Arduino Basics 102: Control Structures, Variables, Interrupts

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In this second epsiode of the Arduino Basics video series I will talk about control structures like if, for, while and switch and how to use them in combination with variables to create more advanced code. At the end I will also talk about why interrupts are so important and how to use them as well.
Music:
In the Hall of the Mountain King, Kevin MacLeod
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[@Nerdforge]

Arguably one of the best thorough introductions to Arduino I have seen. I like the parts where you include "why use a microcontroller" and not a circuit for specific uses. With a computer science background it's hard to not always use a microcontroller, but many times it seems like it can be obsoleted.

[@greatscottlab]

I am glad you liked it. Looking forward to your next projects ;-)

[@mj2068]

well said. but, "obsoleted"?, you mean overkill, huh? xD... (btw, love martina's mythical purple hair)

[@gautampassi3863]

Can you continue this Arduino series? The way you present stuff is really interesting, fun and makes really easy to understand the stuff. PS great video.

[@greatscottlab]

It will continue if there are enough people who watch it.

[@iMsMs]

There are! please keep them up

[@gautampassi3863]

Yes there are and will be, just please keep the great work.

[@empb50]

Gautam Passi agree 👌👌

[@lexaf7578]

yeah pls its rly nice to watch

[@JariOrSomething]

As a developer and i already know these things, i love it. Scott you make great tutorials for people to understand the basics. The things you explain works for a lot of programming languages! keep it going man!

[@dylanwillms1275]

The way you explain things is Great after folowing your channel for almost 1 year i learned a lot please keep uploading videos

[@greatscottlab]

Thanks for the feedback :-) I will try to keep it up

[@dylanwillms1275]

Nice !

[@brucewoods9377]

GreatScott this is Great Stuff. I am new to Arduino (only a couple of days old) and your presentation makes it so EASY to understand. You don't get side tracked in your explanations and start running off with some complicated stuff. Love the way you use the "KISS" principal. I need it like that.

[@naboulsikhalid7763]

I don't understand why you are still under rated. Man, your things are high quality and quantity in term of info and demos. Thank you very much(it's not enough)

[@connormitchell9837]

These have been some of the best and most informative videos I've found on Arduino "basics." In tandem with your electronics basics videos, I've been able to connect my previous knowledge of basic electrical circuits with the more nuanced languages of programming. Thank you so much!

[@ElProfeGarcia]

Bien explicado el video, saludos

[@Rckeeps]

Holy crap! After 1.5 years of java, and 4 months with arduino, i was pretty comfortable with basic arduino programming, but I've never heard of Attached Interrupts! Wasn't even gonna watch this video, but decided to anyways. I learn something in every video of yours. Thank you so much!

[@harisijaz946]

I used arduino uno before but now i am able to write small codes of my own . I love all your videos but arduino basic series is excellent. Keep it up and waiting for Arduino Basic 103 :-)

[@TheHandsomeRyan]

I learned more about reading and writing arduino programs in 7:37 than I have from hours of watching other tutorials. Thank you!!!

[@tdtrecordsmusic]

Thanks for keeping a good pace !! Also, for touching on the more advanced. There is soooo much beginner stuff its difficult to find tips/tricks/unknowns which end up being necessary for completing real projects !! Yes go farther !! We are smart, we can keep up !!

[@asgaines]

Fantastic! Somehow, despite having been playing around with Arduinos for years, I've never encountered interrupts! Great information, GreatScott

[@stevemorse5052]

I have just watched Arduino 101. I have been using Arduinos for many years, love the platform. So as I watched your 101 video, I was surprised to find out something I did not know. Danke Schön (It was the value or, and how to use the internal pull up resistor) Now on to 102

[@power-max]

Make sure to cover bit masking, direct port manipulation, bit shifting, pointers and stuff! These are advanced things that are hard to learn about without taking an embedded class!

[@BluehawkOne]

This was very helpful. Please consider making a whole series of videos like this.

[@ozgemmo3445]

Mate, great arduino coding videos - looking forward to seeing 03! Not having done any formal "C" or other language coding whatsoever, you are helping to demystify this fundamental area of using Arduino based projects. Keep up the great work. Cheers from DownUnder.

[@owlsight4499]

0:57 - it supposed to be "less than or equal TO" and "greater than or equal TO" Nonetheless; very good job and thanks for another episode!

[@asadkhan7441]

I think this is the only diy electronics channel which is this awesome

[@yashaswikulshreshtha1588]

I have been using Arduino's for quite a long time, and I have to say I absolutely love them, you don't have learn C in the first place you can get along with Arduino just fine you might have some problem with concepts but with it will never be complicated, with Arduino you'll start off with making programmed electronics project and I think this way is actually really good of developing knowledge of electronics and programming at the same time, it covers both domains. Also I think as you will learn more you'll see actual programming languages like python, C++, Arduino C and java generally consist of 1) Variables and advance Variables 2)Control structures 3)Interrupts they can contain a lot of things of could vary but they all consist of these at least, what makes you a good programmer isn't learning the concepts but to be able to develop concepts, as you'll advance through the journey from intermediate to advance you'll see now you have to learn programming techniques and algorithms, you'll start off with making few simple to intermediate level techniques after some time you'll realize what algorithm and techniques are all about and at that point you might be able to step into the further most step and that is probably expertise in this level you'll apply your knowledge in real world technology and developing algorithms, techniques for robots or anything to function. At that point you'll have such good knowledge of coding and concepts that it will be just like a language you speak or like basic maths, your focus will be more on actual functionality of the things, coding will be just like translating the entire expression to machine that's all, It can get tedious, programming hundreds and thousands of code will get you exhausted, but hey that will just fade away just in half and hour or couple hours and you'll love it after you'll return. At that point you might be interest in exploring a little bit more in this field and understanding not just algorithms and stuff but a lot more than that, with being good in robotics you can get better by combining your knowledge with learning new things like networking, webpage communication, TELNET shell commands, and trust me robotics and electronics is branch that covers literally all domains of technology like A.I, Machine learning, physics, Math's, Computer Science, programming, mechanics, electronics, electricals(sort of), Network and communication, chemistry, philosophy, Bionics, data science, data analysis, database management, application development, Nano technology. Although in the term robotics you can literally cover these all things as it incorporates use of everything but keep in mind that robotics is still isn't advanced as living physical biology and despite the fact they have their pros and cons, you may see all those domains as more like aspect or additionality to robotics however robotics in real world at least covers domains like, physics, Maths, CS, programming, mechanics and electronics as basic requirements. Those aspects range so much that they have their own separate fields and are separate subjects. I believe pursuing career in robotics will be more beneficial cuz you'll be exposed to many aspects and fields at once and how they interact with each other, having good foundation through those you'll be able to switch between careers in science and technology pretty easily such as if you're robotic programmer than you can be software engineer or application developer etc I don't say what I say is hundred percent accurate but I am just giving general idea. I hope if any beginner or someone who's interested in tech will find this helpful.

[@georgetroulis]

Lots of information packed into a single video, excellent learning resource. As always, keep up the good work :)

[@liutas1245]

Continue Arduino series !!! :))) You explain things better than anyone else that I know or than I saw on youtube :) Big thumbs up !

[@aniketakabir1572]

will be anticipating arduino 103. Keep up the good work

[@WayneMcNab]

As usual, your explanation is great! However, I did find it a bit fast to for just learning this subject. Keep up the great work

[@enduser6957]

I liked how you kept drilling in until a controller was required...Liked!

[@Jajaho2]

Knows all the stuff. Still watches the video, because Scott is awesome.

[@paulfaugeras4858]

Thank you SOO much for those tutorials ! I personally have started coding on Arduino about 6 months ago for a study project : a PID-controlled drone arm with a brushless motor and an accelerometer. If only I had those videos before, it would have been much easier... But now it works, and I learnt the hard way, which is, to my taste, more rewarding, but much slower... Anyways, thanks again, and I can't wait to see the future episodes !

[@RoamingAdhocrat]

If you're keeping pin numbers in an array, 1: use an enum to name the index values 2: use `for( auto p : pins)` to get the pin values

[@Dygear]

That was a very concise explanation of interrupts.

[@eddiejones8709]

Great videos' as always. I built your FM radio project for my grandson and he really likes it. I have been trying to add an EEPROM read and update function to this project to remember the last frequency selected (with a 5 min timed cycle). So that when the radio is switched on again it would use this frequency instead of the one pre-programed in the sketch. Thanks

[@horrorhotel1999]

i pretty much agree with everyone else : these videos are incredibly well made, and really bring across the content- obviously you nedd to get basic electronics in order to get them, but the way you explain the software end of things is really remarkeable - please continue this series, i could really see them becoming immensely popular if someone mentions them in the right reddit or so

[@jneirag98]

Awesome video! It would be amazing if you can explain the different ways you can damage an Arduino in order to prevent it ;)

[@greatscottlab]

Sounds like an interesting video ;-)

[@davincidamaster5311]

That's the sort of stuff ElectroBoom would do!

[@luqmankhan-ym4gx]

wow. hands down best electronic tutoriols on youtube. proud of you buddy. grüße aus frankfurt

[@Emtron_Technologies]

Very Nice tutorial for beginners. Your putting much effort get the episode consistently with great content. And While statement is just a fancy for loop.

[@chillzwinter]

I ordered my Arduino. Now I can't wait to get it so I can follow these tutorials.

[@stefanbramel]

I already bought myself an Arduino to play around with it and it's great. :)

[@FHBStudio]

I'd like at least three more in this series. The one you mentioned, one as an introduction to sensors and working with sensor data and a last one, which discusses when to use an arduino or when to use alternatives. For example, I wanted a device to water my plants every 24 hours so I made a prototype with Arduino only to consider that the Arduino is too OP for such a simple function. Another project was to have a dimming LED strip light up over a settable time span at settable times. Again, Arduino prototype, end result: alarm clock + LED controller, without an Arduino. In the end, that last approach was soo much better than the Arduino, since it already included configuration components that I'd have to build from scratch on the Arduino.

[@topten7064]

Your voice , information & you are great

[@DJInclined]

I seriously wish I had the patience to learn this. I have allot of ideas but not clue when it comes to programming.

[@can.iman.]

I really would like to see more arduino basics!!

[@rehaanahmed8694]

great tutorial ... great job greatscott...

[@FabiiFK94]

great Video :-) I had C Basics last year but you can bring all easy to a nutshell! How to set up a Interrupt at a Arduino is very intresting

[@Dogeek]

I love your arduino videos, they're so helpful if I don't remember how to do something. If you could add a menu at the beggining in the form of clickable annotations, that'd be awesome !

[@poorlycalculated]

I really am appreciating this series! Thank you so much for making this series and giving me more things to learn about! I am a complete and utter noob at programming with arduino. Hopefully, you will progressively get to more complicated things in the world of coding and I will be able to learn from it! Keep up your good work.

[@MaxCamacho]

Great Scott!! I have no clue what you are doing but it sure is fascinating!!

[@adigunawibi]

i love this type of video, my teacher did not teach me quiet well.

[@Khatrie169]

really enjoyed your video's was hoping there was an arduino basics 103. wish you would of continued this!

[@Anonymous-qx5uk]

C++ Programing Basics with GreatScott , good one mate!

[@Richie_]

Great video, Great Scott.

[@brianhelterline4888]

variables that are changed within interrupt routines need to be declared as 'volatile'. I noticed in your blinking led example, the variable ledstate was not declared that way, so you got lucky it worked.

[@appelnonsurtaxe]

What does that do?

[@brianhelterline4888]

I tells the compiler to always fetch the current value of the variable from the assigned memory location. Without it, the compiler can sometimes optimize variable values in registers and re-use the register value. This speeds up code but can cause the wrong value to be used when variables are changed in interrupts. A good example would be a variable in a for loop. The compiler is free to load the initial value in some register and then continue to increment the register and then finally write the value back to the real memory location at the completion of the loop. If the loop variable got changed in an interrupt, the for loop would never know it.

[@deangreenhough3479]

Still learned a lot, well presented and executed

[@roopey]

I prefer to use int8, int16, int32, int64, uint8, uint16 and so on. This makes the Type much clearer.

[@chbonnici]

Thank for the video . It would have been nice if you showed the full program. Where did you declare "m"

[@azyfloof]

Loving these Scott! Lots of great tips, keep em coming, they're valuable to people learning arduino such as myself :D

[@k_8609]

first video that made sense to me , Its very similar to C++

[@raphael9485]

This series is really good, I'm learning a lot with it, thank you ! I love your channel!

[@joseneves4273]

Scott, this was the best video about this content I have seen!!! Thanks!

[@lenn8432]

Great video! You should definintely continue this series

[@JoshuaHeckathorn]

#icantprogramforshit SO - I will be referring to this pretty much every time I build with an Arduino, just like I've referred to many of your other videos, among other resources. The pace is quick, but you're quite concise and I almost always learn something so rewatching to pause and soak it all in is not the problem for me. Thanks!

[@vishalchavda3663]

Great Voice u have... and knowledge also...

[@Mixbag]

maybe a video on ferrite beads? when and were and how to use them ? also maybe video on EMI circuits for 5v ?

[@omkarbhatt2729]

Great Scott. I'm a big fan of your work. just wanted to know what oscilloscope do you use? and can you do a video on oscilloscopes and their different types.

[@josea.hernandezs.348]

hi! as you i am engineer, but in telecommunication i enjoy your videos. you has nice ideas and curious experiment, i hope so can study a master in Germany some day :)

[@mohammadmuwafi3623]

The Best Channel

[@sallanmega1]

Great video! Please continue this series, I love it

[@jimbobillybob1959]

Always learn something new. Great video series!

[@ravitdayal5774]

Thank you sir I really liked the first video of this series and I love this one very helpful.do you use other microcontrollers.if yes can you teach about them too?

[@thomasrobin]

Love your videos! Please make an advance arduino video series

[@jayzo]

This is a really useful video. Does the Arduino handle overflows by itself or will you have to add code to deal with errors like it.

[@user-yw3ry4wd2x]

something is very wrong German posting outside his schedule. everyone scream

[@greatscottlab]

It is Sunday. It is 5 pm. It is my upload time. I would never mess with my schedule ;-)

[@user-yw3ry4wd2x]

GreatScott! my phone must be really wrong then! I have only been able to see your videos after 7:00 😂😂 now I know it is 5:00 I will look out for your videos at an earlier time 😂

[@j.wermode3796]

Seba Beattie they didn't set the clocks in Germany to daylight saving time yet. Maybe that's the problem :)

[@RishabhMutha]

wow! its much easier than I thought! thanks scott!

[@uNabL3]

Arduino is nice, but how about comparing it to other uCs on the market? Benefits, pros/cons, and when you should consider one or another for a particular application type?

[@AndriusKamarauskas]

Sugesting video totorial about creating more advanced DC-DC boost converter which output more than 1Amp

[@bocmanisbertrups9292]

This video explained me alot of things about arduino! Awesome video! I'm already waiting for the next part! :)

[@JVG_2009]

Thank you for amazing information about Arduino programming 👍

[@AlanDike]

you have just made my f'ing day! that && is EXACTLY what I wasn't sure it could do.. I was nesting if (true) { if (true) { blah } else { blah2} } That && works the same way I'm used to working in powershell and this is exactly what I need. i think you just cut my code in half!

[@MrCrystan]

Thank you. This is the kind of explanation i was needed to crack the functions down. Still, can you go a little deeper on that "Case" function. tnx

[@PeteVanDemark]

Excellent video. Thank you. Looking forward to Arduino Basics 103.

[@brad855]

great video, makes me want to start playing around with my ardunio uno again, keep up the good work.

[@omsingharjit]

Ohh , i Find my Answer here of , previously commented Ques !! :) Which is , Else " . But i wanna use to controll Digital port then Pwm port by Using SerialRead Char Command , Then android Controlled App , instead Push switch . I am trying to Learning sketch by Self , by Modifying some Example code to do Different work . Thanks for This basic coding Guidance . Plz make video on ' making App for Blutooth controll arduino Project using MAI2 , and also on scratch 4 A and mblock , block visual Programing for arduino project :) TKs

[@thiagocamargoalima]

I did not know about the attachInterrupt function. thanks!!!

[@MrBiky]

Well, I finally understand fully 1 of your videos (because I do programing a lot)

[@jamesmoon5632]

Great lesson!!

[@yaminyassin3602]

love your handwriting! :D

[@youraveragenerd9101]

Great video for beginners :D

[@shubhamgiri5801]

I have been watching your videos since a long time and I really like them. Because you your videos only I also bought an arduino and have created many projects from it. I also want to make a video about it , can u please tell me how do you make your videos I mean what software do you use.

[@everest3334]

Techman, its pretty simple ,the basics are a basic free (not some crippleware) video editor , "Avidemux" www.fosshub.com/Avidemux.html a 1080p webcam (with stand, makes life so much easier) , so as to be able to shoot at higher quality, and later compress the footage without losing too much quality... test a few mics too as these cheap ones can still work quite well, i have no preference here... test some cheap game headsets with mics included.... and get the very latest "FFmpeg" for your end encode ffmpeg.zeranoe.com/builds/ (preferably the static versions as you can then just drop them in any dir and use them there as is, no faffing about) for the final edit saved in an .mkv container with aac audio dropped in the same directory you placed ffmpeg and this .bat file below, then just double click the bat file to start encoding all the .mkv files in there, to make your far smaller and yet good quality generic mp4 containers that everything plays today android to workstations etc... see also the very informative forum.doom9.org/ for the pro devs and the latest and greatest encoding and related info there. cut.... FOR %%A in ("*.mkv") DO ( ffmpeg.exe -threads 0 -i "%%A" -f mp4 -vcodec libx264 -crf 16 -minrate 900k -maxrate 2100k -bufsize 2100k -refs 3 -preset slow -vprofile high -strict -2 -acodec aac -ac 2 -ab 192k -vf yadif,hqdn3d,unsharp=5:5:0.5,gradfun "%%~nA.MP4" ) REM -vf yadif -vf gradfun -vf hqdn3d -vf unsharp=5:5:0.5,setdar=16:9 Kung Fu Panda -scodec [codec] -map 0:0 -map 0:2 If the subtitle is embedded in the container video.mkv, you can do this: ffmpeg -i video.mkv -vf subtitles=video.mkv out.mp4 pause cut...

[@shubhamgiri5801]

Thanks but is this the same software scott uses to edit his video

[@shubhamgiri5801]

Ok thanks again

[@YG3BMP-JZ13FLI]

Gracias por el tutorial, el botón de suscripción ya ha sido presionado

[@Jono6671]

you are a legend bro, keep up the hard work!!

[@darshanmourya7176]

hey I think in your video(hacked microwave transformer becomes a stick welder) instead of welding you can use thick epoxy.

[@ShaileshDagar]

Great Video, would love to see Arduino Basics 103.

[@kencover2040]

NEED MORE VIDEOSSSS. But really, love your videos =D Very helpful for learning about the arduino.

[@ddsdispbos1155]

Thank you very much. Great video

[@BoomBrush]

At 3:43 you have defined i as integer but later define it as 0 in the setup function. Could you have just defined it all at once by using int i = 0; or would that has resulted in a different outcome? What is the advantage of defining it in the setup function, or is it just good practice to make it look presentable for the video? I wasn't aware of the interrupts before, very interesting!

[@greatscottlab]

The outcome should be the same. I am just used to define them in the setup section.

[@pepemoore1]

very cool like every video.

[@MikesDIYTeslaPowerwall]

Thanks for yet another great video, This helps alot.

[@electronicworld5958]

please also make electronics basics video about TVS diodes or Thyrector

[@Scoopta]

A 32 bit number is (2^32)-1 not 2^32. It doesn't make a huge difference normally but there are times where it can.

[@torch1ar136]

Please continue with the 103 please again thank you very much

[@FadiFadi00]

Great work, I already knew that but i enjoy watching your videos 😊 Waiting for your next video 😄

[@georgelewisray]

MOST Excellent !