I can't believe I spent nearly 7 and half minutes watching someone write the word "Flourishing", but it is refreshing to see someone who still sees writing as an art that should be refined.
It was not "writing", it was drawing a beautiful picture, to be enjoyed by many, not read by one person or maybe three. Look at all of the strokes. The pen is a paint brush. Think of the artist intent. I am sure the artist knows how to "write".
@MrTerminalZ10 жыл бұрын
I can't even type that good
@PopsiquL10 жыл бұрын
hahahaha
@lukeallen528210 жыл бұрын
Lol
@imaanyahmed685410 жыл бұрын
lol
@jaleelkhan52427 жыл бұрын
What a wonderful calligraphy,I wish I could write this beautiful. Thanks
@jasn575410 жыл бұрын
So annoying when you're trying to do some difficult calligraphy and someone keeps playing the bloody piano right behind you.
@Tobberz10 жыл бұрын
Lol!
@gabrielmendez43494 жыл бұрын
It's complementary to writing exquisite calligraphy. ;)
@tomb-rider4 жыл бұрын
Piano? What piano?! There is no piano here.
@TT-fn1xb3 жыл бұрын
😂😂
@casocraft47403 жыл бұрын
You can also learn calligraphy. Just watch this one video, it will definitely be useful for you... kzbin.info/www/bejne/iImnZmttrs5_ptk
@shtoink2u29 жыл бұрын
Elegant, "fancy" writing is a lost art. To many of us are lost in email. I find it truly fascinating. There is no other way to really send a message to some one you love and communicate a truly personal message. By doing this it really say's you care.
@jenniferdavitt74818 жыл бұрын
not a lost art.. the amount of calligraphy sets and pieces that sell in some art stores are a lot!
@yagsta84308 жыл бұрын
+Jeffrey Barber i think u like doodling, do check out my channel too, i just started, please tell me what should i do next
@ManzGames8 жыл бұрын
+Yagsta you're pathetic, not even desperate channels ask for views anymore.
@Alfa_BJJ78 жыл бұрын
I agree
@yasijasi73918 жыл бұрын
I'm weird because I have natural fancy writing😂. Sometimes I'm made fun of because some people can't read it. But others love it and so do I. Especially as I'm left handed.
@TheFlightAce10 жыл бұрын
Isn't this what we should have been doing in our "language arts" classes?
@Mabii0110 жыл бұрын
I wish we did do this in art
@Uroboro_Djinn9 жыл бұрын
No because, like every world leader and their parties say, "a smart, talented person doesn't make a good slave...erm...worker."
@AlmostLeroy9 жыл бұрын
(ノóωò)ノ ✩much-wow✩ Who has ever said that?
@Uroboro_Djinn9 жыл бұрын
AlmostLeroy Every world leader ever and their parties...
@RandomPersonVEVO10 жыл бұрын
For some reason this is mesmerizing.
@claired640010 жыл бұрын
Can't believe how relaxing it is to watch this..
@stevienicked12 жыл бұрын
Beautiful ! That's how my late grandfather wrote. He was born before 1900. Apart from yours here, his handwiting was the most beautiful I've ever seen anyone doing. Thank you for posting the video.
@Leewee710010 жыл бұрын
I watch this over and over again because I find it so soothing . . .
@Estrategista2910 жыл бұрын
That feeling is called "ASMR", look it up later.
@charlietaters610 жыл бұрын
I've been in love with calligraphy ever since I discovered it in a high school art class...also studied it in college and taught classes for many years. I found this absolutely mesmerizing to watch, and with the added background music it was actually therapeutic...I feel refreshed! Copperplate has always been a challenge to me, but this video has motivated me to keep trying and perfecting it!
@Sepiafluxx8 жыл бұрын
and then his hand slips and he smudges the whole thing
@levmyshkin83668 жыл бұрын
+Panda Possum the amount of times I actually do that is unreal
@franchezcavictorino8 жыл бұрын
The real struggle of left-handed people. 😅
@lislieloureco53987 жыл бұрын
Panda Possum o dia inteiro
@franchezcavictorino7 жыл бұрын
***** What???
@kalpnasaxena91127 жыл бұрын
Pig Dragon instagram, much?
@JIYkp8 жыл бұрын
The music and the visuals made me feel like I was watching melodramatic scene from a 90s anime. I'm not sure why.
@Desertdolphin438 жыл бұрын
Juil i got the same vibe. like clannad
@joenax7778 жыл бұрын
This reminds me of sponge bob when he was writing the essay
@StonedPeasants8 жыл бұрын
You.
@therockvshulkhogan8 жыл бұрын
Yes!!!!
@air_preep6 жыл бұрын
...THE...
@naminova11 жыл бұрын
There is something really comforting about the soft music and the elegant lines.
@mg42sd8 жыл бұрын
This is not a handwriting. This is an ART! Beautiful!
@braydenh76448 жыл бұрын
I mean not figuratively
@MarineChaps10 жыл бұрын
Music and lettering are absolutely beautiful!
@SucoVidya8 жыл бұрын
This is like watching Graffiti for law abiding citizens
@adrianb9904 жыл бұрын
Right. Lol. The energy is same same
@GusTheAnt12 жыл бұрын
I can't begin to comprehend the amount of practice and patience you have had over the (I'm sure what is) years of learning how to do this properly.
@DSteez9 жыл бұрын
Hmmm... not really much of a "How to", more of a "Watch me".
@mario7121459 жыл бұрын
+D Steez I guess, but what would you expect him to say that you couldn't already figure out just by watching?
@yagsta84308 жыл бұрын
+D Steez i think u like doodling, do check out my channel too, i just started, please tell me what should i do next
@wellknownplayer56468 жыл бұрын
I think so too
@TheOgo19718 жыл бұрын
True story..
@peterney24028 жыл бұрын
you learn by observing
@ciscoponch678 жыл бұрын
Very beautiful, Mr. Ebrahimi! I never knew you could apply that much pressure. And it's intersting how the nib splits enough to outline the next curvel. Fantastic! Thank you!
@faeleia10 жыл бұрын
This is my 10th time watching this. I use it as motivation to tell myself 1 stroke perfect curves ARE possible.
@cadmarbusinesssuite91558 жыл бұрын
Beautiful. I could watch this a thousand times.
@NoName-es1mk10 жыл бұрын
7 minutes, one word.
@sarahfortaneh369810 жыл бұрын
One friggin beautiful word
@NoName-es1mk10 жыл бұрын
Sarah Fortaneh Hell yeah.
@sarahfortaneh369810 жыл бұрын
epik bob lol
@madtequ10 жыл бұрын
imagine him making a spelling mistake at the end :))))
@jakobytheconquerer9 жыл бұрын
Live Rave Repeat it's about quality, not quantity
@adjoabaidoo65459 жыл бұрын
This man must be so patient with the things he does. This is amazing! Thank you
@01rai0111 жыл бұрын
thats a hell of an F, puts my F's to shame
@twocentsopinion7 жыл бұрын
I was holding my breath as you were doing it...simply stunning
@angelloredo12768 жыл бұрын
The song in the background is Yanni Whispers in the Dark
@ThatOldBiddy11 жыл бұрын
I find it a wonderful experience to watch you write. Please continue to be encouraged to produce more videos. Thank you for sharing.
@PlayThatVlog10 жыл бұрын
this was mesmorising, i swear i didn't blink for the whole video, hypnotising :)
@jonny456310 жыл бұрын
I agree, it was quite hypnotizing. I could watch him write more and with the music could put me to sleep (in a good way).
@Hey98469 жыл бұрын
Mesmerizing ******* omg
@PlayThatVlog9 жыл бұрын
whoops just realised my mistake *mesmerising
@anitataco64887 жыл бұрын
Stunning, I am speechless! Such perfection! I hope to be as marvelous as you are some day!! (After many hours more of prqctice!!) Perfection! Complete perfection! I could watch this over and over again! Thank you for sharing this, truly!!
@Desuxis9 жыл бұрын
I love how the ink shines *^**
@DreamzEtCetera10 жыл бұрын
Stunning...sheer perfection! I wish I had time to learn this art form! You do truly beautiful work!!! Thank you so much for sharing!
@JustAGiraffe8 жыл бұрын
I just watched a person write one single word over the course of 7+ minutes I'm going to go contemplate life now.
@MrStrongmuscle8 жыл бұрын
HAHA, we just are not used to seeing something like this because we have forgotten the old ways. A few more generations and a handful of people are going to be the only ones that remember this.
@1S1NGG810 жыл бұрын
Does anyone else but me find this really relaxing to watch? Especially with the music
@MelePaasi10 жыл бұрын
Plot twist: he's left handed and smudges all the ink haha
@HajraMeeks10 жыл бұрын
melissa Pallasigui I'm left handed, too, and for calligraphy class I just ended up turning my paper upside down, and it worked just fine, but I don't know how many other lefties do this for calligraphy...maybe I'm just even weirder than I thought.
@gggamer451810 жыл бұрын
I am left handed and left handed people are in the rite mined.
@rasrajartsandcalligraphy5 жыл бұрын
OMG. Unbelievable. The amount of control on your hand is Amazing. Do not know how many times i m watching this, but every time at the end of the video i wish to write something but ...no words to describe. Found very valm, soothing. Thank you very much. Hats off. You got a new friend. Subscribed.
@ryannguyen17098 жыл бұрын
such lovely music ☕🎵
@ivett.e9 жыл бұрын
I always wanted to do this growing up!! It's such a beautiful art. Great video
@apscafe Жыл бұрын
Brilliant
@lo.volume8 жыл бұрын
Imagine going through all this work then realizing at the end that you spelt the word wrong
@agasaejjangikonic49188 жыл бұрын
lol...i lost my word *flip table
@lo.volume8 жыл бұрын
***** Both work, actually! :DD
@ayyylmao8 жыл бұрын
+Timothy Perdue spelt is used commonly outside of the US like in the UK. they're both correct.
@kennygo84238 жыл бұрын
Imagine also when the last letter would not fit in, coz the paper has no more space 😂
@alihammadshah3 жыл бұрын
Setting aside the outcome for a minute. I think THE PROCESS itself is therapeutic for the artist.
@oswaldoculo Жыл бұрын
This video was in my "Watch later" playlist for a long time...idk for how long tbh but I know I've been having it recommended by KZbin many times since forever...and today I finally watched it
@RedStingBlogs10 жыл бұрын
Very, very beautiful and some of the people commenting are full of some good knowledge! This is a whole new world I've taken a peak into and it is beautiful! My hand writing is soo bloody ugly lol
@captainm772210 жыл бұрын
Practice. Find a way you want to write and practice. Write everything. Write until your hand won't unfold. Write until the pain is so agonizing you can't help but fall in love with it, crave it. Then, like most of us, you'll be halfway decent at it, and it'll be a bittersweet lust.
@RedStingBlogs10 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the advice! Blessings
@raymondvincent20179 жыл бұрын
same here my handwriting is terrible,this is a remarkable skill.
@axiomist10769 жыл бұрын
RedStingBlogs Your handwriting will improve if you practice. If you really want to it'll even become beautiful. It's all up to you. I was fortunate to be born at the right time and was taught the Palmer Method in the fourth grade. I had beautiful handwriting by the time I was 11. With time I evolved my own style but if I want to I can still write a perfect Palmer style. You can do the same . It's a shame that they no longer teach handwriting in schools. That's a step down. When I went to school we considered writing in print "kid handwriting". Then the time would come to learn "grownup" style. You can find books that will show you how to learn to write with a fine hand.There are also many vids. here to keep you interested. Go for it. It's worth it.
@RedStingBlogs9 жыл бұрын
Thank you for the encouragement, I have actually started drawing in my spare time and may finally give my chicken scratch writing another boost :D All the best with you and your fab penmanship
@LegadosCulturales9 жыл бұрын
Beautiful. The music, the letter, everything.
@Mr88Andrew888 жыл бұрын
In your next video can you stay inside the lines on a colouring book?
@asifafridi543310 жыл бұрын
I think its amazing how you spent 7 minutes just writing one word... and how nice it came out!
@Jack.Strait8 жыл бұрын
For 80% of the video, I'm trying to figure out what letter your writing. For quite a while, I was not seeing an F.
@johncharleslee79868 жыл бұрын
+Jack Strait he's doing a word called "Flourishing " !
@Jack.Strait8 жыл бұрын
Johncharles Lee Yeah, I eventually figured that out.
@hannahjanealolor84258 жыл бұрын
dude .. cursive..
@ajsiemers6 жыл бұрын
@@Jack.Strait you don't read titles, you like the challenge of figuring it out for yourself? 😆
@CarolynFahm11 жыл бұрын
Absolutely magnificent. Your artistry is a beautiful thing to behold.
@tdubs45228 жыл бұрын
THE...
@atlehman698 жыл бұрын
SpongeBob reference?
@tdubs45228 жыл бұрын
Aaron Lehman Why did you set me on fire sponge bob? Why didn't you just write your essay?!?!
@atlehman698 жыл бұрын
Lol! I was hoping you'd say yes, awesome comment referencing an awesome episode.
@alejandrovargas71138 жыл бұрын
This is the best comment I have ever seen.
@bandithm77847 жыл бұрын
TDubs fitnessgram pacer test is a multi stage aerobic capacity test
@1307MAARTEN8 жыл бұрын
I find this very calming, and soothing the mind.
@windowssux31968 жыл бұрын
Iran is known for its masters of Arabic calligraphy...they produced astonishingly mesmerizing works of art.. If you don't understand Arabic, you can't miss the beauty and mysticism in Arabic calligraphy.
@swagman92038 жыл бұрын
It amazes me how many people are asking about the pen/nib! It's the skill, control, dedication and many hours of practise that Hamid Reza Ebrahimi puts in that gets beauty like this. The pen only does what it is made to do by the writer.This is true penmanship at it's best, well done +Hamid Reza Ebrahimi.
@lilfamine53938 жыл бұрын
Why the fuck am I watching this lmao
@digitalfrank34578 жыл бұрын
ikr. i think something about writing was in my recommendation and got here
@Kaoji10 жыл бұрын
Such beautiful work, your effort and mastery is awe inspiring. I look forward to someday being able to write like this.
@anthonywright24898 жыл бұрын
I have just sat here, watching a man write a single word, for seven minutes.
@SmurfWAYZPeyoKids12 жыл бұрын
That was legit amazing, as a tattoo artist lettering is one of thee hardest forms of art to perfect. Love this clip
@scrappeyquilter423710 жыл бұрын
Nib is Brause & Co. No. 86 using Persian Traditional Black Calligraphy Ink and a Brause marbled penholder, Persian Leather pasteboard and Steinbach pasteboard. I'm surprised that the artist pushed his pen to the left and upward on the paper to get the effects he got. Typically, this will deeply scratch or even tear the paper. Sometimes the nib will skip, leaving blobs of ink on your page. Traditional calligraphers will tell you to only pull downward and push to the right when writing. Never go upward or against the natural flow of the nib's surface. This artist has defeated that issue. Very nice work.
@faeleia10 жыл бұрын
Oh thank you! I think your information might have gotten lost among the comments, let me thumb this up in hopes it may get spotted again :)
@claudettethomas592110 жыл бұрын
Lovely calm wonderful music. At 1-0am your work relaxed me. thankyou
@RobbyHouseIV10 жыл бұрын
I would love to learn Spencerian Script. So elegant yet with an enterprising sense about it. I guess this is because of its use during the economic glory days of the late 19th/early 20th centuries
@ajsiemers6 жыл бұрын
Learn it then!
@debimason50317 жыл бұрын
Pure beauty ~ thank you for posting such a beautiful video! I am trying to practice and learn. Beautiful video!
@Galivantin8 жыл бұрын
what is the angle you are using on your grid paper and on your folding pen. I absolutely love this style of Calligraphy but when I do it, it looks like crap! lol
@ismaelelouahabi41308 жыл бұрын
45° , i think
@swagman92038 жыл бұрын
If I'm not mistaken Copperplate is usually written at an angle of 55°. He has a book you can buy, I can highly recommend it.
@radhavishwanath421310 жыл бұрын
Sir,Your style is so perfect! Thank you.
@maiiouma10 жыл бұрын
hand accidentally smears ink.....ink smudges everywhere >>>> commits suicide -_- (a story of beginner calligraphers like myself) :D
@CathyAnnDavies10 жыл бұрын
welcome to the ink stain hand club! :D
@TwistedTangelo10 жыл бұрын
Try being a lefty. Did that writing half-uncials. Lifted my hand off the page and wanted to die.
@cliftonbanks55906 жыл бұрын
Like when you're on the phone?
@yusakocchi9 жыл бұрын
It's mesmerising and very soothing. Beautiful work.
@bazookita249 жыл бұрын
What kind of pen is that or how can I find one please... Thanks
@lachlantaylor12259 жыл бұрын
Try wide copperplate calligraphy/fountain pens
@あおかぜ-q8q9 жыл бұрын
Nib pen
@redshotred67557 жыл бұрын
It's just .. stunning ! With that relaxing piano 😌
@mathushathiyakarajah748610 жыл бұрын
Wow this what I call amaz
@bobthebuilder9568 жыл бұрын
This is absolutely beautiful... So aesthetically pleasing :) I love old beautiful vintage fonts like these! Last year on my 15th birthday I got a feather quill and ink. I really want to learn how to write such beautiful calligraphy/font like this :) also the music topped off the amazing video! Well done :) liked and subscribed ^^
@terri63410 жыл бұрын
You have talent. Please use it in a good way.
@bgodley50410 жыл бұрын
how do you fight terrorists with handwriting talent?
@minsu200010 жыл бұрын
YEGGOR.rbxl send a nice letter?
@minsu200010 жыл бұрын
YEGGOR.rbxl send a nice letter?
@QueenLeilani9 жыл бұрын
This was absolutely beautiful and relaxing to watch.
@jaydaekang80978 жыл бұрын
Who provided the music?
@kirkkipfer57918 жыл бұрын
Notch - Minecraft
@alexanderperalta32968 жыл бұрын
+Kirk Kipfer lmao
@opinionatedjam8 жыл бұрын
Literally my first thought when it started to play...
@amunraankh9 жыл бұрын
Lovely video! Lovely and appropriate music, (Yanni...my favorite), and beautiful skill,...lost and rare! Calligraphy is a favorite discipline of mine and you, Sir, inspire me! Thank you!
@ZLLHNr1Derful10 жыл бұрын
What type of pen is that?
@sailelba010 жыл бұрын
Probably some special pen designed for calligraphy i bet if u look up calligraphy pen u would find something like it
@AC-Ghost10 жыл бұрын
Its starts with an "Ni" but I dont remember the name. It is for heavy accenting
@sweetkid4ul0ve10 жыл бұрын
Namiki Pen
@CinnamonToastyOffic10 жыл бұрын
Namiki Falcon Resin Fountain Pen.
@gregoryserafin480410 жыл бұрын
7:21 is clearly indicating that it is NOT Namiki Falcon Resin Fountain Pen. Namiki would not be able to broaden this much at it's best (as far as I am concerned)
@johnbert458611 жыл бұрын
Thank you for this beautiful and elegant writing lesson. The music lends itself to the artistic expression of your talent. Please continue the lessons. May you have every success.
@Davide13111 жыл бұрын
Cool, now write a book using Copperplate.
@JesusHernandez-xk4df9 жыл бұрын
Watching this was very relaxing. Very amazing work. I look forward to one day being able to do the same.
@rafaelborges94358 жыл бұрын
I can't even write in cursive I'm a lefty Can't afford a fancy pen How could I do this
@advingan8 жыл бұрын
Try fable cartel. They have pen for lefty. But not calligraphy pen. Fountain pens.
@Jeyricho8 жыл бұрын
+Rafael Borges Grab a number 2 pencil, put it in your right hand, and draw millions of cursive letters until you're proficient. Being a righty and natural at cursive doesn't mean a calligraphy artist needs to work any less at his art than the next guy. Calligraphy takes years of dedication and practice to make it as effortless as this guy in the video makes it seem, for both left hand AND right handed
@22FashionDivas9 жыл бұрын
wow! brilliant! so beautiful written. it almost had a therapeutic effect on me.
@klavdija68549 жыл бұрын
pls do my eyeliner
@shehasn0time10 жыл бұрын
the sound of pen and the music on background! this is just amazing!!!!!!!!!!!!
@ikelopez44278 жыл бұрын
that's so much ink, I'd rather have it printed for 33 cents
@walomg12 жыл бұрын
Very nice enjoy watching your videos and love the music very relaxing love to watch
@TheKateKittyKat8 жыл бұрын
This video made me re-think my life
@hazelforde58697 жыл бұрын
Incredibly beautiful!. Your skills are defined in a most beautiful way. Thank you for showing us your skills in the beautiful art of copper plating. FantasticSuch a shame there are so many ignoramuses that have to spoil the genuine reviews!!
@friendlylittlefriend23468 жыл бұрын
His name looks persian
@friendlylittlefriend23468 жыл бұрын
+Hamid Reza Ebrahimi oh cool! I went there last summer! The people there are so welcoming!
@windowssux31968 жыл бұрын
+Sara Farahani So does your name
@friendlylittlefriend23468 жыл бұрын
+Xiad ziad I am Persian as well
@josephsmith71488 жыл бұрын
I have never seen anything like this done before. You are inspiring me to try it, thanks for making the video.
@iwasadeum8 жыл бұрын
Have you yet found out these pens often go for over $500? =P
@josephsmith71488 жыл бұрын
I did not know the pens were so expensive. I will put, how to Copperplate writing on my bucket list. It looks really cool and for now I will watch your videos. I have so many hobbies it will be hard to add anymore at the moment, but I will in the future.
@Kraflanglanopstuv9 жыл бұрын
Dude are you spongebob it took you 7 minutes to write one word
@sugarkats219 жыл бұрын
lmao u try
@jasmine-vp7fr9 жыл бұрын
why don't you try writing like that, and then come back and tell me how long it took. it would probably take you so long to do it, you would probably give up
@sodashark35248 жыл бұрын
+Jaeger Brosi your profile picture goes perfectly with that comment lol just like, " wow so impressive"
@Kraflanglanopstuv8 жыл бұрын
Jasmine Nichols Twas' but a wee joke.
@SharedChips10 жыл бұрын
Oh man i'm just speechless about this guys handwriting.. Truly a lost art...
@maplebaconz212210 жыл бұрын
Only 799 words to go!
@augustussohn8935 жыл бұрын
That first down-stroke had me waiting for the nib to snap. Amazing control.
@davideboxe338 жыл бұрын
can u text me..... what is this pen ✒? 🤔 grazie
@LtGlennHawk8 жыл бұрын
Magnificent calligraphy! You really are an artist.
@izedhamzeh66188 жыл бұрын
Sometimes I pee on the side of the toilet to make less noise.
@cvirhmonaga4178 жыл бұрын
this comment made my day xD
@hermannottofegelein641211 жыл бұрын
Dat piano music is so comforting and beautiful...
@chrischeng512310 жыл бұрын
7 mins to write the word Flourishing.... try to write an essay with that handwriting buddy.
@honeypower10 жыл бұрын
Why would you write an essay with it? It's mainly used for decorative purposes not a funtional font for writing essays.
It's like you can feel each letter's joy to be written...
@Anton_the_Vampire5 жыл бұрын
That's some beautiful handwriting right there.
@joaomoreir33764 жыл бұрын
Muita perfeição. Em meio a tanta tecnologia ainda temos pessoas que se dedicam a se expressar com esta arte maravilhosa. Nada pode substituir a mente criativa. Parabens.
@syntheticnd13310 жыл бұрын
Cool...I also like the elegant handwriting, the classical old english, and all free hand! Since I was 7 or 8 i knew how to draw. Now, I can mimic the alphabet on the U.S. currancy notes. Takes time due to its ast work. Just by watching 2 or 3 times any video, Iget the idea!!!! Cool calligraphy!!!
@capt.quiggs63057 жыл бұрын
How beautiful! You have a wonderful talent. I'm definitely going to practice this art. It is fine, fine, fine! :)
@josephrivas476210 жыл бұрын
As a graffiti writer I expect typographers to really love graffiti hand styles because much like this the two are in many ways an art form.
@solbandtulcea17508 жыл бұрын
wow, your a true schoolar my friend !!! it's like watching a capuccin monk do this kind of writing ! My respect to you !
@pranavtyagi74788 жыл бұрын
+Hamid Reza Ebrahimi what pen is that? What is the nib
@LukeMascotFan048 жыл бұрын
Do you know what Copperplate font is?
@riyaadhfakier85378 жыл бұрын
I know right... That's not Copperplate at all
@gdbhfdhfdbgvufdbghdh8 жыл бұрын
+Riyaadh Fakier how about y'all make a video then.. exactly, stfu. this is a great video stop hating tricks
@riyaadhfakier85378 жыл бұрын
Dramia Chalmers I would make a video like this if I could. This guy is brilliant. No doubt about that. What I said was, "That's not Copperplate at all" I never hated his tricks.