How can we create self-sustaining mini Earths that grow and thrive in space with biodiversity?

The idea of building “mini Earths” or self‐sustaining enclosed ecosystems in space is a fascinating interdisciplinary challenge that spans ecology, engineering, astrobiology, and space systems design. Although we are far from having a turnkey solution, here are some key considerations and research directions that scientists and engineers can explore to move toward this ambitious goal.