part of the logistics chain. Trains may haul bulk material, intermodal containers, general freight or specialized freight in purpose-designed cars.[1] Rail freight practices and economics vary by country and region.
When considered in terms of ton-miles or hauled per unit of energy consumed, rail transport can be more efficient than other means of transportation. Maximum economies are typically realized with bulk commodities (e.g., coal), especially when hauled over long distances. However, shipment by rail is not as flexible as by highway, which has resulted in much freight being hauled by truck, even over long distances. Moving goods by rail often involves transshipment costs, particularly when the shipper or receiver lack direct rail access. These costs may exceed that of operating the train itself, a factor that practices such as containerization aim to minimize.
India and Pakistan operate extensive broad gauge networks. India also has substantial metre gauge trackage, but it has a Project Unigauge to convert much to broad gauge. Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts currently restrict rail traffic between the two countries to two passenger lines. There are also links to Bangladesh and Nepal. Broad gauge enables Indian Railways to operate double stack service without the use of the special well cars needed elsewhere.
The four major Eurasian networks link to neighboring countries and to each other at several break of gauge points. Containerization has facilitated greater movement between networks, including a Eurasian Land Bridge.
There are four major interconnecting rail networks on the Eurasian land mass, along with other smaller national networks.
Most countries in the European Union participate in a standard gauge network. The United Kingdom is linked to this network via the Channel Tunnel. The Marmaray project connects Europe with eastern Turkey, Iran and the Middle East via a rail tunnel under the Bosphorus. The 57-km Gotthard Base Tunnel will improve north-south rail connections when it opens in 2016. Spain and Portugal are mostly broad gauge, though Spain has built some standard gauge lines that connect with the European high speed passenger network. A variety of electrification and signaling systems are in use, though this is less of an issue for freight, however overhead electrification prevents double stack service on most lines. Archaic buffer and chain couplers are generally used for freight, though there are plans to develop an automatic coupler compatible with the Russian SA3. See Railway coupling conversion.
The countries of the former Soviet Union, along with Finland and Mongolia, participate in a Russian gauge-compatible network, using SA3 couplers.
China has an extensive standard gauge network. Its freight trains use Janney couplers.
Traditionally, large shippers build factories and warehouses near rail lines and have a section of track on their property called a siding where goods are loaded on to or unloaded from rail cars. Other shippers have their goods hauled (drayed) by wagon or truck to or from a goods station (freight station in US). Smaller locomotives transfer the rail cars from the sidings and goods stations to a classification yard, where each car is coupled to one of several long distance trains being assembled there, depending on that car's destination. When long enough, or based on a schedule, each long distance train is then dispatched to another classification yard. At the next classification yard, cars are resorted. Those that are destined for stations served by that yard are assigned to local trains for delivery. Others are reassembled into trains heading to classification yards closer to their final destination. A single car might be reclassified or switched in several yards before reaching its final destination, a process that made rail freight slow and increased costs.