How to Make Hydrogen Gas - Clean Burning, Inexpensive, Lighter than Air!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I've been part of their network for more than a year and you never would have known if I didn't decide to throw their logo at the end of this video. They're some of the highest quality people I've ever worked with. I do whatever I want, and they pay me for it. Best decision I've ever made.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Yes. It is important to follow because if you were to add water to acid, the first few drips can heat rapidly enough to boil, which throws acid everywhere. Adding acid to water on the other hand only has the potential to throw water or very dilute acid should a problem arise. In either case, when using an Erlenmeyer flask as is shown in this video, most splashes within it should be contained. It is better to stay on the safe side and make it a habit when the circumstances are not so forgiving.

[@MrSloqwerty]

You are the best "do-it-yourself" person on KZbin. You always make interesting things and keep the required materials simple. Great job.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I am part of their partner network and have been for a year now. It doesn't really change anything besides having an extra opportunity now and then like promoting Drive in this video.

[@xenathcytrin202]

My brother made a setup like this in our backyard once and my mom called the police saying he was building a hydrogen bomb. They believed her.

[@tgdhsuk3589]

Lol

[@joshuarichardson98]

That's exactly what my mom thought! i got grounded for about a week but I wasn't even gonna make one!

[@xenathcytrin202]

Viktor Hofer How exactly is wasting the police's time with a bogus bomb warning a smart thing to do? My brother could have gotten arrested if things had gone differently, then probably jailed on trumped up charges.

[@miguelchacon2717]

WHO TF CALLS THE POLICE ON THEIR OWN SON

[@productions4452]

😂 😂 😂

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Thanks for your support! I'm working on a new one that I hope to have released in a week or two. I know I take forever between uploads. I'll work hard to get the next one out asap!

[@joshanhuseyin5568]

Just use a NaOH solution and add aluminium to that. It’s less corrosive and can be brought at a grocery store under drain cleaner.

[@JohnnieRadical]

Aluminum is the devil

[@EdwardTriesToScience]

NaOH will start to etch the flask if you don't cool it, but it does work well

[@alfredharrison597]

Rubbing Gallium on scratched up aluminum is way better and for some reason (due to aluminum nanoparticles) yields WAY more Hydrogen! (Can even retrieve 100% of the used Gallium after its all over with!)

[@joshanhuseyin5568]

@@alfredharrison597 It would increase the reaction speed though (inc surface area = inc reaction speed) which can be a bad thing if you want it to stay controlled. Also gallium is not that cheap and also it does still react with the NaOH and water (Ga + 2NaOH + 6H2O → 2Na[Ga(OH)4] + 3H2) so you'll definitely be losing some or if not all of your gallium.

[@artytomparis]

Hi, I've done this with glass food jars and they have been fine in terms of the heat. Food is often put into them hot so that there is a minimum of air in them when they cool. You can use Lye in place of the HCL / Muriatic acid. It's a lot more compact and non reactive when dry. Cheaper too. The more of the aluminum surface which is exposed the better the reaction. I like the way you've done this experiment. There's lots of good information.

[@jjzhou01]

One Lamborghini was harmed during the making of this video.

[@NathanHintz-SwingGen]

would have been better to use a drone instead of a car to save batteries

[@KAVORKA.KIINGG]

Whaaat lol

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I come up with most of my own ideas, or heavily modify others. This experiment in particular has been around for a very long time, so this video wasn't much of an original thought, but at times I like to just make things possible with more common materials.

[@liversilver437]

A cool thing to do with this is to put a long fuse on a balloon, light it and let it go and blow up in the sky at night

[@liversilver437]

Bad luck, im in the countyside so its ok but be careful next time

[@d.saelens4867]

Liver Silver sounds safe enough ?

[@liversilver437]

***** not really, it flies into the air like 200 meter and then does a small explosion

[@NathanHintz-SwingGen]

That would be awesome to do with a 40 foot balloon tube made out of a roll of painter's plastic and a bit of duct tape for a really impressive KABOOOOM! DIY Hindenburg!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Well thank you. To be honest though I do advertise sometimes, but only for things I like myself, and I will never do so at the expense of the quality of the video.

[@nikoravnikar]

And im watching this video 11 years later

[@Lucass-d1p]

And I’m watching it 12

[@anotherguy9402]

Where's my dam time machine i want to go back 😭

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I have my license, but the ATF recently changed their regulation so that it requires a full commercial manufacturing facility to preform demonstrations involving building fireworks. It's been far too much trouble trying to keep up with the law to post fireworks videos. I will still post some from MPAG shoots now and then, but it's not likely I'll post any of my own for a long while.

[@JRowe95]

Flare on a stick. Patent pending.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I had forgotten about that trick, it's a cool one. I may make a video in the future.

[@benryan2431]

How do you dispose of the left-over substances in the flask?

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Ben Runsdorf Once it no longer reacts with aluminum it's a pretty neutral solution and doesn't require any special disposal methods.

[@benryan2431]

NightHawkInLight Thanks

[@FunnyChemist]

NightHawkInLight But when I poured it down the kitchen sink, the kitchen sink got corroded.

[@jessetaylor6386]

I did mine beside my fire pit and just poured it in there when I was done bc I believe it's just aluminum oxide when the reaction is finished

[@matthewking1532]

+The Funny Chemist Well, the best way is to add baking soda until it stops fizzing when you add it. Then it is as corrosive as salt water.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I've thought about it, maybe someday. Thanks for your comment

[@NickFarrow]

Would be cool to see this done using electrolysis rather than acid.

[@rusty6172]

Search HHO generator. I don't know why it's called that, but it is. However, hydrogen and oxygen are, of course, both produced.

[@nickwoodruff3321]

You can (very easily) but it makes hho witch is much more explosive because it is produced along with oxygen.

[@nickwoodruff3321]

***** I filled a gallon window washer jug with hho and lit it remotely...WOW it was loud! Like rattling bones and windows king of loud! I'm just going to stick with 500ml water bottles from now on thank you very much! haha

[@anytimeanywhere8870]

you do realize that HH0 is just water (H2O), the reaction produces hydrogen gas and oxygen, not H2O

[@androsida8704]

@ lol

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Because buoyancy is based on more than just the atomic weight, it depends on the density of the gas also.

[@binjuice326]

you should set some of these balloons up as targets for your flaming arrows!

[@philg4678]

can you make more videos? Like do you think Hyrdogen can push a magnet or electric motor to charge something ? how much material would it take to charge a battery? GREAT VIDEO by the way.

[@JohnSmith-em3mz]

All hail chemistry.

[@thundercombat]

i'm not trying to be racist but that sounds wrong these days when someone with an arabic name says it (no racism or anything)

[@JohnSmith-em3mz]

+MisterMcold lmaao no no its fine

[@zach3096]

+MisterMcold Who cares?

[@thundercombat]

+Cosmos great argument

[@zach3096]

MisterMcold I'm known for some astoundingly well put arguments :) /s

[@Nighthawkinlight]

The cold water in the 2 liter does fine to get rid of water vapor in any significant concentration. Eventually the 2 liter does become hot and water begins to condensate in the balloons, but a quick refill of cold water brings it back to normal. Calcium chloride filtration would only be required if you needed perfectly dry gas for scientific use. It's certainly not required if all you want to do is make a balloon float.

[@wille020201]

Now add hydrogen chloride... NO wait I mean caustic soda!

[@megafefeBR]

DAMMIT BAIN MAKE UP YOUR MIND!

[@SUNNMANN139]

I never knew how EASY it is to make hydrogen for yourself. Thanks, NightHawkInLight.

[@GamePhysics]

Thanks for helping me create a hydrogen bomb :)

[@nerfinator6]

+GamePhysics Allahu Akbar my friend, Allahu Akbar

[@GamePhysics]

Sergeant Methcake Allahu Akbar.

[@JacobBelanioProductions]

You know you need LIQUID hydrogen and an ATOMIC BOMB to make it right? Lol

[@nerfinator6]

Jason Anthony Snackbar*

[@MegaGeorge454]

+Evi1M4chine thanks for helping me make a hydrogen bomb

[@Double_0_11]

5:05 how many balls of aluminum did you use till the reaction stopped?

[@EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE]

6:09 where did you get that tactical insertion?

[@The_world_is_not_worthy_of_Him]

+EEEE le r A) That's a road flare B) You're clearly not old enough to engage in something like this.

[@EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE]

+Raging Gamer (TheRagingGamer) Maybe there is the last survivor glitching behind the bushes so he needs to put his tactical insertion.

[@JulienMorrissette]

+EEEE le r whats a tactical insertion?

[@josephlucas8580]

+Julien Morrissette Tactical insertion is respawn equipment in game called Call Of Duty. Only can be used in multiplayer and looks like green flare, once placed down you will respawn there after you die. Since CoD is filled with 12 year olds and This person here has no Idea this is flare and calles it "tactical insertion" he's obviously 12.

[@EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE]

+Joseph Lucas obviously he is 12 and he could not be 89852e26 neither he could be an artificial intelligence whose goal is to reverse the continuum space time

[@Nighthawkinlight]

It takes a lot of building projects like what I show in my videos, then using that experience to come up with your own ideas.

[@asyraafnasser4873]

Can I create a star?

[@trenttiedeman2630]

But we have gravity *pouts*

[@trenttiedeman2630]

but... SCIE

[@taliakellegg5978]

With enough hydrogen you will

[@taxfraud1212]

Of course, it would require a lot more hydrogen than we could ever get on earth though

[@johndoeseph115]

no. fusion requires deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with an extra neutron

[@JoshBlack8923]

I love the chemistry vids. I always try to balance out the equations to entertain myself.

[@Dunkleosteus3691]

Hmm, we used to produce at least as much hydrogen as indicated in this video by dissolving lye in water then adding the balled-up aluminum foil. Used drain cleaner (lye) which is the opposite of acid (it's a strong base, not an acid). We did use much bigger vessels than the lab ware shown here - used 5 gallon glass jugs and probably over a quart of water. We used our hydrogen balloons to lift bundles of fireworks with very long (10 ft) fuses. The balloons could reach low hanging clouds and the fireworks going off inside a cloud at night caused UFO reports to be filed. LOL

[@georgelowe7333]

Thanks @nighthawkinlight ! you are my favourite youtuber , you need to publish a book as said ! also keep the awsome projects coming :D

[@purplenurple4208]

Hey NH, why not use hydrogen instead of wood gas for burning and storage?

[@SuperHowtoboys]

I just want to say thank you because i did this for my science project and got and A+

[@Alexandervo5]

I've been watching your vidoes for about half a year now and it just amazes me how creative some of the projects have been, but i still wonder if you do come up with these ideas (in which case you have my deepest respect) or if you see them somewhere and thought it would be awesome to put up on youtube. Either way, i look forward to watching more awesome videos about contraptions that can be made with everyday supplies. If i sound offensive about the second part i meant none

[@redman382002]

This is cool, nice knowing other ways to make hydrogen, other than sulfuric acid and magnesium strips we all learned in high school.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Most of it was filmed with a Sanyo Xacti VPC Cg20, and some with a Lunix GH2. I just bought the GH2, and it only arrived in time for me to film a handful of the shots in this video.

[@Link003961]

Oh and night love your videos, they redeem my faith in the knowledge of KZbin users. Oh and your videos have inspired me to look more in depth into pyrotechnics.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

That's just a road flare. You can buy them at hardware or sometimes auto parts stores. Thanks!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

you're obviously free to make any video you please, but if they are closely based off of mine I would appreciate a credit in the description. I look forward to seeing them.

[@DominickBlack]

This is some serious knowledge, right here. I've always wanted to know how to do what you just showed right there.

[@amihartz]

If it can lift 200 grams with only 4 bags, you would probably life 20 grams with 1 bag. And you can buy cameras that only weigh 20 grams. Just attach a bag to it and let it float off into space. When it eventually falls back down, you can find your camera and you'll have some really cool footage of earth from space. It'd probably be heard to find the camera, though. Maybe you could like float a GPS tracker up with it as well. I found one on Amazon that only weighs 30 grams and is only $20, although, it has 2 stars so it might not be very good. But that's still only 40 grams together, so 1 bag could still lift it.

[@luxzartheglorious]

it 50 grams ina|| n0t 40 0k just t0 be right 0k and it wi|| take 2 bags and it wi|| brake 0n the way back the erath by burning and fa||ing and space wi|| mass up the gps 0k n0t t0 be meen just t0 be right

[@tom-tristanots8192]

Amelia Hartman Your math is way off.

[@amihartz]

Tom-Tristan Ots Why? Is 200/4 < 20?

[@ThePokemonPizza]

It won't even go out of the atmosphere.

[@amihartz]

ThePokemonPizza No one's saying we're going to send this to the moon or anything. It's gets to the edge of the atmosphere, which is all you need. Just look up video of people doing things similar to this. The video is quite spectacular.

[@ragmondead]

we did this in physics last year. my teacher blew the bag up inside and the fire spread across the ceiling. BEST CLASS EVER!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

The acid concentration out of the bottle is listed at 3:49

[@Nighthawkinlight]

It dilutes the acid causing the reaction to be less violent, as well as reducing foam that is created.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Yep, that would be pretty awesome. Maybe someday. I've already blown my camera budget this month.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Hey everyone, it really helps me out if you share my videos with your friends through Facebook and Twitter! If you like them, please take a moment and pass em' along! Also, keep your comments coming! My favorite part about posting new videos is reading your feedback. Thanks for watching!

[@pyrochemieNET]

You may imagine that Ive said your videos were better some time ago... but I think youre back, thx :) NICE VIDEO! anything new with your license? Regards

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Yeah I know it's been a long time. I've just finished filming a new video today. Hopefully I'll have it edited and posted within a week or two.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I know it! Making this video took way longer than I had hoped. I'll do my best to get more videos out as quickly as I can.

[@Quigon8]

No worries. Be sure to limit how much aluminium is added too, so you can control the reaction more. You can always add more if you need to once the acid has digested a piece of foil, but you don't want to have too much in the first place. The first time I did something similar I put way too much foil in and regretted it. It's pretty scary how vigorous the reaction gets and how much hydrogen it can produce when allowed to go unchecked.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Thanks, I appreciate it!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

You can isolate potassium hydroxide from wood ash from soaking it and filtering out the insolubles, at which point you can use NurdRage's video about making potassium from potassium hydroxide and magnesium.

[@andy101nguyen]

finally a new video!! Great content as always, keep up the great work!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Nope, I've just been working REALLY hard on my next video. It's been taking a ton of time to get finished. It won't be much longer before it's posted.

[@lucasedbe]

brazil here! great video!!

[@slobdell3]

Do you have any suggestions to filter better? I'm looking for the cheapest (and also fairly rapid) method of harvesting hydrogen as a lifting gas.

[@liammhodonohue]

@scott lobdell it's a long shot, 10 years later after all.... did you find a way to make large volumes H2 for lift gas? High altitude ballooning I assume. I initially wanted to copy the work of @DIYscienceguy. He used electrolysis then used an old refrigerator compressor to pack the H2 into an empty propane bottle. I like the portability of the gas bottle but H2 embrittlememt and the other myriad safety concerns of isolating just the H2 (no oxygen!) *and then* compressing it - scares me. I want this to be as safe as possible to be within the reach of scouts/sensible secondary school age youth. Under supervision, but with scope for them to do as much as possible. Helium would be easier but very costly. I want to make hydrogen a workable option.

[@slobdell3]

@@liammhodonohue ha thanks for the reply. I didn't end up following up, but there are commercial products available for this

[@liammhodonohue]

@@slobdell3 thanks for the reply. What kind of commercial products did you find? (I'm in UK) All I can see is either bottled H2 from gas/welding suppliers - same as who you might buy large helium tanks from (slightly cheaper than helium but not by much. Suppliers not geared up for hobbyists) or, on-demand H2 generators for laboratory type applications (=expensive) Looks like I will have to accept the cost of commercial H2 tanks or explore onsite production via acid+aluminium.

[@lifequest7453]

@@liammhodonohue -- if you can divide the electrodes to keep the hydrogen separate, the refrigerator pump is a good idea. if you have a vacuum pump, you can get an old freon can (they are about the size of a 20 lb propane tank) and put a vacuum on the tank, close the valve after you vacuum the tank down. connect to the system. you need to be careful you dont suck water into the vac pump as you open the valve on the tank. do it slow till the vacuum is gone. then you will be using the refrig pump to pump up the tank. good idea.

[@mattharper1642]

Interesting! Considering I was planning to use hydrogen in an RC blimp I was designing, this will be useful!

[@forgottentechnology]

Same process can use sulfuric acid and un -oxidized iron fillings .

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Sure is.

[@TheDarkalkymist]

yep currently several manufacturers are experimenting on how to use hydrogen as a fuel source, but there are some complications to using it in a gasoline engine because the expansion rates of gasoline vapors and a hydrogen/oxygen gas mix are different, so the timing of the crank would be wrong,

[@HuzaifaKhan-e3t2o]

Great work sir!❤❤❤

[@rbrice1981]

I like this. My question - why do you meed the second hose from the stopper to the water? Is it to filter the H2? Or is it to cool things off? Why not a balloon to the first hose and skip the bottle? Thanks.

[@markhonea2461]

The one I made in 7th grade was simply a large glass soda bottle, they used glass then, and a balloon on top. It would inflate on its own. I used lye and aluminum foil in the solution. No gloves or etc. It did get a bit hot after a while, but I just set the whole operation in a bucket of water, for a little while. A half dozen of these balloons with one acetylene and oxygen balloon, some twisted newspaper with a tiny bit of lamp oil on it for a 24 inch wick. It would drift up several hundred feet and some distance over a different nearby neighborhood and cause a VERY loud but harmless report. The cops were all over the place looking for the source. Gosh we had so much fun!🤓

[@Nighthawkinlight]

No, it does not. It cannot ignite in air without a flame or spark. Further, if one of the balloons did catch fire they would burn very slowly. In order to make them burst like is shown in the video I had to also partially fill the balloons with air so that there was enough oxygen for the hydrogen to quickly react with.

[@eleeg95]

Finally, a new video! Thank you!

[@bensfortin]

As per usual, this was a great video!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

The leftovers of a combustion reaction only contain carbon if the fuel contained carbon. The combustion of hydrogen such as shown in this video involves no carbon at all, releasing only water vapor. 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Sometimes I run the drill a hole before I start filming then spin the bit backwards through the same hole to make it look smoother on video.

[@yoba333]

Thanks! Very helpful as always. Amazing videos.

[@jadduajones]

Could use NaOH instead of HCl with the aluminum , an ice bath would probably be a good idea too if that is done. They both have the same efficiency for how much aluminum used but the NaOH reaction consumes water as well. It also uses less NaOH , 2 moles, as opposed to the HCl reaction that uses 6 moles of HCl. Depending on the prices of the chemicals, it might be more cost effective to use the NaOH reaction.

[@paramanandchandawarkar2046]

Excellent explaination !Thanks !👍👍

[@MegaToastmonster]

unlike kipkay he doesnt advertise thank you 4 being awesome Nighthawkinlight

[@moser1176]

We used to do something similar using Red Devil Lye, which is sodium hydroxide. The solid lye goes into the water instead of the acid. When aluminum is put into the mixture it reacts in a similar way producing hydrogen with enough pressure to fill balloons, trashbags, etc. Slightly different chemical reaction, but essentially the same end result.

[@MSIRHCITNA]

Great video as always...I knew it is a great channel when i subscribed...;) Keep them goin' bro!!:)

[@ZehEduardo]

Dude that baloon whistle at 1:00 got me so bad HAHAHAHAHAH

[@edgeeffect]

1:53 That's the tidiest, most aesthetically pleasing blob of epoxy I've ever seen. And I don't believe you just drilled a plastic bottle with a power drill. ;)

[@jjtwobuck7952]

We did the same thing in College using concHcl and zinc. Zinc will work in place of the aluminum, if you happen to have chuncks of zinc rather than aluminum. Another one to try, put idodine crystals into ammonia, filter the iodine out, let it dry, then drop or smash the small pieces and see what happens.

[@forgottentechnology]

Boom

[@TheAmmoniacal]

Another common reaction to use is Al + NaOH (lye, caustic soda), more easily available.

[@stoneywmorris7448]

I'm new to watching the videos and I have found them very interesting.

[@951000jerome]

Quick note... HCl is only a molecule in the gaseous state. As an aqueous solution, the H+ and Cl- ions are already separate. The reaction does not strictly speaking release the H from the HCl... it just gives electrons to the H+ so they can form H2, the elemental gas.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Also, they look cool on camera.

[@richardskinner2205]

along with ek980's point, you're not just making hydrogen, but an oxyhydrogen mixture in a 2:1 molar ratio. separation of these two would be a bit more problematic, albeit not impossible. That being said, a the recombination of the oxyhydrogen mixture is much more reactive than a simple hydrogen mixture; a trash bag sized amount would make a BIG boom. I remember when the prof. did that in my gen chem class. Pretty cool to watch.

[@cch5555]

have u ever thought of writing a book cus these are all very interesting,fun, and frankly good uses or atleast constructive uses of time

[@Ls9819]

Also this experiment can be done with magnesium to create Hydrogen and magnesium chloride which remains as a solution 1Mg + 2Hcl --> 1MgCl2 + H2 But one thing to remember is that the hcl water mixture will slowly be diluted creating less hydrogen as more of the hcl is used up and turned into magnesium chloride and hydrogen, that's why at some point the mixture must be refilled.

[@ImNopeismOG]

I did that in science class a few weeks ago :)

[@xProsHD]

Well, the same thing would happen with the aluminum, the HCl would eventually all disappear

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Hydrochloric acid doesn't get much more concentrated than the 31% used in this video. The amount shown produces 25-30 gallons of hydrogen, and yes, the reaction can be scaled down. Enough pressure is produced to fill a rubber balloon, but in doing so there is a risk of the rubber stopper popping out, which can throw drops of acid that may have condensed near the top of the flask. Safety glasses are critical. A filled balloon must be removed before the stopper or water will backup into the flask.

[@mohammadabbas9691]

i like all your experiments specially this one....!!!! I also want you to show how to make pure oxygen

[@scienceaddict77]

depends entirely on 3 things. #1 amperage #2 electrode surface area & proximity, and #3 the breakdown voltage (modified by temperature and electrolyte) electrode composition may affect it a little.

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I bought it for the video ;)

[@blickluke]

Do you know any tricks you can make with lighters? seeing something like that would be awesome

[@TheAt01]

If you are struggling to find hydrochloric (muriatic) acid in the UK it is sold as brick acid for cleaning cement and can be bought in B&Q or trade merchants

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Oxy acetylene is notoriously sensitive to static. Several times a year people are injured or killed doing just that.

[@ashlockk]

What kind of flare is that and where did you purchase it? Thanks for the video it was great!

[@rbrice1981]

Ya, I figured with it being exothermic that limiting the Al would be important; too much at once would likely increase the volatility and heat/energy released. I appreciate your help.

[@EpiclyReckless]

awesome:D i just happen to have bought some 3/8 clear tube the other day!

[@AG-xi3yu]

Hey Again! I am interested in doing this experiment and a big fan of you. I have two questions, one) i need to order a flask and obviously it needs to be heat resistant. Would you have an estimate how hot the flask may get so i know which one to select(i dont want it to break :0) Two) Can you do this experiment with lye, if so how much would you put in(also is there a good brand you would recommend) Thanks

[@Nighthawkinlight]

Borosilicate flask. It's better to do with lye because the byproducts are less hazardous. I recommend looking into tutorials on other channels because I have not don't this experiment with lye.

[@AG-xi3yu]

@@Nighthawkinlight ok, its hard because there are like two or three that don't have blasting instrumental music over the instructions. Thanks for answering

[@redman382002]

You can go both acid and base, nice!!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

I pour it onto wood ash from my fireplace to neutralize any remaining acid. This results in potassium and sodium chloride, harmless chemicals that need no specialized disposal.