How Does a Diode Work? Intro to Semiconductors (p-n Junctions in the Hood) | Doc Physics

[@GauravG91]

I am regular viewer of your videos Doc for last 4 years and when I saw this video dedicated to India.. It made me a lot happy... Thanks a lot 😊😊😊 🔥🔥🔥🙏🙏🙏

[@rajathjackson]

Your lectures are full power packed. You use all those frequencies of sound that a human being can make while teaching which indeed makes the lecture really interesting even while teaching a bit boring concepts like semiconductor physics. Awesome lectures sir- greetings from India.

[@Hopeless_and_Forlorn]

If you think semiconductor physics is boring, maybe you are in the wrong field of study.

[@shangss]

if you were a lecturer i would never skip class!!!!

[@treystrongz]

facts

[@ishitakoul2526]

You are the most qualified teacher I've ever seen India needs teachers like you...semiconductor is kinda borin but u made it so interesting I want to see this video again..

[@aalonsobizzi7599]

wow, ive never seen someone teach physics w such energy. I was so shocked that you weren't yet another boring physics professor that I didn't know how to react. Loved it, thanks!

[@saranshkaran3138]

Respect from India!! Got my 1st year exams in a few days. This helps a lot thank you. :)

[@yvesbouchard5197]

Your explanation of a P-N junction is simply as insightful as it is excellent. Many thanks for having taken the time to do this video.

[@panagiotisdeligiannis7364]

The best thing I 've seen regarding tutorials. I had to watch it 2 times because the first times I couldn't concentrate from laughter. :D Best part shooting electrons out of the lattice.

[@seasnek7024]

Dude I’m only a minute into this and you’ve already accomplished getting me interested in this topic. Your Humour is Amazing! Thanks!

[@ShivamPhysics1]

Thank for your gigantically satisfactory explanation and for dedicating this series to my country.

[@skippycavanaugh3148]

Dude, you have the potential to educate the world in a matter of a few minutes! People like you are perfect for this society. Keep up the good work👍

[@printfhello747]

i am from Egypt and we have to study semi-conductors :) thanks so much for those videos :)

[@IbtihalAlTamimi]

This video is too important to me .. Coz i have an electronics course this term ,, and the final exam after 2 weeks !! I'll share it on twitter ,, thanx for the greatest teaching 👌

[@DocSchuster]

Thank you! Good luck on your exam!

[@J0nashmusic]

dude you are the greatest teacher in the world

[@damianradinoiu4314]

This video Is JUST PURE AMAZING.. I understood everything in such a short time

[@DocSchuster]

Thanks! I'm glad.

[@canhnguyen7421]

Thank you for comming and sharing with me ! Thank one million !

[@andrastumpek2999]

thx man. Your diodes video contains the most details, which helps me through understand how electric field shows up in that certain direction.

[@anteachcloch]

Thank You!!!! My lecturer is so hard to understand, and this makes everything so clear!

[@dunkeykung1162]

Igor, you're one lucky guy. Thanks for being my study mate under doc!

[@sam_d999]

You are awesome... brilliant. Love the way you explained and bring life to such a boring topic. That's remind me of Mr. Bean teaching to his teddy😁😁

[@thescottguy]

Brilliant lesson! You're a great teacher/professor. Keep up the good work.

[@mohammedviso2269]

Thank you for this i didn't understand this in my college but in your lecture its looks very easy to me...thanks again

[@uscmack5300]

This is an amazing video! I am working on a massive project and I am trying to relearn diodes. You make this very Interesting with your personality.

[@arathy977]

i liked the intro. i am from india and have to study this stuff

[@igorkroitor]

Thank you so much! This is the way physics should be taught, really!

[@DocSchuster]

You're the man, Igor!!!

[@johnnymotorboat8824]

You are a fantastic teacher Sir.

[@parthasarathidas7279]

superb sir. I am amazed how easily you present complex ideas in such simple manner. I'm learning not only physics but also creativity from you. I'm a medical doctor & a Pediatric resident by profession but I really love to watch your videos. thanks a lot sir. I have a query regarding this video. the electric field graph shown at p-n junction, shouldn't it be in equilibrium with another equal & opposite electric field within that combination? or else all holes present would have been filled with electrons. my question is why that field is not being represented in the graph. may be I'm not getting the idea correctly. please have a look at this query if possible. thank you again & all the best.

[@azznbones]

I like how you make these monotonous subjects seem fun to learn. (Y)

[@mark879]

What an awesome video! Thanks! "Electrizity, Yes!" (14:04)

[@tarinivenkatanarayan1579]

thank you so much!! I'm from India and don't exactly know why..but it makes me feel good that we learn this in 12th standard i.e before undergrad! :D

[@mattdouglas8900]

I enjoyed this video so much! Thanks for a nice lesson peppered with hilarious commentary haha

[@kimiscool7]

at 23:31 how can germanium be a donor impurity for N-type silicon when it only has 4 valance electrons? Wouldn't Ge only "disfigure" the nice crystalline structure if Si? Perhaps Ge would "stretch" out the Si's nice structure and maybe help the P-type using B impurity (3 valance electrons) holes move more efficiently, just a thought?? I only got a BS in Chemical Engineering. But my main point is that As, P, or Nitrogen be a better options since they all have 5 valance electrons? These impurities can donate electrons. I Really love the Video by the way. You are an amazing teacher !!!!

[@bandongogogo]

Dude, you sound alot like Hyde from That '70s Show, and listening to Hyde teaching phisics is driveing me CRAZY!!! Nice methodology, i love the series, cheers!

[@robertopacheco2943]

Thank you for this video it is so original the way you explain things that made it easy to grab for somebody like me just trying to understand how all this staff works, this thing about holes and doping and electric fields was so hard for me to interpret now I understand much better - sorry for my English, I am from Mexico thank you again.

[@germanmazza9618]

You are an awsome teacher. Thank you very much for shareing.

[@Captain_Rhodes]

So does conduction due to holes occur in the valence band or the conduction band? surely holes can only be in the valance band right?

[@callycap3]

Si-Si bonds in crystalline silicon aren't double bonds. They consist of two electrons (one electron from each silicon atom), which makes them a single bond. Double bonds (like the C=O bond in carbon dioxide) have four electrons; two from each atom. Your silicon atoms (8:30) are drawn with 8 bonds each, suggesting they are octavalent, which is of course impossible for silicon.

[@davidclark3603]

Perfectly explained. I now at last understand. Thanks!

[@lalnazochasev3082]

Great video! Absolutely fantastic

[@jackcool5798]

Awesome, u make it fun and good explanation

[@Anshumanninja]

Good job again Doc! Would love to have you as a teacher in my university.

[@DocSchuster]

+Adel Taarabt Thanks! Just send the contract over, and I'll have my lawyers look at it.

[@Anshumanninja]

Doc Schuster haha.. Will do!

[@stsfoxfacel9171]

8:27 double covalent bonds?

[@miark011]

An excellent explanation--thank you!

[@நக்மாசெல்]

Yes. I got it. A teacher has to use various frequencies and amplitutes to make the studebt listen. Good man.

[@prachipragya500]

#doc what is the difference between silicone and silicon??

[@DocSchuster]

+Giriraj Mundhra! Great question. I understand that you WILL get a momentary current, but once the potentials are equalized, the current stops. This is not my expertise, though. Feel free to correct me.

[@GirirajMundhra]

Alright. So if the potentials are equalized, doesn't this mean that the depletion layer is umm.. "depleted"? Just like it does at the breakdown voltage. Won't this break the diode? One more thing. In this case, the p side is at a lower potential than the n side. So isn't this the same as a reverse bias connection? Also when we plot the I vs V graph, the current at V = 0 is zero. So according to this no current should flow. But then again there is a potential difference across the wire so a current should flow. Right? I keep contradicting myself. I'm so confused.

[@DocSchuster]

Going beyond the breakdown voltage will not necessarily damage the diode - some are used routinely in that regime. I would agree that it's similar to a reverse bias, but not as extreme. That's why no current will even if it is slightly forward biased. See, that's the semiconductor, again. At a small forward bias, there's still a depleted region where there are no free charge carriers - so no current. I have two or three more videos on diodes after this. Have you seen them?

[@ayush8650]

+Doc Schuster zener diode works regularly beyond breakdown potential

[@ianthompson4882]

Shouldn't the covalent bonds between silicon atoms be single bonds, not double bonds? I always thought a single line represents two electrons; one from each atom. So each Si with 4 lines means the Si 'thinks' it has 8 electrons. But an Si with 8 lines would mean 16 electrons. Have I missed something?

[@kelvincheng1833]

each line represents one electron being shared

[@nothj]

I'm confused 21:19 .... the E direction shouldn't be reversed ???

[@funkyj77]

Awesome video and it really helps me a lot. Thanks!

[@cuongmac2379]

Thank you, your explanation are awesome

[@oraange]

does the space charge cover everything or limited ?

[@martinwestdahl2904]

There is just one thing that I dont get. Is the free electrons that you dop in the silicon in the valenc band or in the conduct band at room temp?

[@power-max]

Nice amperemeter! What's the burden voltage? and/or shunt resistor resistance?

[@IMSSEvolution]

Why the +P ions and -Ions dont a tracked to eche other ?!

[@arunchitampalli1678]

super explanation sir.....ultimate.....!

[@GirirajMundhra]

According to that V vs displacement graph that you plotted, the p side is at a lower potential than the n side. So if I connected the p side and the n side with just a wire and no battery, will we get any current?

[@devilkanan]

We learn this and much more in school, even before freshman year. ;)

[@BaldurKhr]

But sir, at 11:50 you say the above band is still the valence band, after raising the electron. All electrons are stable in a valence band. In order for electricity to flow, electrons have to be raised into the conduction band . As the Arsenic achieves the OCTET structure in the Silicone lattice, it's very easy to give off that electron into the conduction band. That level should be the conduction band. Thanks for your awesome videos!

[@anilaxsus6376]

NOOOOICE, i like your teaching sir !!!

[@darthnihiluz5305]

Interesting. The amount of money generated by ideas such as these is mind-blowing.

[@DocSchuster]

Darth Nihiluz YEAH. Seems so simple, right? How about making graphene with Scotch tape?

[@laslowjack8475]

Sorry for my bad english . But I dont understand about the formation of space charge region . The free electrons from N-type why it's only move to a few holes , I mean there are a bunch of holes in the end of the P-type ( the end of the left sides ) why it stop on contact p and n zone why it not just move to other side . Like + + + --- ++-+-- + + + --- after contact p and n from what you say ++-+-- but why it stop right there why it not move forward like this + + + --- ++-+-- +-++-- -+++-- +-++-- and then -+++-- and then ... +-++-- -+++--

[@IMSSEvolution]

+Laslow Jack Dide you found answer

[@seandever7875]

Hey doc I'm a big fan! Just one question - when photons hit electrons in p-n junctions, don't the electrons get knocked _out_ of the valance band and _into_ the conduction band? You said they get knocked out of the covalent band and into the valence band when you shot it with your gun at 11:44. Sorry if this sounds picky, I just want to be fluent when it comes to this stuff. Am I missing something?

[@MuhammedSami]

Please Why NA Greater than ND in p n junction????

[@mohammedsaeed2292]

Excuse me, is there a way to convert dc current to ac current by any method or device?

[@kidoriify]

Brilliant thank you! I found this video to be incredibly helpful!

[@warrenwillingham6597]

Hello! fantastic videos by the way, lots of energy, but I have a question, at 8:25ish you say that arsenic is tetravalent, Is it not supposed to be maybe "pentavalent"? Because tetra stands for 4 it just threw me off a little.

[@DocSchuster]

Warren Willingham Whoa. I think you're completely correct. THANKS!

[@warrenwillingham6597]

Any time! Thank you so much for the entertaining and effective videos! It just helped me ace my exam today!

[@abhishekshah11]

I totally loved this video !

[@sunita2568]

Sir, plz make a video on transistors

[@KennyKoller]

Can you explain how Ps and Ns are neutral before combining? After all the P attracts the electrons. All those holes from the acceptors would be net positive no?

[@DocSchuster]

Kenny Koller Well, the question is, before combining: Where would the P attract electrons FROM? This is all conceptual, of course, since the P and N are deposited together in practice.

[@snehamathivanan7679]

You are very creative 🦋wow.......just wow 💖

[@kenmaster4379]

Can you explain a light dependent resistor, varicap, mosfet if how its work.

[@DocSchuster]

Ken Master Those things are in my to-do pile, but it will be a while!

[@VatsalMotiani]

Give this man an Oscar

[@akashjha2939]

hmm these all of the diode topic comes under which of your playlist sir doc ???

[@DocSchuster]

I didn't group them, but they are all among my most recent videos.

[@robj1646]

Very well done! And also amusing. Just a minor correction: the chemical symbol for Arsenic is As (8:08). You had it right later...

[@DocSchuster]

Rob J Thanks!

[@kabirmukherjee724]

Subsribed!!!! Best physics channel

[@ANUPAM337]

There are two things that is disturbing to me here : 1. When electrons move to the left, the hole does not move the right as I think holes are absence of electron IN A BOND and not just absence in general. Still the charge build up argument holds up as same, but this diagram strictly speaking is not right :( 2. Please tell me that the potential graph is an over approximation. Even if I take the charge distribution in depletion region as that of a diode say or dielectric, " - +" when you move to the left of "- "this the potential should decrease(and not be constant) and same when you move right of "+". Also at exactly where +/- lies you should have infinite potential. So the graph would be kind of discontinuous and spiky. I am really grateful for this video, it has finally given me a good understanding of diodes and now I feel that high to explore more of this subject. Thank you sir :)

[@elasabinostream619]

sir how can I mail you so I can talk about my doubts on physics?

[@aishwaryakhot9353]

in depletion region, the direction of electrons is same as electric field? but u said opposite thing before despite of this confusion, dude, i want to tell u, u r an awesome teacher!

[@saimeghana2261]

It's not even Petravalent.. it's Pentavalent....

[@prachipragya500]

if u could suggest anyone who teaches chemistry just like youuu??? would love to have a teacher like u in my univetsityyy...

[@vicvega5136]

thank you for teaching me.

[@AnasAhmad7]

really beautiful , but i think holes are moving in valence band not conduction band !

[@DocSchuster]

Anas Ahmad Thank you! I was talking off the cuff there, and that's a sure way to get in trouble!

[@hintsafisseha3373]

pentavalent or petravalent?

[@callycap3]

Pentavalent. I think he invented the word "petravalent".

[@rithwiqnair537]

Uh.. You corrected stating tetra valent for arsenic by noting that it would be petravalent. Won't it be pentavalent?

[@DocSchuster]

Wow, I'm a mess. Thanks for the tip.

[@MoizAsimagar]

Do a transister video please..

[@q12x]

fantastic good explanation !

[@garyhbls560]

well done !! Perfect !

[@VoidHalo]

You can also remember which end is which on diagrams. because the cathode end has a backwards K formed by the line and half of the arrow.

[@EugeneRWang1]

We study diodes in Frenshman year in Canada too!

[@KennyKoller]

I think you meant pentavalent rather than tetra at around 8:37? Fun video! Love the props!

[@DocSchuster]

Kenny Koller Indeed! Thanks for the help!

[@eiadessam1]

Great video! but I don't understand why he says that each of these 2 types is considered neutral even tho the p-type and the n-type have a hole and an electron respectivly. Shouldn't the p-type be positive and the n-type be negative, even before we put them next to each? If someone can explain this to me, that'd be very much appreciated

[@ndjarnag]

Awesome vid. Subscribed.

[@upamanyuchatterjee9595]

Hi! Thanks from India for this great video! Helped a lot! But I don't understand why you mentioned Germanium as a donor impurity. Germanium is in the same group as Silicon, and they both are tetravalent so it should not really act as a dopant. I understand Arsenic will be a donor impurity as it is pentavalent. Other pentavalent dopants could be Antimony and Bismuth.

[@Gar00n]

You mentioned a couple times that both the p and n sides are neutral. I am confused about how that can be if there are abundant charges on each side. I feel like I'm missing something. Great video btw.

[@Gar00n]

Actually, I think I get it. Arsenic itself is neutral, Silicone itself is neutral, so adding them together makes a neutral charge. huh who would have thought! Second comment: a couple times you mentioned that electrons will advance to the valence band, like in the parking garage example. Isn't it actually the conductive band? Or are they not past the fermi level yet? thanks Doc

[@amanpuri476]

why does the atoms of silicon move towards the the direction of electric field ??

[@DocSchuster]

aman puri The atoms don't move. They should be thought of as a fixed lattice. Electrons move, though.

[@amanpuri476]

Ohk thnx doc..

[@sanjayselvakanth3394]

Amazing stuff :D

[@genericnamethingy]

You're awesome, thanks!

[@rakshithakoriraj8469]

Best explanation..

[@RexGalilae]

Can you do a series on Magnetic Properties of Matter? You know, hysterisis, ferro/para/dia-magnetism and stuff?

[@DocSchuster]

+Mohammed Zaid That's a great idea. Don't hold your breath, though. No time yet.

[@shreyywadhwa]

That was awesome!