History of Byzantine Empire in 6 minutes on Map Description | Past to Future

History of Byzantine Empire in 6 minutes on Map Description | Past to Future
This video presents the brief history of the Byzantine empire, one of the vast and powerful civilizations which survived for around 1000 years.
Chapter:
00:00 Introduction
00:30 Early History
02:01 Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
03:00 First and Second Arab sieges of Constantinople
04:05 The Crusades
05:09 The Fall of Constantinople
06:00 Conclusion
By the 3rd century A.D., the Roman Empire was ruling all across the Mediterranean region and coastal areas in southwestern Europe and North Africa.
By 286, Emperor Diocletian divided the empire into two sections: the East and the West, leading to a century of crisis within the empire.
This paved way for the emergence of the Byzantine Empire in 330 when the Roman Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the city of ‘New Rome’ in the ancient Greek city Byzantion. The city was endowed with the name Constantinople, serving as a transit between Asia Minor and Europe.
In 395, Theodosius I again divided the imperial administration into Eastern Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire between his sons. Under his reign, Christianity became the empire's official state religion.
In 476, the Western Roman Empire collapsed after its last emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic barbarian chief Odoacer. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium, was able to survive for centuries after the fall of Rome.
The golden age of the Byzantine Empire is characterized as the period of the Justinian dynasty. In 527, his nephew Justinian I took power, becoming the first great ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire’s territory was expanded to its greatest extent.
As Heraclius rose to power in 610, the Sassanids strengthened their control over Damascus and Jerusalem, beginning the period of Arab-Byzantine wars.
For the decades to come, the wars continued between Byzantine Empire and Arabs as the Umayyads were succeeded by the Abbasids, setting the foundation for the wars in the name of religion.
The end of the 11th century witnessed the beginning of the Crusades, a series of holy wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land.
In 1097, the Crusaders and Byzantine forces recaptured Nicea, the Seljuk capital in Anatolia. Alexius and his army retreated, drawing accusations of betrayal from the Crusaders.
Soon, the subsequent Crusades turned into a war between Byzantium and the West, culminating in the crusader sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
The reconquest of Constantinople took place in 1261 under the Palaiologos dynasty ruling the Empire of Nicaea, resulting in the re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire.
The external wars, civil wars, and consequent loss of land had largely weakened the Byzantine Empire by the early 15th century.
In 1453, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Constantinople and attained total control of the city, resulting in the fall of Constantinople in May 1453 and the end of the Byzantine Empire.
What is the next country/empire you want to explore with us historically?
Tell us in the comment section below.
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#romanempire #byzantineempire #history

[@tincan6747]

I've never laughed so hard even on historical meme videos

[@SirAdamantine]

You've managed to mispronounce just about everything. I guess that's an accomplishment.

[@borisminchev9224]

He also forgot to mention the impact Bulgaria had over the early empire.

[@lewisham]

I mean he can’t even pronounce “Byzantium”

[@aidandavies6164]

There were quite a few things wrong, but label North Macedonia as Kosovo on a modern day map felt like the video was taunting me

[@j.a.weishaupt1748]

He even manages to pronounce “Byzantine” in two different ways

[@seanscozzese4282]

He couldn't pronounce 'literature' 😂

[@Zdawd]

The mispronunciation was killing me lol. It’s like he got dared on how many he could mispronounce in one video

[@georgios_5342]

Correction, Heraclius rose to power after Persia had taken the Middle East from Byzantium. He reclaimed the lost provinces and made peace with the Persians, but as the war had devastated and exhausted both empires, the Arabs rose to power, quickly overtaking Persia and undoing the byzantine progress

[@monicajoseph3910]

Wonderful series and brilliant channel! However, there are several emperors of the East who could be contenders for the greatest. Off my head: Herakleios, the Komnenoi, Basil I, Basil II, and Constantine I! Would love to see a video on any of them!

[@constantinexii8182]

For me this is the greatest empire humanity has ever made

[@steelflesher]

sad it ended due to those pesky turks

[@constantinexii8182]

As sad as it is all empires must fall, the seljuqs and ottomans fell, at least the Byzantines fell gloriously​@@steelflesher

[@thanlan]

Thank you, I was waiting for this video :)

[@vanmars5718]

Talk about the Christian Byzantines: banger pic a Mosque! You had one job

[@HieuNguyen-op6ud]

This video is very useful! Thank you 🙏

[@cosmindumitrescu6631]

6:26 Istanbul the largest city in European Union? Bruh

[@hongthamvu6090]

What a short and concise video!!! That's what I like most about your channel. Love you guys

[@goodbanter4427]

Not to be that guy, but you *really* need to pay attention to your pronunciation of names...

[@tashaanne123]

You should check your pronunciation of most of these names. It's a little silly to say " Dol-la- CLE-ton" for DI- o-clete-shun! That's just one of many mispronounced words

[@hieunt1643]

It's interesting that when you nowadays ask Greeks about what they associate with their land's tradition everyone will immediately answer "ancient Greece!" but they seem to have forgotten the byzantine part of history, which is so important and rich in details!

[@maude7420]

Greeks shouldn't associate themselves with Byzantium Their modern nation constructed itself differently through ethnonationalism while Byzantium placed the focus on Romanity as a way of behaving socially which meant other ethnicities were included in the Empire I would argue trying to link yourself to some ancient historical entity is stupid anyway and only leads to trouble but whatever

[@gilpaubelid3780]

@ Mattias Viggiolo Not really. I would say that it's the foreigners that focus mostly on the ancient Greek history since in their countries ancient Greek history is much more popular than the byzantine history. But when it comes to us, ancient Greek , medieval Greek /byzantine and modern Greek history are all treated as equally important.

[@DCCrisisclips]

@@gilpaubelid3780 don't know what the others are saying me personally I am a Greek and I love the byzantine empire, I do understand the importance of ancient greece and alexander the greats empire that spread hellenic culture all the way to india but to be honest I associate with the byzantine empire more as I and most Greeks are Orthodox Greeks we are much closer to the byzantine empire and I feel closer to the byzantine empire as it lasted for so long and it was Rhomoi empire as many of us up until 1900's say were are Ellines and Rhomoi and some of us still do. Their were still songs until the 80's that use the world Rhomoi and sometimes when theirs state funerels they say Rhomoiysene. So yes it's still alive the identity and real Greek Orthodox people love the Byzantine empire and wish it can be restored one day.

[@DCCrisisclips]

@@maude7420 no lol we should, we did and many of us still do

[@maude7420]

@@DCCrisisclips But that's so awkward though You people are not Romans anymore, that state is gone and didn't base its existence on Hellenism

[@LesRealLlama]

Most certified Byzantine moment 👍➡️🇮🇹🫡

[@LesRealLlama]

Damn still no extra comments… keep it that way 🙂 I claim the whole comment section now as I have had the only comment for 2 hours. Jk

[@hieunt1643]

everything is good man, the video is interesting but not popular yet 😁

[@V-man117]

@@LesRealLlama *🇬🇷

[@LidorHealing]

Nice animations

[@thihuonggiangnguyen9257]

"A Christian state with Greek as the official language, the Byzantines developed their own political systems, religious practices, art, and architecture, which, although significantly influenced by the Greco-Roman cultural tradition, were distinct and not merely a continuation of ancient Rome." "The discussion of dates also highlights the differences in the ethnic and cultural mix between the two halves of the Roman world and the distinctness of the medieval state from its earlier Roman heritage. The Byzantines called themselves 'Romans', their emperor was Basildon ton Rhomaion or 'Emperor of the Romans' and their capital was 'New Rome'. However, the most common language was Greek, and it is fair to say that for the vast majority of its history, the Byzantine Empire WAS MUCH MORE GREEK THAN ROMAN in cultural terms." Byzantine Empire: Definition by Mark Cartwright

[@GK15000]

Awesome video. Fall of Western Roman Empire and Constantinople is always sad

[@hussein.kassir9137]

you deserve one big subscribe and a like button. thanks for your efforts out there! great content and great way of explanation. keep it uo.

[@hieunt1643]

Fun fact, the Renaissance most likely wouldn't have started without the fall of Constantinople as all scholars that were in the city when it was conquered fled west to Italy and other Western Europe provinces, reintroducing medieval Europe to the Roman arts and kickstarting the Renaissance😄

[@maude7420]

Except the Byzantines weren't the only artists involved in the Renaissance ? Doesn't matter anyway the city didn't need to fall for people to migrate to the West

[@MikoviLume]

How can I get in touch with author?.. I have some interesting ideas.

[@kaleemahmad1243]

0:43 Constantine devided Roman Empire into two parts in the 4th Century C.E.

[@papazataklaattiranimam]

In about 1440 John Argyropoulos wrote of the struggle for the freedom of ' Hellas ' in a letter addressed to John VIII as 'Emperor of Hellas'. We have come a long way from the days when the ambassador Liudprand of Cremona was thought unfit to be received at the Court because his credentials were addressed to the 'Emperor of the Greeks'. But 'Graeci' was never an acceptable term. George Scholarius, the future Patriarch Gennadius, who was to be the link between the old Byzantine world and the world of the Turcocratia, often uses 'Hellene' to mean anyone of Greek blood. But he had doubts about its propriety; he still retained the older view. When he was asked his specific opinion about his race, he wrote in reply: "Though I am a Hellene by birth, yet I would never say that I was a Hellene. For I do not believe as the Hellenes believed. I should like to take my name from my faith and, if anyone asked me what I am, to reply "a Christian". Though my father dwelt in Thessaly,' he adds, 'I do not call myself a Thessalian, but a Byzantine. For I am of Byzantium.' It is to be remarked that though he repudiates the name of Hellene he calls the Imperial City not New Rome or Constantinople, but by its old Hellenic name. Runciman, S. (1970). IMPERIAL DECLINE AND HELLENIC REVIVAL. In The Last Byzantine Renaissance (The Wiles Lectures, pp. 1-23). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In contradistinction to a Julian, an Alexander Severus, a Marcus Aurelius and even a Hadrian, who felt themselves more Greek than Latin, Justinian wished to be a Latin Roman Emperor. He was confirmed in these feelings by his horror of Hellen ism. A Roman Emperor, Justinian was also a Christian Emperor. He considered himself the pillar of the Christian orthodox faith. The Hellenic spirit is profoundly pagan and Justinian abominated it. For him, as for his contem poraries and successors, Hellene was synonymous with pagan and to call anyone by this term was to insult him. The Greek peoples themselves assumed the name Pauaio (Romans). Even to-day Romios is still used by the common people. Hellene is an artificial term revived in the nineteenth century. The capital of the Empire is called Roum by the Arab and Turkish peoples of Asia. Lot, F., 2013. End of the Ancient World. Routledge. Many diverse peoples and languages coexisted within the Byzantine empire (Laiou and Maguire (eds.) 1992), and although Greek was the language of government and high culture and the terms 'Hellene' and even 'Greek' were sometimes applied to themselves by educated members of the elite in Constantinople from the Comnenian period onwards (Stouraitis 2014), Byzantium was not a Greek empire and Greek was never the only language spoken. Nevertheless the Byzantines' sense of themselves rested on a shared mythology of universalism and superiority. Linehan, P., Nelson, J. and Costambeys, M., n.d. The medieval world. Characteristics of the Byzantine Empire After its capital was established in the east, the empire became, in scholarly parlance, the Eastern Roman Empire. Furthermore, because Constantine and all of his successors (except Julian the Apostate, 361 63) were Christians, the empire from here on can also be called the Christian Roman Empire. As a consequence of these two changes the Roman Empire had become the Byzantine. However, though used by scholars, none of these three names was used at the time. Though the empire had its center in a Greek cultural and linguistic area, as a result of which there followed a gradual hellenization of its institutions and culture, the emperors recognized no change. The empire remained the Roman Empire and the citizens (even though Greeks came to domi nate it) still called themselves Romans. The term Hellene (Greek) connoted a pagan. The term Byzantine was an invention of Renais sance scholars after the fall of the Byzantine Empire and was never used by its contemporaries. By the middle of the seventh century Greek had become the official language of all spheres of government and the army; nevertheless the empire remained "Roman" and despite divisions of its territory at times it was always seen as a single unit. Essentially the Byzantine Empire was a combination of three major cultural components: (1) Roman in political concepts, administration. law, and military organization. (2) Greek in language and culture, and (3) Christian in religion. Fine, J., 1991. The early medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, p.16.

[@Eazy-ERyder]

0:45 I was like Emperor WHO? You're pronunciation from DIOCLETIAN on could use some work, but other than that, nice little concise video

[@user-zl6dx4ti5n]

😮haahhh ! 1,100 years !!!!!!!!!!! gulat ako hindi ko matanggap yan.... hindi niya dapat talunin yung idolo kong bansa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[@bvillafuerte765]

Poetically, Rome was born and died as a city-state.

[@vandare6913]

"Nevertheless, though Hellenism was beaten it did not die. Its conceptions were too deeply inherent in the blood of the Greek" "Byzantine Civilization" by Steven Runciman p. 257

[@tomzamp8547]

There was never a Byzantine Empire it was officially called till the end Eastern Roman Empire and it was governed by the Romans the emperors who governed the empire did not think of themselves as Greeks but Romans

[@lucyfaire1980]

ok, people have got to stop using the term 'Byzantine' because it does not exist. WE named it that way well after its fall. Eastern Roman Empire is the correct term. Great video by the way. Greetings from Greece

[@teachercharlestv]

How can you get every single name wrong in both pronunciation and spelling?

[@TheRadioAteMyTV]

And when they changed the name to Istanbul, in 1953 some Four Lads wrote a really catchy song about it. Then in the 1980s a Taco borrowed heavily from it and put it on a Ritz?

[@Enzo012]

The Medieval Ages, also known as the Middle Ages.

[@stepanpytlik4021]

There are so many things wrong in this video...wsoecially when it comes to borders.

[@hieunt1643]

Can you give some examples? I think donations can be good for the channel and everyone

[@user-ck1ci3jm4w]

You missed to say that Leo the Third won with the help of Bulgarians that surrounded the arabs who cut their food and water supplies. The siege would have lasted.

[@Cheddarwars]

Die-o-clee-shion not DoLōCLeTan

[@lukesclamberg6844]

Turned off the second you said dolecletian

[@Eazy-ERyder]

Lol

[@pompeamk312]

You have a very big mistake at the and of the video. On the last map, on the place where Kosovo is noted, lays the land of Macedonia.

[@luke-nz5du]

Many of the pronunciations, maps and map labels in this video were highly incorrect my favourite being the labelling of macedonia as kosovo at the end

[@nugnug118]

Spelt Justinian , says ‘ Justanian ‘ come on man atleast research the names of the emperors etc it’s really insulting to say his name incorrect when crediting him for work he did

[@itsrin868]

had no idea istanbul was the largest city in europe

[@strathat8399]

Video was ok ...but you destroyed the ending by saying turkey Istanbul is the biggest city in the EU ......last time I checked Turkey is not an EU member state ...so if you made that simple mistake how accurate can the rest of video be?

[@sonycena4977]

Its not. Its basil 2 and not basil 1 He named north Macedonia as Kosovo in the end The 4 th crusade did not happened like he said Etc Overall a trash channel . Do not watch this channel anymore

[@user-jh3os8pt4y]

He also named Macedonia as Kosovo...

[@timberrr1126]

He meant Turkey is a member of NATO.

[@Eazy-ERyder]

Also, it was Basil the II that was responsible for the destruction of the Bulgarian empire in the early 11th century.

[@borisminchev9224]

3:51 Aren't you going to mention that han Tervel of Bulgaria brought a 10 000 man army to relive Constantinople and that Bulgaria was the biggest threat to the north of the empire. Bulgaria prevented expansion in the northwest and besieged Constantinople 5 times in the span of 200 years . And on top of that conquered almost all of Greece.

[@Jkcarter296]

Was Ottoman Empire Turkish

[@talhaikh8536]

Prejudice and hiding of facts is land mark of this clip........no word on 1074 battle of manzikrat

[@NoahWeaverRacing]

“Dolacleaten”

[@pecepece8925]

Byzantion was established 300-400 years BC, do not start with ''early history'' and erase 600 years of exhistance.

[@aleckosmensky6127]

The mispronounced names make this very difficult to watch.

[@vandare6913]

"With the collapse of the empire in the west, its eastern counterpart became, in reality, an entirely new and independent state, at once Greek by language and Roman in name: 'A Greek Roman empire'." Roderick Beaton, "The Greeks: a global history", New York: Basic books 2021, pp. 212

[@tashaanne123]

um... Turkey is Not part of the EU?!? Poorly done. nice graphics though

[@vandare6913]

"It may be said, however, that despite its multi-national character, three forces tended to give it unity. One was Orthodoxy, the other a common language, and the third the imperial tradition. The first and the second were Greek and to the extent that they were Greek the Empire was Greek also. The third was Roman, and to that extent the Empire was also Roman." The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire Author(s): Peter Charanis Source: Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 3, No. 2, (Jan., 1961), pp. 140-154 Published by: Cambridge University Press

[@syeddanishanwer]

You made a big blunder in this video by ignoring the fact that Hercalius won back almost all lands lost to the Sassanians a decade later. Are you by any chance an Iranian, as your accent sounds like it?

[@thessalonician]

Easter Roman Empire. There's no "Byzantium" or "Byzantine Empire". In all the works of that period, we call ourselves Ρωμαίοι, Romans. Post 16th century the term Byzantines came in place, as the Roman Church wanted to break every relationship with the Orthodox Catholic Church, and thus, to force everyone to forget the relationship of Western Romans (Latins) with the Eastern Romans (Orthodox).

[@sonycena4977]

So many mistakes in one video

[@piedmontatl]

Was NEVER called the Byzantine Empire. Ever. This name was created by modern historians.

[@user-jh3os8pt4y]

The country you named as "Kosovo" is actually Macedonia.

[@Cheddarwars]

You-miad 💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀

[@papazataklaattiranimam]

Christian Orthodox people belonged to the millet-i Rum, and progressively, Greek became the dominant means of communication amongst the members of the millet, who were called by others and were calling themselves. Romioi. Interestingly, the term 'Hellene' still signified for most people the pagan classical tradition, and it was a term that especially the clergy was keen to eliminate. Certain evocations of the term 'Hellene' by Byzantine scholars (e.g. in the twelfth century) contained some elements of contemporary ethnic identification, but it never acquired widespread currency, it never really "caught" on' (Beaton 2007: 93). Boys-Stones, G., Graziosi, B. and Vasunia, P., n.d. The Oxford handbook of Hellenic studies. p.21 A second way that Robert establishes the moral superiority of the French over and against the Greeks is by framing the French, rather than the Byzantines, as the true Romans. On this score, it is important to note that the very naming of the Byzantines as "Greek" was an explicit rejection of the Byzantine claim that they were "Roman"-as noted in the introduc tion, the people we call Byzantines never employed the term Byzantine (it is a modern categorization), never used the Latin Graecus, and only began to employ the Greek word "Hellene" around the time of the Fourth Cru sade. Rather, they almost always self-identified as Romans." Robert not only rejects their Roman identity by referring to them as Graeci, he re peatedly asserts that it is the French, not the Byzantines, who adhere to the "law of Rome." Demacopoulos., 2019. Colonizing Christianity: Greek and Latin Religious Identity in the Era of the Fourth Crusade (Orthodox Christianity and Contemporary Thought) 1st Edition.. New York, N.Y.: Fordham University Press, p.18. Byzantine Empire was not, especially then, a national Greek state but had a broadly international character, despite the fact that Greek was the official language. In that state the Bulgarian element was preserved and could develop. Daskalov, R., 2021. Master narratives of the Middle Ages in Bulgaria. Leiden: Brill, p.114. The writer uses the ambiguous term “Hellene,” which generally means “pagan” in Byzantine Greek. Plethon and his followers used the term almost to the exclusion of all others when referring to their own countrymen. Nagy., 2003. Modern Greek Literature. Taylor & Francis, p.30. " In its final centuries , the Byzantine Empire was also called " Romania . " Remnants of this Roman heritage are still evident in such terms as " Rum " and " Rumeli . Georgius, Philippides, M. and Macarius, 1980. The fall of the Byzantine empire. Amherst, MA: Univ. of Massachusetts Pr., p.2. Given Gennadios ' strong religious and traditional orientation , one would expect him to adhere carefully to the traditional Byzantine nomenclature wherein Hellene signified pagan and Rhomaios Byzantine . Ćurčić, S. and Mouriki, D., 2019. The Twilight of Byzantium. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p.9. And there is also evidence that the word 'Hellene' now meant 'pagan', and Justinian did conduct persecutions of Hellenes. Scott, R., n.d. Byzantine chronicles and the sixth century. The Byzantine Empire was officially called the Empire of the Romans, not the Greeks, Hellenes, or whatever. And if we proceed from the northern theory of the formation of the state, then we could not know about the Hellenic Greeks, Venetian-Venets in any way due to the lack of direct contacts. At that time, the word “Hellene” among the Romans meant a pagan and a traitor. Attila Kagan of the Huns from the kind of Velsung Kindle Edition by Соловьев Сергей Юрьевич (Author) The ancient Hellenes were conquered by the Romans . Emperor Justinian destroyed the last vestiges of Hellenic civilisation , and state Christianity created a new civilisation on the ruins of the old . Koliopoulos, G. and Veremēs, T., 2007. Greece: the modern sequel. London: Hurst & Company, p.242. Hellenes as they were called, were persecuted by the enforcement of these general rules; Justinian endeavored, above all things, to deprive them of education, and he had the University of Athens closed in 529; at the same time ordering wholesale conversations. The Cambridge Medieval History volumes 1-5 by John Bagnell Bury, Paul Dalen (Goodreads Author) (Editor) And there is also evidence that the word 'Hellene' now meant 'pagan', and Justinian did conduct persecutions of Hellenes. The world of Classics in the sixth century was not entirely rosy. Scott, R., n.d. Byzantine chronicles and the sixth century

[@nexttsar]

Dolocletan? Really? you are mispronouncing almost everything. Byzantion? Honorus? C'mon

[@Zapatero078]

It's roman empire 2

[@Cheddarwars]

The only name he pronounces properly is Maurice

[@Gamingbricks123]

Raw chicken

[@papazataklaattiranimam]

@Van Dare none of those your sources are even reliable or peer reviewed

[@vandare6913]

"After the Empire lost non-Greek speaking territories IN THE 7th AND 8th CENTURIES, "Greek" (Ἕλλην), when not used to signify "pagan", became synonymous with "Roman" (Ῥωμαῖος) and "Christian" (Χριστιανός) to mean a Christian Greek citizen of the [Eastern] Roman Empire." "Roman, GREEK (if not used in its sense of 'pagan') and Christian became SYNONYMOUS terms, counter-posed to 'foreigner', 'barbarian', 'infidel'. The citizens of the Empire, now predominantly of GREEK ethnicity and language, were often called simply ό χριστώνυμος λαός 'the people who bear Christ's name'." Harrison, Thomas (2002). Greeks and Barbarians. New York: Routledge., p. 268 "As heirs to the Greeks and Romans of old, the Byzantines thought of themselves as Rhomaioi, or Romans, though THEY KNEW FULL WELL that they were ETHNICALLY GREEKS." (see also: Savvides & Hendricks 2001).Niehoff 2012, Margalit Finkelberg, "Canonising and Decanonising Homer: Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernity", p. 20 or Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum 2003, p. 482:

[@henryseva1]

U cant even pronounce the names properly

[@jackmack6217]

It was never called the "byzantine empire" its historically inaccurate and an insult to the Eastern Romans. The Empire was called "Imperium Romanum" aka "Roman Empire" stop using western derogatory terms which where made to mock and disinherit the Eastern Romans from the Western Romans.

[@Cheddarwars]

Ju-s-tin-ee-an not JuSTaaaaiinian

[@papazataklaattiranimam]

Identity The Byzantine ruling elite faced the outside world and its unending dangers with a strategic advantage that was neither diplomatic nor military but instead psychological: the powerful moral reassurance of a triple identity that was more intensely Christian than most modern minds can easily imagine, and specifically Chalcedonian in doctrine: Hellenic in its culture, joyously possessing pagan Homer, agnostic Thucydides, and ir reverent poets-though Hellene was a word long avoided, for it meant pagan; and proudly Roman as the Romaioi, the living Romans, not without justification for Roman institutions long endured, at least sym bolically. But until the Muslim conquest took away the Levant and Egypt from the empire, this triple identity was also a source of local disaffection from the ruling Constantinopolitan elite, for of the three only the Ro man identity was universally accepted. To begin with, the speakers of Western Aramaic and Coptic, who accounted for most of the population of Syria and Egypt, including the Jews in their land and beyond it, did not partake in the Hellenic cul ture-except for their own secular elites, which were organically part of the Byzantine regime and were indeed often attacked by nativists as "Hellenizers." For the rest, the masses either did not know that Homer ever lived, or were easily led by unlettered fanatical priests to vehe mently hate what they were too ignorant to enjoy. Moreover, the zone that rejected Hellenism, as it had rejected the Roman habit of bathing as too sensual, also rejected the excessively intel lectual Chalcedonian definition of the dual nature of Christ, both human and divine, insisting on the more purely monotheistic conception of the single, divine nature of Christ.

[@maude7420]

The part about the divine between the Urban elites and the rest of the Empire is especially interesting because you cannot be a Roman without the state allowing you to live like one It's especially relevant when it comes to Greece within the Empire, when Maurice and Phocas abandoned the Balkans to their fate, it would take a lot of time for the Greeks to be re romanized in the eyes of the Capital

[@DCCrisisclips]

@@maude7420 lol you don't know what your saying. In mainland Greece Balkans the slavs didn't mange to take the forts like Athens and Thessaloniki. They slavs also could not take mountainous regions and etc. And plus you are forgetting about asia minor and south italy which was full of greeks.

[@moviemonster2083]

Why hire inarticulate teenagers to narrate these historical podcasts? I mean, really. He couldn't even pronounce 'Byzantium' properly.

[@jackthomas1478]

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