How a MOSFET Works - with animation! | Intermediate Electronics

[@CircuitBread]

Hi all! We hope you learned some helpful info about MOSFETs with this video - we have a lot more tutorials and videos on different semiconductors as well as other electrical engineering / electronics topics. Go check them out on our KZbin channel or on our website - www.circuitbread.com/

[@zephirawt4997]

You're great presenter, thank You!

[@milesnapue]

I lofe your voice in the first thirty seconds. I can listen and learn from you.

[@sureshchattu5211]

VGS VTH and VDS > VG-VTH did I misunderstand anything …! saturation

[@haianh9341]

@@sureshchattu5211 May be, he confuse between Vgd with Vgs. I think "gate threshold voltage" is replaced to "gate to drain voltage".

[@cbpiproject]

Hi, I really ❤️ your video. I am a teacher from Bangladesh. Most of student don't understand english. I like to teach them in your way.❤️ Please, can you tell me what software you use. Specially the 3d animation part. Thanks. #respect.

[@THE_ONLY_GOD]

ALIGN THAT BLUE BACKGROUND PROPERLY!!! THIS IS ENGINEERING!!!

[@in4327-0]

😂😂😂

[@giorgiobarchiesi5003]

I hadn’t noticed the misalignment! Does this mean I’m not a good engineer? 😄

[@kuki3693]

Great video. You have explained it better in 5 minutes than my professor have in 3 hours

[@rBennich]

"Kuk i" means "Cock inside" in Swedish. Have a nice day.

[@redstonecaptain8007]

True

[@muneeb-ahmed]

Nah your professor explained t better you just cleared your concepts and revised the topic here

[@srmanginsay5855]

Yah I agree with you.

[@adrian4961]

Came here after my first Electronics class and learned everything we talked about in 5 minutes. Thank you

[@zaks7]

You learnt about mosfets in your first electronics class? I'm learning about it in my 2nd year of university lol

[@MrLDoMe]

@@zaks7 I'm learning about it in my third yr lol

[@AFacemarkedbyFea]

But you got through a 2 hour lecture. This will stick more than a 5 min video, what I wjll forget in a day

[@basic2596]

​@@zaks7learning in first year😢

[@CarsSimplified]

Great info, graphics, and editing!

[@CircuitBread]

Thanks! This is one of my personal favorites, to be honest.

[@andrey-kramer]

@@CircuitBread hi what program you use for 3D modelling MOSFET ? (from 0:56 and later)

[@efeyzee]

@@andrey-kramer Any 3D modelling/animation tool will achieve pretty much the same results. If you want to get into 3D modelling, you can get started with Blender since it's free and has a pretty wide community so you can get help if you're stuck

[@ilovemitaka]

They put these in airsoft guns, so this helped me understand how they work inside. Thanks!

[@garfieldfan0]

You sir are awesome, my professor has some old-school books/presentations. In them you get lost after the first 2 sentences, while this video explains everything in less than 5 minutes, thank you again and have a good day! :) Also english isn't my mother tongue so be nice :)

[@reidcenter4915]

you have better grammar than most english speakers

[@rodolfonetto118]

Excellent video! Specially because you taught the principles beforehand. Also, your observations about the terms and your explanation about "region" were great - you are an excellent teacher, sir!

[@CircuitBread]

Awesome, thank you!

[@jayeshupadhyay4537]

Eureka moment at 1:04

[@mitchostler4712]

God why can't university just explain things like this!!!!

[@invinciblegirl4386]

This deserve a billion views..! Very well explained..Thanks a lot sir😍😍

[@CircuitBread]

Awesome, I'm so glad it helped! Thanks for dropping us a note 😀

[@Lauranim]

My Solid State Physics final is coming, thank you for this video and wish me luck

[@JustSmile268]

This is such a masterpiece. Thank you!

[@CircuitBread]

Thanks for the feedback, I appreciate it!

[@clauscuty]

Subscribed

[@THE_ONLY_GOD]

I am not a degreed electronics engineer, HOWEVER this is how that ACTUALLY seems to work: when circuit between pos (gate side) and neg termimal are connected the electrons flow to that capactitor gate and thus fill that channel and current starts flowing across that channel. Thanks in advance for saying THANKS!

[@sainithyamsani4062]

Your videos are excellent!! Can you please make a video on working of junction filed effect transistor(JFET)

[@CircuitBread]

We have some series that we're working through at the moment but I'm accumulating a few one-off topics that I'd like to address. I have added JFET to it!

[@sainithyamsani4062]

@@CircuitBread Thank you very much

[@ArneChristianRosenfeldt]

The lower part of the mosfet is a jfet. You could mirror the top electrodes to get rid of it.

[@jarvisluo5723]

At 2:05, how is it possible that the MOSFET is operating at the pinch-off point when the gate voltage is lower than the threshold voltage? The gate voltage must be greater than the threshold voltage for the MOSFET to even operate in triode. The pinch-off point is the voltage that separates the triode region and saturation region, which is Vdssat. The pinch-off point is not governed by gate voltage but by drain to source voltage. When Vds is Vdssat the pinch off point is exactly at the drain. When Vds is greater than Vdssat, the pinch-off point moves toward the source. What you said here is contradicting. How could there be a pinch-off point if gate voltage is less than threshold voltage, meaning that the device is not on and not in even triode mode, needless to say saturation?

[@CircuitBread]

Hey Jarvis, I think you are struggling with the same thing that confused the heck out of me for the longest time as well. I highly recommend watching this video: kzbin.info/www/bejne/pWSwY6aFeKx2gdU It should hopefully clear up all of these questions!

[@ArneChristianRosenfeldt]

The pinch-off happens close to gate and drain. Why would source be important? “Saturation” is too confusing for me like it is for others.

[@johnnybuoy9551]

BEST video HANDS DOWN.. I had no clue about MOSFETS, in fact I kinda got intimidated how TF these monsters worked. But it explained me in the best possible way.

[@smellymewi]

Thanks for the explanation. My prof just rushed through this during his lecture and I couldnt understand how it worked.

[@johnanderson9619]

n-FET, p-FET. They can disconnect a charging circuit from just the voltage output of a solar panel... like a diode. But using the Vgs threshold voltage (saturation voltage). When theres no sun, theres no voltage to saturate the gate of the mosfet allowing the mosfet to turn ON. Mosfets are really cool. The solar panel(s) dont draw from the battery during the night, because there's no sun. Theres no voltage on the gate. of the n-FET.

[@angie25601]

Thank you! The explanation is very understandable with the animated image of the MOSFET structure

[@Omar-qf9rw]

thank you, that animation really helped me to understand how it works

[@CircuitBread]

You're welcome, Omar, I'm glad it helped!

[@guenterserwotka8669]

So the structure of a MOSFET is symmetrical and hence Source and Drain are completely interchangeable?

[@CircuitBread]

Yep! Or at least the one shown is. Sometimes manufacturers will put in other features (like a flyback diode on a power MOSFET) that will make it so the FET is not interchangeable. Or they'll make internal connections that will force it to be one way versus another. But, again, as shown and in many MOSFETs, they are interchangeable.

[@cv507]

will doing this with gluons and quarks give warp tech ? is antimatter needed ? how does one control subst? particles ´´without the risk öff igniting more aka the höle atmö^^

[@AbuBakar-um5wc]

well described especially for beginners with good graphics and animation

[@lekhan1918]

Thanks for mentioning how the substrate is usually connected to ground. I dont understand how everybody talks about the gate voltage without mentioning where that connects to.

[@CircuitBread]

Yeah, definitely! I remember that being a very confusing point to me as well.

[@iitandcvlogs]

Awesome video. Very well explained. Just subscribed the channel

[@ticos117]

In the explanation of MOSFET, Source must be connected to substrate.

[@ArneChristianRosenfeldt]

Which brings us to Ohmic contacts to both Dopings.

[@arjumandvillagelife]

Thank you so much,❤😊

[@Swenser]

This alongside a practical example would be nice. Setup a basic circuit with meters. Cheers.

[@johnd942]

Good job! At least in this presentation the lecturer was sensitive to his audience's confusion with the various technical terms.

[@jksharma7]

Thank you sir. It refreshed my dusty knowledge of college... so wonderful.

[@merich4940]

Blessed with an excellent video on how MOSFETs work. Studying EE has never been easier. Today is a good day and I wish y'all the best.

[@CircuitBread]

Thank you!

[@eem4as]

Great animation! Which software do you use?

[@CircuitBread]

This was done with the Adobe Suite - so Aftereffects, primarily. Our editors that do CircuitBread work now use Davinci Resolve (so any newer CB videos use that) but we still use Adobe with our client work.

[@banhatduong]

Hay quá ad ơi. Tìm kiếm rất lâu rồi mới tìm ra video dễ hiểu như vậy. Điểm ấn tượng nhất của video và phần mô tả bằng hình ảnh 3D. Cảm ơn ad nhiều lắm. Chúc sức khỏe và hẹn gặp lại nhé!

[@CircuitBread]

Cảm ơn bạn đã bình luận và tôi rất vui vì nó hữu ích! Tôi xin lỗi, tôi đang sử dụng Google Dịch nên hy vọng điều này có ý nghĩa. Chúc may mắn với mọi thứ và chúng tôi hy vọng sẽ tạo thêm một số hướng dẫn về CMOS trong 12 tháng tới.

[@flaviomenezes4992]

How excactly does the inversion layer form if that region of the substrate has become non conductive due to a depletion layer being formed there?

[@CircuitBread]

That inversion layer forms as the voltage is increased and the depletion layer moves downward. It's still not conductive if you only have enough voltage to create the depletion layer but not enough to get the free carriers in that inversion layer. Or do you mean how do the electrons get up to the inversion layer when it's in a non-conductive material? I'm not 100% sure of that one, but I believe the electrons can be pulled from the source and drain or even pulled through the less-than-ideally conductive depletion layer.

[@foysalbinnour7887]

Hi , I am a Teacher From Bangladesh. I ❤ Your Video. Can You Please🙏 tell- what softwatre You use for to make video. Specially Animation . Thanks. Love from Bangladesh♥

[@CircuitBread]

Thank you for the feedback! We've used a few different software applications for animations over the years but I think this was done in the Adobe suite with After Effects.

[@pooja_h]

Really such a good explanation

[@reidcenter4915]

That helped a lot.

[@abbasjradi5001]

Brilliant keep up!!

[@jarepondio]

Don't worry about it. I am an Electrical Engineer and I'm still struggling to understand MOSFET's, junctions, regions, holes, electrons and all that crap. I understood it enough to pass those clases with an A but other than that I've never needed to know the specifics of these components. Don't worry about it, life is beautiful to be worrying all the time.

[@ApPillon]

This is a good summary

[@julianho5674]

I read a particular datasheet which has this reading which i find odd and cannot figure out why, in what incidence will continuous drain current (Tc=25C & Tc=100C) be equal? Shouldnt the current decrease when temperature is higher?

[@CircuitBread]

Hopefully I understand the question, but I think the issue is that you're reading it as expected behavior versus tolerated behavior. I'm going to assume that it says the continuous drain current is the same at 25C and 100C? That simply means that, if your MOSFET is working in 25C conditions, it will safely conduct the same amount of current as that same MOSFET in 100C conditions. Of course the designers put a little wiggle room in there to cover themselves (as they should!) but I wouldn't be surprised if the wiggle room is smaller on the 100C side.

[@julianho5674]

@@CircuitBread thanks for the explanation, that makes sense.

[@Thewowhahahawow]

exactly what i needed, nice animation. Thanks a ton!

[@CircuitBread]

Awesome, glad it helped!

[@MS-oy4vo]

Bygod... 4 weeks of my professor yelling and pointing at formulas makes no sense to a visual learner like me. This is just what I needed, Cheers mydude.

[@CircuitBread]

Awesome, that's exactly what we were hoping for! Glad it helped out.

[@my-xd7ls]

Thank you very much.Thank you for your effort. I would like to ask two questions.How are holes arising through the positive voltage and what makes them to leave the channel? It would be very kind if you can give me a detailed answer because I love to learn things as detailed as I can. I thank you very much in advance

[@ArneChristianRosenfeldt]

At what time in the video? We only want charge carriers close to the gate. A diode in reverse has this nice depletion region to get rid of stray carriers. Just apply a voltage to the body ( bottom ) relative to everything on the top side. Some MOSFETs are used in applications where source and drain change roles. Mostly IC. That‘s why I would not assume that one too electrode is directly connected to the bottom electrode.

[@banhatduong]

Ad có thể làm thêm video về CMOS không?

[@maibster]

Single Best explanation of Mosfets I have ever seen on the internet, GOOD JOB!

[@antexterminator9373]

What are some common values in micrometres for L, W and the oxide layer thickness?

[@spaceghost8327]

*Common dimensions in units of µm* *Length: Your* *Width: Mom*

[@ArneChristianRosenfeldt]

Layer: some atom layers. Channel what you read as technology node , so 100 nm for 1 Vdd ? 6502 was started at 5000 nm. You can see the width of some gates on the die shot. When there is a fan out, the previous gates are all widened up. Also the pins got large drivers where the gate needed to be folded because it is so wide.

[@xDckar]

Very nice video. Thank you. :)

[@kaushik2093]

well explained, Please make a video on L-C resonance

[@snrzk427]

Yanlşışlıakla açtım devreekmeği

[@toycoma98]

the background made me watch with my head tilted to the side.

[@2chstar]

Nice video but one question. Isn't 2:12 a triode region and 2:34 a saturation region?

[@CircuitBread]

This always confused me and is why we created this tutorial specifically: www.circuitbread.com/tutorials/what-are-the-different-regions-of-operation-for-a-fet It gets into more detail on the different operating regions. Hopefully it will clarify things!

[@nathandns]

Great video! I just don't understand one thing, what controls the gate voltage? Because in order to translate the open or closed state of the transistor into Boolean algebra, you have to constantly change the gate voltage, so I wanted to know how this was achieved.

[@CircuitBread]

Thank Nathan! The gate voltage is manually (or externally) controlled by something else. From that vague phrase, you can extrapolate out to either an external source (if you're messing with a discrete MOSFET directly with a power supply) or another part of the circuit (like a flip-flop further up the line in an integrated circuit). From a digital logic/boolean perspective, you don't normally worry about the gate voltage (or the different operating modes) of the FET, you simply focus on whether or not the FET is "open" or "closed".

[@ArneChristianRosenfeldt]

The great thing with depletion mode is that you can just connect transistors in many ways and it just works. Look at the weird CMOS gates which are in use in any modern computer.

[@cdossantosr]

Great video! Thank you!

[@s8computers781]

Thank you very much for this. Although I struggled with certain terms, the fact that you acknowledged it can be tricky at first; helped me to think I need to stick at it and it will eventually come. You have a good presentation style and I look forward to watching g more of your videos. Thank you and greetings from Sheffield in UK.

[@mrsemifixit]

Great video. Only confusion I have is, why are the N type regions represented with a + sign?

[@CircuitBread]

The "+" signs are not necessary but they're usually used to indicate that the regions are heavily doped. Hope that helps!

[@roshanantony]

best mosfet tutorial. good job circuit bread! :)

[@CircuitBread]

Thank you!!

[@Daehawk]

Well now my head hurts. As a kid I just always loved the name MOSFET..like MOSFET power and such.

[@CircuitBread]

I have found that, for a lot of this stuff, I have to review it a couple times for it to stick in my head. When I write a script, I almost always write it, walk away for a couple days, then come back and look at it again, work on it some more before sending it off to JB for review (though if I remember correctly, JB actually wrote this one). So don't feel bad at all if the first time through it doesn't all stick or if it seems to click at first but then later, you get confused again. As for the word MOSFET... that's a strange but fun! I didn't have any strong feelings until I finally understood what it actually stood for, which blew my mind.

[@jumpyalexa8526]

Thank you! This made things so much clearer, and got to the point.

[@alex_turing]

One problem. I know very little about the things you talked about in the video. What previous knowledge does one need to understand this video?

[@CircuitBread]

That's an excellent question - this video definitely assumes that you have a foundational understanding of semiconductors. I'd recommend starting at the beginning of this playlist (or wherever you're most comfortable): kzbin.info/aero/PLfYdTiQCV_p711DywXAh53wL3xI7S55lg

[@RogueLeprechaun]

Excellent description and graphics!

[@lamamriaissa1165]

Before your explanation, I thought that mosfet was a mixture of metal filings and it oxide. Thank you, great work, your brother from Algeria.

[@Tanlee29]

Thanks you, sir, this video actually usefull.😄😄😄

[@CircuitBread]

Most welcome 😊

[@benjidaniel5595]

Me trying to understand how electronics work: kzbin.info/www/bejne/qHvTaWmVqc9sgbM

[@CircuitBread]

😂

[@johnmackenzie3871]

Excellent video, thank you! Subscribed.

[@Warboss777]

Great Video, thanks a lot

[@monh964]

Excellent short interesting video

[@shoutitallloud]

It look like there's no dirrefence between two N-type areas? Why then the channel grows from source to drain?

[@CircuitBread]

It is based on there being a source to drain voltage. My understanding is that if there is no source to drain bias voltage, the channel growth will be even as the gate voltage increases. In retrospect, that should be have been mentioned more explicitly. Great question!

[@shoutitallloud]

@@CircuitBread Yeah, I've thought about this later. It's just not shown in animation explicitly that drain-source shoud be connected under different potentials. But, still this makes not essentiall difference where's source terminal and a drain - it's not defined by structure or manufacturing. It depends only how we connect + and - That's just in principal. 'Cause in real MOSFETS there's an internal diode between drn and src, so there's some technical details and difference between these two.

[@hicoteo]

Do a video on how to identify the size of a mosfet to buy one. For example, I removed one from an inverter and want to buy a replacement. How do I buy the same size?

[@CircuitBread]

I'm not sure if that warrants a full video! Whenever I do something like that, I either pull the part off and google the part number etched on it or just go to somewhere like DigiKey and use their parametric search using the package size and just make some reasonable assumptions on what it should be. The former is definitely the better method, if it works, though.

[@IonTheExplorer]

Crazy how much better this video is than my professors reputation as a prof

[@f.u.n5323]

bro need to get this channel to like grow like asap like asap asap cuz my professor have a heavy ass accent and speak hella fast and talk like we understand everything already inside out

[@justinwiden]

As @sureshchattu5211 mentioned in another comment, I believe you have the two region names confused at 2:11 and 2:34. From my understanding the area before VGS equals the threshold voltage is the Ohmic region. The region past the threshold voltage when the MOSFET is fully conducting is the Saturation region. If I'm wrong please let me know! Otherwise this was a fantastic video!

[@CircuitBread]

Thanks! We actually did another video that addresses this specifically: www.circuitbread.com/tutorials/what-are-the-different-regions-of-operation-for-a-fet I think, in this case, the biggest challenge is that, in this video, we are showing what happens when you increase VGS. Yet almost all graphs that show this curve, including ones we've made, have VDS as the x-axis. So, to help see why we *think* we are right (hey, I'm not going to claim perfection - ever) look at one of those graphs and then, instead of moving left to right, choose a VDS voltage and then look at the regions you move through as you go from the bottom to the top. It'll be cutoff, saturation, then ohmic (or linear). Hopefully between that quick explanation and the other video, this will be clear. KZbin is not great about notifying us of responses to comments but I would love to hear if that cleared things up!

[@justinwiden]

@@CircuitBread thanks for the reply! This makes total sense and I agree, the terminology is incredibly confusing! Your linked article does a wonderful job of further explaining these regions, thanks!

[@CircuitBread]

Awesome! Glad to hear!

[@agniveshkurup5709]

Had a ruckus in finding good videos that makes you understand the working ....then found this channel...... life saver❤

[@88NA]

really good explanation

[@Adam-xk3ot]

There are some talented people out there who can explain things in few mintues which universities professors take hours to explain.

[@thespencerowen]

wow such a good video. In 4 minutes I have a deeper understanding than hours of googling.

[@HassanAshour]

nice and transparent

[@kshitijpathania3315]

Very Nic Video

[@akshitkumar8307]

thankyou so much

[@shubhamgarg1598]

Sir which software did you use to create the animations.?

[@CircuitBread]

The video team uses a lot of different Adobe products together to make the videos. I think the animations are done in Aftereffects and Element3D. Not as confident about that answer as I’d like to be.

[@shubhamgarg1598]

@@CircuitBread Thanks a lot for replying to the comment.

[@elaphantykid8016]

thank you very much

[@ElectroPhysix]

I would be grateful if you could take a moment to explore my educational video channel. As an educational video creator, I value any suggestions or feedback you may have. Thank you sincerely for your time and support; it means a great deal to me.

[@LaplacianFourier]

2:03 I am pretty sure this is incorrect. Saturation region is when Vgs > Vth but Vds > (Vgs-Vth). Saturation region is when the inversion layer is already formed and there is current but increasing Vds has no effect on carrier velocity (current). Fight me!

[@CircuitBread]

We did a tutorial on just this topic here: www.circuitbread.com/tutorials/what-are-the-different-regions-of-operation-for-a-fet I'm a bit confused, though, as I agree with you. I think the confusion, in this video at that point, we're talking about changing Vgs and assuming Vds is constant, whereas when we're looking at graphs, it's usually Vds on the x-axis that is changing. Taking more time to give a more complete view, we created the other tutorial so please check it out and let me know if we're still supposedly in disagreement. Also, KZbin doesn't notify me of follow-up comments, so I may be more unresponsive in the future. Don't take it personally!

[@LaplacianFourier]

@@CircuitBread Ok. I suppose if Vgs is still below Vth at that point in the video, then there's no conduction through the channel and there's channel pinching, but textbooks don't seem to call this saturation region yet (CMOS VLSI Design, 4th Ed., Pg. 62-63). They let Vgs > Vth so that there's current between D S. Then they increase Vds such that drain's depletion region widens and pinches the inversion layer, however there's still drift current happening and the elections in the depletion region are accelerated due to drain's attraction. In your case, there's no current in the saturation region and that seems to be the troublesome thing. Do you see what I mean? Textbooks go: cut off, linear, and saturation (where there's current in saturation).

[@CircuitBread]

I see what you mean, for it to be in saturation, there has to be a Vds voltage, which would cause a current to flow (perhaps not significant but there would be a current). As technically, if Vds is 0, it will be in cut-off no matter what Vgs is. I'm sorry, this can definitely be confusing. This is the problem with us trying to only briefly review this idea - I'm not sure if we should have left the operating regions alone completely in this video and just referred people to the other tutorial dedicated to the topic. I feel that one does a significantly better job explaining this particular concept.

[@archismantripathi]

Thank you

[@vaisakhsudhakar6739]

Yes, it is a technological achievement that changed our civilization. WOW.

[@stormblitz493]

I understood more in this video than my prof's lectures

[@sinman222]

Thank you sooo much for this video. Please keep making

[@alexmcnamara992]

AMAZING THANKS!!

[@sharathchandrah7747]

Thank you sir

[@RixtronixLAB]

Nice video, thanks :)

[@chahalpawanpreet]

This was so gud!

[@dgnash]

Very clear description. Thank you.

[@hdgboy]

I like your description of the functionality of the device but I would like to see the device used in a real world circuit and possibly an explanation of the benefit of why this device was chosen instead of a different (less complicated) device. Thanks for the video.

[@CircuitBread]

Thanks for the feedback, Bruce! We're going to include MOSFETs in our Circuits series, showing them in practical and real-world circuits - that series is currently being developed.

[@HalefomAregay-h7u]

excellent

[@rollemup77]

Thank you. very good exlanation.

[@moghubat-9536]

❤️❤️

[@Prash1c]

Absolutely brilliant work on this video! Thank you so much!

[@CircuitBread]

You're welcome!

[@tonysimpleman]

Are you mixing up subthreshold and saturation? In saturation you definitely have Vgs>Vt and it’s Vds that puts you in saturation/pinch-off.

[@rockirol1]

So well explained and yet so underrated!