How does the DNA of chromosome work | transcription and translation class 10

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This lecture is about
How Does the DNA of
Chromosome work?
DNA is the genetic material i.e. it contains
the instructions to direct all the functions
of cells. It performs its role by giving
instructions for the synthesis of specific
proteins. Some proteins perform structural
roles while the others act as enzymes to
control all biochemical reactions of cells.
In this way, whatever a cell does, is actually
controlled by its DNA. In other words,
DNA makes the characteristic or trait of
cell or organism. Let us see how DNA is
responsible for this (Fig. 15.4)
We studied that traits are made by specific proteins. Specific proteins have specific number and
sequence of their amino acids. DNA controls
this sequence of amino acids by the sequence
of its nucleotides. During protein synthesis,
the sequence of DNA nucleotides decides
that what will be the sequence of amino
acids. For this purpose, the specific sequence
of DNA nucleotides is copied in the form of
messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotides. This
process is called transcription. The mRNA
carries the sequence of its nucleotides to
ribosome. The ribosome reads this sequence
and joins specific amino acids, according
to it, to form protein. This step is known
Each gene determines a particular trait in an organism. Each
individual carries at least one pair of genes for each trait. For
convenience, pairs of genes are represented by a letter or
symbol. Both members of a gene pair may be the same in
some individuals (a condition which we may represent as AA
or aa or BB) and different in others (Aa or Bb). It means that
a gene exists in more than one alternate forms. In the above
example, ‘A’ and ‘a’ are the two alternate forms of a gene
and ‘B’ and ‘b’ are the alternate forms of another gene. The
alternate forms of a gene are called alleles. If an individual
has Aa gene pair, ‘A’ and ‘a’ are the alleles of one another.
In this individual, allele ‘A’ is located on one of the two
homologous chromosomes and the allele ‘a’ is on the other
chromosome as shown in Figure 15.5. When chromosomes
separate during meiosis, alleles also separate and each
gamete gets one of the two alleles. When gametes of both
parents unite, the zygote (and the offspring also) receives
one allele from each parent.
as translation (Fig. 15.4).The part of DNA
(sequence of nucleotides) that contains the
instructions for the synthesis of a particular protein is known as a gene. DNA of each chromosome
contains thousands of genes. Like chromosomes, genes also occur in pairs, one on each homologous
chromosome. The locations or positions of genes on chromosomes are known as loci (Singular:
locus).