How Will the Universe End? | Space Time

[@Master_Therion]

I hope that whoever is around to watch the end of the universe, remembers to rewind it before returning it to Blockbuster.

[@TheJetbreaker]

Whoever it is better take a selfie and post it!!!!

[@agiar2000]

I mean, it would be nice of them to do so, but it is not that big of a deal. The extra-cosmic Blockbuster has a universe-rewinding machine, so if they get a universe back and they see that it is not rewound, they just pop it into the rewinder and it comes out queued up for the Big Bang. Well, I mean, most of them have previews at the very beginning before the Big Bang, but no one really watches those.

[@nicholasperkins4655]

If white holes exist then they could reverse the entropy of the universe. In fact the heat death of this universe could be this universe falling into a multidimensional infinite black hole and later being spewed out by another multidimensional infinite white hole thus causing another big bang. This big bang might not be the first. No one knows if this is the first iteration of the universe. I have a hunch it is the 6th one. In the Matrix we trust.

[@mrscross8948]

Or pay the bills

[@airdogosner]

I'll leave AC a note to remind him

[@marctelfer6159]

"We live in a special time, the only time, where we can observationally verify that we live in a special time" - Lawrence Krauss

[@Nocholas]

Optimism tends to do that. Those future civilizations must be super bummed.

[@6099x]

i immediately recognized this quote.. i think its a great one. i love how he shows his little graph in his a universe from nothing lectures :D

[@april5054]

I wonder whether civilisations that were around when the source of dark flow (whatever it is) was visible thought the same thing

[@VickyChijwani]

Well... that "special time" lasts over a trillion years so it's not really special (see 3:12 in the video). That's how long it'll take for galaxies outside our supercluster to recede beyond the cosmic horizon. Krauss' quote makes for a good sound-bite but that's it.

[@stardust4001]

@Lemons & Salt Yeah that was bang out of order from him

[@ryanalexander4641]

I would love to read a novel based off multiple type 3 civilizations trying to stop the expansion of the universe and attempting to keep it from dying from heat death. It would probably be extremely far fetched, but it is an interesting topic to ponder.

[@ChocolateKuruma]

Read なつくもゆるる

[@proksenospapias9327]

Echhh it would probably focus on a forced love triangle way too much.

[@marcbiff2192]

Time by Stephen Baxter might interest you.

[@cbassassin22]

You should read "The last question" by Issac Asimov.

[@pumpkinpartysystem]

I think it'd take a theoretical type 4 (inter-galactic) or type 5 (inter-cluster), to do that successfully anyway, and if they do I think that would make them into a type 6 or 7, or at least start the transition to it. Though seeing as, as far as I know, those aren't real types anyway, I guess it would just be a type 3.

[@calliope720]

"Still degenerate and insanely dense, but now perfect balls of iron." Ah, yeah, I've known dudes like that too.

[@redielg]

Underrated joke

[@kend7597]

Lolololol

[@RaffikiK]

1 quadrillion years: *Completion of the James Webb telescope*

[@HouseJawn]

Lol

[@feynstein1004]

Lmao mate

[@StygianStyle]

It's built. They're just waiting to launch it.

[@lordgarion514]

@Stephen Lacey Not a waste of time with so much new technology. NASA had to literally invent half a dozen new technologies, AND advance them enough to be usable in space. In comparison, it took 11 years to make the Blu-ray after blue LED lasers were invented. Even though we already had led lasers and blue lasers. Not to mention the fact that all a Blu-ray is, is a DVD with a different laser and programming 11 years. NASA is absolutely kicking ass.

[@anarchyantz1564]

Pfft. You're optimistic aren't you?

[@Jadinandrews]

The universe will not end, at the last minute EA will release an expansion pack.

[@Aquillyne]

Jadin Andrews yes but it will cost £5 too much

[@self-improvementman4489]

Probably with microtransactions as well.

[@martinngina95]

😂😂😂😂💀💀💀💀

[@nekad2000]

But they will sell it as a new universe instead of DLC so as to screw over their season pass subscribing civilizations.

[@zach11241]

But when we go to download it, we will have an error screen popup.

[@ratlinggull2223]

We're born too late to see the universe begin, too early to see it end, but at just the right time to watch PBS Space Time

[@MrCOPYPASTE]

Type III civilization problems...

[@imabigscrewball]

Lol okay that is awesome

[@samuelsann8219]

xD Good one. Level 3 peeps problems, not peasants like us....yet.

[@stephaniesmith8686]

I love this! 😆

[@mavisdavies9769]

Laughed my nerd ass off

[@samahirrao]

Good one lol.

[@Loredad13]

The perfect way to end a crummy day, with an existential crisis. I love this show.

[@masudkhanartist8009]

Universe:*dies* 4d beings: Ah man my battery is dead .

[@PittsburghSonido]

Damn that would be nice eh

[@7shinta7]

Aren't we technically 4d beeings since we live in a 4 dimensional spacetime?

[@nustada]

Trump was planning it all along...

[@Silverado-pq6xe]

We are 4D tho

[@KayKay114]

Omg we are not 4D. We cannot view time in a shape can we?

[@agiar2000]

10:03 If protons do not decay, missed chance to call it the second "Iron Age". ;)

[@tabularasa0606]

Iron man will have a great time.

[@szupko]

Magneto would be a god :)

[@lucasa.8223]

*Existential crisis intensifies*

[@amphibiousone7972]

Wow yeah,

[@maythesciencebewithyou]

why?

[@michagrill9432]

XD

[@daviddelaney2407]

the OP's avatar is profound --Dave, and worth reminding people of

[@J.ROD_CLASSIFIED]

I think the more you know about space and astrophysics, the less scary it is. IDK

[@NewMessage]

Don't worry.. when the Universe ends, it will be re-uploaded!

[@neilchristoval3301]

You won the comment section...!

[@remanjecarter2787]

Where are the patch notes for the previous revisions

[@TS1336]

You win.

[@BothHands1]

I hope so!! 😂

[@quahntasy]

Your Name is New message and You have a new notification profile pic. Why this torture

[@gdslowingunicorn1806]

Now: looking for new planets we can live on Later: looking for new galaxies we can live in After: looking for a new universe??

[@lucifermephistophilies6629]

While looking for a new girlfriend because I ignored the last one cause I was looking for all the other s***

[@lucifermephistophilies6629]

Technically we bypassed type 2 already by standard equations. Type 2 would be to harness the power of our own star and distribute its power to fuel our world right. Well hello, Mcfly think. We did that long ago nuclear power plants. The process is the same energy that makes up our sums fuel right. We harness it and distribute it right. Then we passed that marker up long ago

[@janecasper846]

@@lucifermephistophilies6629 Actually, fusion is what powers the sun. Power plants use fission currently. we would never get the power of the sun out of a reactor. that is why the scale specifies home star.

[@lucifermephistophilies6629]

@@janecasper846 and we currently are endeavouring to find ways to transfer a network of energy supply stations to power the laser guided engines currently being tested on the recent satellite we launched on a deep space mission

[@lucifermephistophilies6629]

So harnessing that power to fuel technology within our solar system is a standard set by the kardischef scale right

[@sueanoimm]

"we seem to pull theories out of our...... Out of nowhere. " LET HIM SAY ASS

[@frenchexpat5601]

Isn't there a infinitly small chance that at some point in the infinite future, all particules quantum teleport at the same exact location, releasing a new burst similar to some kind of big bang?

[@garethdean6382]

No, such teleportations tend to be limited by horizons, given the expansion of space only a small fraction of the universe's matter can suddenly clump. And given how smaller clumps are more likely we'd expect 'big bangs' to be vanishingly rare. Most often you'd just get a tiny dust grain or puff of gas forming. Maybe an asteroid now and then. A planet nearly never and a star even less often. Eventually everything would be so far away nothing could teleport to anything else.

[@frenchexpat5601]

This theory would mean the universe (as we know it) has only one existence, a beginning and an end. With most of its existence as nothing happening. Kind of sad!

[@garethdean6382]

This universe yes. But there are quite a few theories such as Eternal Inflation that have new universes being born all the time. (And in EI's case our universe's 'bubble' would be expanding forever, new matter forming at its edge, allowing our universe as a whole to always have something happening, even if its center 'dies'.)

[@Tondadrd]

Wow, made the same comment before I read this :D

[@Tondadrd]

Gareth Dean what does “tend to be limited by horizons” mean? Are they limited always, or in some cases, like not for paired particles e. g. or never (but it looks like they are because we havent observed the opposite yet)?

[@Melange2]

The fact that the solar life of the universe has 99% left of its total lifetime makes the universe seem so full of potential. I wonder how we humans would have felt if we instead found out there's only 1% of the solar lifetime left. This would definitely have some significant existential impact on our collective psyches

[@mateusviegas4553]

"When Aldrich ruminated on the fading of the fire, it inspired visions of a coming age of the deep sea."

[@taywimz]

Love you for this.

[@DavenH]

The Iron Age is so metal.

[@jari2018]

If the constants change then its gold and a golden age for olds.

[@thehellyousay]

Somebody should slap you.

[@MagneticPortal1]

Welcome to the Stoner Age.

[@madcircle7311]

in the darkness bind them

[@classica1fungus]

Bah! Spoilers!

[@radix4801]

Who else is having an existential crisis right now? ✋

[@carlosespinal17]

Radix please make it stop 😫😫😫😫😫

[@RedLeader327]

Yo

[@thomashamilton8813]

My entire life has been an existential crisis.

[@saulw6270]

Radix you wont b concious so the almost infinite time that will pass will pass all in one instant

[@amphibiousone7972]

You are of truly great heart, compassion for an entire universe that may meet, a quiet end, in an unimaginably distant, future. I'm so pleased to see how many are troubled by this prospect. It speaks volumes of the human spirit and how connected we really are. I find it beautiful. Not the loss, but the sense of loss. I guess , maybe we have a chance, if we all tap ourselves for the best in us. Deep down inside. Beautiful Insight💜Peace Profound.

[@ShadnicK826]

"That would take an unthinkable 10^10^76 years" Was that really the first number mentioned that's "unthinkable" lol

[@Been_offical_0417]

How many zeros is that ????

[@glennm8337]

Jason Williams Like 6

[@camfg8908]

10^10^100 is googolplex which is so big we don't have enough particles in the universe to write it down. So even it is smaller it is still HUGE

[@susmitamohapatra9293]

@@camfg8908 The no. of particles in the universe is estimated to be around 10^80 only. That's smaller than a googol (10^100) and definitely smaller than 10^10^76.

[@susmitamohapatra9293]

@@Been_offical_0417 The number 10^10^76 is 1 followed by 10^76 zeros! 10^76 itself is 1 followed by 76 zeros! For reference the universe has around 10^80 particles. So we might just have enough particles (atoms and their smaller units) to write the number down, though of course this is not practical.

[@_Deputy_]

Whoever makes the thumbnails for this channel does an incredible job

[@daisypetal2487]

I have been fascinated by this for the past 14 years.

[@coopergates9680]

Should we leave the local group?

[@FutureNow]

With thunderous applause.

[@Tehom1]

That or booing. "What the h was that? The plot made no sense!"

[@adolfodef]

Even Zeus approves!

[@JRexRegis]

"I liked the beginning, but the rest was incredibly boring"

[@francescosorce5189]

FutureNow are you impliying the Universe is democracy?

[@sidshetye]

This was uploaded and immediately pulled off yesterday. What happened? Space-time teleportation?

[@kirbyarmstrong9174]

Spacetime has a new quantum pc with quantum time crystals and today's video was uploaded before it was made then disapeared as actual events caught up with the quantum results.

[@mylesbishop1240]

It's not a conspiracy people hell there was probably mistakes or something so they pulled it and re uploaded. Not a big problem

[@mijachin]

“Before there was time, before there was anything; there was nothing and before there was nothing, there were monsters...”

[@avinashreji60]

Monsters university?

[@finweman]

The Nothing can be defeated with the help of a Luck Dragon.

[@merinsan]

It's rather sad that so few people get this comment.

[@borderlesscuriosities9476]

I just watched the episode about how much information is in the universe and seen the shout out to your comment, and I came back to this video and scrolled through just to like this comment. lol I love The Never Ending Story. And yes I realize this is from 3 years ago haha

[@Infinit3Enigma]

So....all that is left...is dark energy and the everexpanding.....SPACETIME!!!!!!!!!!!! All hail our new saviour PBS Spacetime!!!

[@infinitytoinfinitysquaredb7836]

Did H.P. Lovecraft Design The Universe? You know you're in trouble when vacuum decay and "the big rip" are your hopes for avoiding an infinity long, dark and depressing future.

[@feynstein1004]

0:51 notice how the "now" and "sun dies" ticks are quite close. We're lucky that it still corresponds to 5 billion years 😂

[@randomguy263]

It's also a logarithmic scale and not an arithmic scale.

[@feynstein1004]

@Random Guy Hmm for real? I hadn't noticed that 🤔

[@randomguy263]

@@feynstein1004 | Well, yeah, the scale would've been way too long if it would've been arithmic.

[@feynstein1004]

@Random Guy Ah fair enough

[@HurricaneSA]

Yeah, it's kind of funny to think about all the ways the universe can die trillions of years from now and just gloss over the fact that we'll probably all be dead anyway because our star went kaput. Will we survive until then? Will we pack up and move to Andromeda? Will we have grey skin and giant black eyes? These are important question, we deserve answers! :p

[@glenneroo3193]

I can't wait for science to discover that actually the universe is in endless loop, and at the end in 1000 googols, it just reboots like Windows after a Blue Screen ;)

[@BothHands1]

Glenneroo Oovy possibly. There might just be another big bang. We can't see outside the visible universe, but if it's flat, maybe if we could see far enough, we'd see our universe is expanding into a heat death universe of nothingness around us. Though i like to think that if we got to the edge of the observable universe, it would look the same as it does here.

[@glenneroo3193]

@Danielle Spargo Or what about a big toilet flush i.e. reverse big bang, and then big bang again.. yo yoing back and forth until somebody figures out how to build our cribs on another dimension, unaffected by all this gravitational exploding/imploding silliness. Re: "edge" - my thoughts exactly! Just because we can't see beyond 13ish billion years, doesn't mean there's nothing out there... we probably need better telescopes and neutrino detectors :D

[@amphibiousone7972]

LOL with time even on the big scale being cyclicer. Big bang after big bang. Soap Bubbles Multiverse. I'm down with that.

[@BothHands1]

Glenneroo Oovy nah, better telescopes won't work, since cumulatively across that distance, space is expanding faster than the speed of light. Because of that, the light can travel forever and never get here. No matter how big your telescope is, you can't detect light that will never reach us. As for the big crunch, it's seeming unlikely that it'll ever happen. Dark energy is prevailing over matter, and so infinite expansion seems to be inevitable. However, quantum fluctuations may bring about another big bang, but now we're getting into territories beyond my personal understanding lol

[@glenneroo3193]

Danielle Spargo Sorry I should have written "telescopes" as obviously just seeing light doesn't work... I meant detecting other things that we can't yet "see".. or just generally better understand and bringing theories together. Just because string theory is at the forefront, doesn't mean it's the absolute winner. There are endless new things to discover... creating more questions than are answered... and whatever we "know" now can change dramatically with the next discovery waiting for us around the corner. I hate to compare it to religion but in a way, we also have to also have faith in our current research that it's all correct... but compared to religion, scientists are constantly looking to find the real truth (understanding) therefore what is "truth" is constantly in flux. I'm just waiting until the next Einstein comes along, showing us some elegant explanation for merging currently scattered theories. Maybe he/she is already out there, we just have to wait for them to stop working at the patent office :P

[@deepaknanda1113]

Not to be confused with 1970s ...lol...EPIC...

[@andreas0101]

yea I LOLED

[@sleepy314]

Yes, but he too young, just getting the story a bit wrong because us folks who were there just can't remember exactly what, where, or when....

[@TheMrDemonized]

I think he meant the 2010s

[@erikkaareson6493]

We are living in the degenerate age now. Or Sea of Degeneracy. 🤣

[@erikkaareson6493]

We are living in the degenerate age now. Or Sea of Degeneracy. 🤣

[@theflaggeddragon9472]

When PBS spacetime becomes kurzgesagt

[@IvanKleshnin]

Lol I also recalled that wimp.

[@LordAmerican]

They didn't kill enough birds to be Kurzgesagt.

[@Shotgun63]

All this video did is just convince me to get over my fear of talking to girls, gotta do it now before it's too late.. 🌚

[@bustermk2]

You better hurry. You only have several thousand billion years to make your move.

[@sterkdrage9034]

18th dimensional superbeings: oh cool that universe i made is finished turning into iron- aw goddammit something grew in there while i was away last remnants of type 3 civilizations: WH

[@thehellyousay]

So, where can I lay my grubby big hands on some of the LSD you're tripping on, please? Signed, Desperately seeking laughter for the sake of laughing.

[@GlobalWave1]

@ Right you are! In fact there a conspiracies that say there are beings that exist in higher densities and can perceive higher dimensions than us. They say they do see us as thus. Of coarse they are just conspiracies and such. I do remember reading some beings that were channeled inferred that time and distance are constructs of our limited brain and mind capacities. Interesting to say the least...

[@tomrivlin7278]

This is my favourite KZbin video where a gloomy sounding Australian explains how the fire will fade and the abyss will swallow us all... except for all of VaatiVidya's stuff, of course

[@sibusisomaseko1607]

If all planets in our solar system are moving, our whole solar system is moving at high speeds, and our galaxy is also moving at large speeds. Does this mean that time is dilated everywhere?

[@procrastinateXrok]

But I heard the center of the Big Bang was everywhere?

[@ekinunsay8830]

this would be the question for a 'static frame of refference' which is believed to not exist. there is no part of the universe that is the one real frame of refference BUT you could use the cosmic micorwave radiation, which gives a 'screenshot' of the universe at some point after the big bang. If you want, you could use that to mesure your relative speed to it and by that means you could slow down to zero speed but thats just making up a frame of refference at the end of the day

[@stardolphin2]

Kinda, yeah. But within any given galaxy (and maybe local group), the difference isn't enough to get excited over...or you wouldn't remain a part of it. Sort of like the speed of light delay between you, and the person across the room, unless you have a very large definition of 'room.'

[@adolfodef]

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation pattern is just an ilusion. Every point of the universe has one that is NOT exactly the same [since the "shape" of intensity and location of each of its "points" is a bit different]. -> Because of quantum fluctuations, there was NEVER a single "instant" since the begining of the universe where everything was EXACTLY the same [for spacetime to exist and flow, quantum proceses must also happen]. At best, you can gather data from different points through the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies about the CMB (from those different "centers of the universe") through the age of the stars to get a nice big chunk of the "full 3D Map" of the density of the young universe (less than 1 millon years old); by taking account how the CMB changes as the cosmic horizon expands [it will tend to look the same on each point]. -> This would NOT be a comprehensive description of the origin of the universe [for that we would need some way to measure the "Cosmic Neutrino Background" radiation, assuming it is even possible]; but for any PRACTICAL reasons it will be "as good as it gets" for a "fixed frame of reference".

[@mocha9072]

Remember that space time is one thing. The time "Dimension" would expand with the spatial dimensions.

[@AdamShaiken]

Why did you remove the video yesterday ?

[@THEMithrandir09]

I saw that as well. Brutal..

[@gizatsby]

Yeah I mostly came here in the hopes that there would be a pinned explanation.

[@Salty_Legionnaire]

The universe ended that's why.

[@Killuminati23]

There was an image error (probably something went wrong with the green screen)

[@user-rh8hi4ph4b]

I remember seeing a small cutting-glitch somewhere in middle of the video yesterday, where in the image Matt was still talking, while the audio had already switched to a different take. I didn't notice it this time (though i haven't seen the entire video yet), so i guess they fixed it. *EDIT: Wrong, it's still there: **10:45*

[@amaarquadri]

5:12 That's so cool to think about! A very similar thing happens on a much smaller scale with the formation of stars. When a gas cloud collapses to form a star, the outer regions of the cloud are expelled from the system. In both cases, this is inevitable due to the second law of thermodynamics. A star and a tightly bound galactic core are both much lower entropy that the original gas cloud/galaxy they formed from. Thus, a large portion of the gas/stars must be ejected out of the system in a very diffuse high entropy state in order for entropy to increase overall. The same thing also happened on a universal scale. The large-scale galactic structure of the universe is lower entropy than the universe's matter after the big bang which it formed from. Thus, in order to have increasing entropy overall, the formation of these structures must have dispelled lots of ultra diffuse high entropy gas. This is exactly what was confirmed recently and is covered in this Veritasium video: kzbin.info/www/bejne/gaHCnKSXotCMptk.

[@Griffolion0]

The worst thing about the heat death of the universe? No more PBS Spacetime episodes :(.

[@brokenacoustic]

I'm hoping for the big rip, sounds like a good way to jump-start a dead universe.

[@nekotamo5154]

I take it you mean a Big Crunch (or more specifically Big Bounce)?

[@ObjectsInMotion]

No, he means Big Rip, Big Crunch is entirely different.

[@cpgvonc7568]

But why would a big rip jump-start the universe? Or rather, why would it jump-start the universe any better than heat death? If a big bang is born out of some freak quantum event (a big if), then it might just as well start in a universe deep in heat death, as it can in a universe ripped to shreds by dark energy. Or am I missing something here?

[@brokenacoustic]

Big rip...the idea I heard and found pretty fascinating is that if the force that is expanding the universe continues to grow, it may get to a point where it expands space itself at such a rate that it creates an actual vacuum, and that vacuum may be the start of a new universe. Wish I could find the video I saw it on...

[@khenricx]

That's vacuum decay you're talking about I think. In the big rip scenario, dark energy tear spacetime itself to shred, and there's nothing left. Time itself stop making sense.

[@Integralsouls]

last blackhole evaporated, all photons attain equilibrium , usiverse gets fully dissolved ... ... 4d beings: honey! ur juice is ready!

[@zrstopa]

the universe is eternal...it will rebound again again and again.

[@quimicalobo61d]

Maybe there´s Bose-Einstein Condensate Era!!! ...after the cosmic background reach about 200 nanokelvin....

[@EulogizeMe43]

Do you think that since we exist at such an early age of the universe that we may be the FIRST intelligent civilization? Is it possible since there are trillions upon trillions of years remaining in the stellar era that the majority of life has yet to arise?

[@thomabow8949]

Yeah but we really shouldn't be making conjectures on whether or not there are other civilizations for the exact reason that the observable (which is not in any way the entire universe) is obnoxiously large, indicating a high likelihood there's a replica Milky Way with all the same conditions out there, or that life is absolutely random and exists only on here. Either way, the distance between galaxies and other stars is so vast that it would take far longer than the entire span of human civilization to reach the other stars by conventional means. Our (carbon based) idea could arise wherever satisfactory conditions are met at any point in the universe.

[@cripplingautism5785]

i think we're probably the first and the only but not for that reason. it'd be incredibly surprising to exist in this early period of the universe if life could thrive well into the future, unless there are just an incredibly high number of observers/civilizations around now relative to then and the number would decrease dramatically to allow for the probability to exist now to be feasible. the reality is that g-type stars are being produced in ever smaller numbers and i think in about 10 billion years their production may have ceased entirely and the last ones left will be dying out. you would then need red dwarves to be compatible with life and to host the new (and i guess existing) civilizations, but for various reasons red dwarves are hostile to life. so no, I'd say it's a given that we exist around about now, there's only a small window for life.

[@patriqueandersgoranstahldo664]

Lol, no we are the newest and most barbaric civilization on the scene who can't even see the countless others yet, because we are so stupid (and hateful). Everything is more or less alive, and the reason we don't know anything about life outside this planet is because we can't handle it. We can't even live peacefully here so why would more intelligent civilizations want to make themselves known? If they'd made themselves known they would just risk have to kill us in self defence, lol. We will come in contact with other intelligent life forms (right here on earth) as soon as we have cultivated world peace for at least a couple of generations.

[@evilbankai5166]

That's not possible. There are at least worst case scenario 10 -15 Billion earth like exoplanets orbiting red dwarfs habitable zones. That's just the milky way galaxy. That's kind of an ego centric way to think man.

[@cripplingautism5785]

@@evilbankai5166 that's a complete non sequitur. so it's impossible just because there's lots of stuff out there? how do you know that the unlikelihood of intelligent life arising is even greater than that amount? and the 'egocentric' thing is a cliche ad hominem. it's not an argument.

[@R.T.and.J]

"Slytherins, right?" Oof, shots fired

[@LadyViscera]

One time I had an argument with a guy who didn’t believe heat death was a real thing. He was was genuinely convinced that the universe is perfectly stable and that humans would exist for the rest of time. It boggles the mind.

[@brandons9027]

s that person very ego centric? Believing humans must live forever is insane but sounds a bit like narcissism.

[@yaboihere494]

Humans will probably get taken out way before heat death has the chance to kill us :)

[@Mtdmpls]

There is almost NO way of us knowing this.

[@lordoftherings999]

There might be a marvellous symmetry between the universe’s birth (Planck’s age) and its death (Kelvin’s), filled with spellbinding mathematical harmony. Various Quantum Thermodynamics model, based on second law’s purely statistical nature, predict the nonzero possibility of a new universe arising from fluctuations or “random” phenomena over a very vast amount of time, if thermodynamic equilibrium is not achieved. But in either case, I still love the parallel between the initial singularity, when time “was not”, and the final state, when time “means not”.

[@mblake0420]

universe is like a spark on a massive scale

[@ericfrench2021]

Let There Be Light - AC

[@Argentix]

Unhandled Exception - NullPointerException at Universe:32

[@hikonz]

lolololololol

[@jaydenwood5026]

I personally agree that heat death currently seems to be the most likely outcome of our universe, but it is worth noting that this is just one of multiple theories. (edited because of a typo)

[@avinashreji60]

All observations so far point to a dark energy value of -1 which corresponds to a heat death scenario

[@avinashreji60]

keviscool It’s true that we don’t understand Dark energy completely but based on what we know dark energy’s energy density is about 10^-8 ergs/cm^3. Meaning that the universe’s expansion up until about 9 billion years ago because the density of matter and dark matter diluted enough that dark energy took over accelerating the universe’s expansion.

[@iziscott2064]

It's hard if not impossible to wrap your head around the time scale. Yup it'll take an eternity

[@NiMareQ]

IS there an episode on Proton decay yet? 6:00

[@CoolBreezeRus]

8:07 I wonder how any life would exist without atoms

[@ObjectsInMotion]

It can't.

[@yaldabaoth2]

Well, if there's a civilization around that can sustain itself at this point, they probably mastered particle physics to the point of producing protons, neutrons, electrons en masse. At that point, it really doesn't matter what the rest of the universe does as long as you have energy.

[@spaghettigod43]

I caught that too

[@CoolBreezeRus]

I also thought about that and its probably the right answer.

[@PixelOverload]

You say civilizations may survive up to the end of the black hole era, but if that's well past the point the last proton decays then what could possibly be "living" at this point? Unless we're talking beings of pure energy?

[@daviddelaney2407]

Rotating black holes can do =extremely= strange things with time dilation; civilizations could extract energy from one and 'live' in the ergosphere. --Dave, very TINY civilizations, but hey

[@VanVeniVidiVici]

16:36 "We try to pull theory out of our...out of nowhere." Nice save.

[@llllllllllllllIIlIllIIllIIIIll]

I will spend eternity in heaven I will never fade away nor perish

[@falsevacuum4667]

At the start of the video, that will only be true if there isn't some sort of civilization artificially controlling matter to extend the life of a star or stars much, much longer. If they took the matter from large, short lived stars, starlifted it, stored it, then used it on a small star over time to replenish its fuel, they could extend its life for a very long time. I could even imagine a (relatively) post scarcity civilization whose main goal it to do just this, as time would be their last main finite resource.

[@Caedus696]

If a civilization survived that long, and became that advanced it would just be easier to move planets close enough to black holes to gain energy through tidal heating.

[@thomabow8949]

@@Caedus696 Or simply using black holes, assuming they haven't devised a more efficient way, to convert matter into energy

[@evilbankai5166]

The only way known for now to get 100% energy is smashing matter and anti-matter. Highly advanced civilizations will die when they run out of matter , energy or when protons start decay and matter starts to degenerate

[@rohankalra2427]

Currently Dark enery > gravity. What if during expansion dark energy becomes equivalent to gravity?

[@AnglishThane]

Big bounce theory

[@evo2542]

I think that a major hint that intelligent life in the universe isn't or won't be all that rare, is the fact that we're only 13.8 billion years into the lifespan of a universe where life will be possible for 100 trillion years. Occams razor, if life is possible this early then surely there will be millions or billions of civilizations before time runs out.

[@AndreyZarubinD]

It would be amazing to see an episode on Roger Penrose's theory of universe cycles!

[@qbslug]

What about the song that never ends? Surely it goes on and on as it echoes in the expanding void

[@damonhicks969]

1 echoes are reflections of sound off of something and there is nothing in the void to "echo" off, 2 sound waves can't propagate through a "void"!

[@qbslug]

obviously dude

[@damonhicks969]

But is it? IS IT!!! yeah I guess your right.

[@mickelodiansurname9578]

There's also according to the 1980's that 'never ending story' with a flying dog creature.

[@Kags]

How to harvest energy from the casimir effect 1. Two plates move really fast, near light speed fast. 2. Watch as their mass increases due to relativity effects. 3. Let casimir do its thing, extract energies. 4. Slow it down, mass decreases, less energy needed to pull the plates apart. 5. Repeat 6. Profit

[@feynstein1004]

Ah but you'd need energy to slow it down at step 4, you can't get out more than you put in :P

[@Kags]

@@feynstein1004 Correct me if I'm wrong but wouldn't the energy be required in step 1? Step 4 would be akin to regenerative braking in cars and extract the energy from step 1 back out. And so long as it's in a completely efficient system, the energy to speed it up and slow it down should be equal, thus meaning you'd just need a big battery or some such to store it in while the casimir juice flows for a net gain. Then again I'm but a humble button puncher online, and not a rocket scientist or any such prestigious role

[@feynstein1004]

@Kags _ "And so long as it's in a completely efficient system" Therein lies the problem. We can't have a completely efficient system. Plus, I'm not really sure how speed affects the Casimir effect. But kudos for thinking outside the box. We really do need more people like you.

[@TheSwiftFalcon]

If I manage to hang around this long, I bet I still will not have found the time to go through all the games in my Steam library.

[@multicrogamer]

Thanks , i got existential crisis.

[@Sunshine-tc7ue]

How amazing universe ... or multiverse ..!!!

[@wonjaeyi9013]

I looked up that once time ends, the stars will burn out. No stars and life forms will ever arise. Time will stop, and nothing will change. That makes me so scared and sad

[@simian_essence]

You are a brave soul indeed. Our individual deaths are the only really scary and sad things in our lives - unless you're - BRAVE!

[@jacobnoren316]

Penrose theory of a cyclic universe is pretty attractive, it would be cool to hear what other scientists think about it.

[@SpencerTwiddy]

11:24 "and promptly evaporate by Hawking Radiation" never heard that called prompt before😂

[@adolfodef]

When a process that takes 10^10^(whatever) to begin, anything else that would take less than a gogool of time is "instantaneous".

[@PuzzleQodec]

On such timescales it would be an explosion.

[@vinayk7]

If a proton gets created say 10^36 years from now, would it too decay in 10^40 years from now or does it depend on it's date of birth so it would decay after another 10^40 years from then?

[@broddr]

Vinay K, neither. That 10^40 guesstimate is a half-life. And like all decays it's not an expiration date, it's when half of a sample is expected to have decayed. The decay of any individual particle cannot be predicted. So, if protons do decay, you might have had a proton in your body decay already, even though the current age of the universe is obviously much less than 10^40 years.

[@vinayk7]

So when will EVERY proton out there will decay?

[@garethdean6382]

It's just like regular radioactive decay. Any given proton has a certain chance of decaying in a certain time. You can make a U-238 atom and have it instantly fall apart, or it can last a billion years. Now, the observable universe contains about 10^80 protons, in 10^40 years it'll have half that, more or less. 10^41 years is 10 times longer leaving 1/2^10 or about 1/100th the protons left. (10^77) The amount of protons decrease about 10 times in every 3.4 half lives. Going on from this, 80x3.4=272 half lives. This means that after 2.73x10^42 years there'll be a 50% chance that only one proton out of all the protons in our observable universe will still exist.

[@bringyourownsnake980]

Host: "In infinite time, nothing is truly stable." Me: "I want one of those t-shirts."

[@TheOtherSteel]

06:04 "Do protons Decay? That's a cool bit of physics that deserves it's own episode." -- Three years later and no episode. (At least, no episode with proton decay in it's title.)

[@aetius31]

I hope you will tell us about the last Penrose paper about bouncing universe in your next video

[@Ni999]

Conformal cyclic cosmology and the popular press is misquoting him. In an interview he said that this universe is the result of the last one, that he had no prediction for where that universe came from or where this one was going. _Maybe_ it could cycle very often, but not necessarily infinitely. Edit - I'll try to look for the video with him and post back.

[@aetius31]

@@Ni999 Yes you are right i wrote this a bit quickly i thought of changing it again but was a bit lazy.

[@Ni999]

aetius31 No worries my friend, I was just crossing Ts because I'd enjoy seeing it as well.

[@ExaltedDuck]

So with expansion pushing galaxies beyond their local sapce's event horizon, anything beyond that veil effectively does not exist, right? Like "no evidence of the big bang". So do photons shoot out into the void? Or do they exist only if there are two particles which can exchange energy? After all, no matter how many billions of years it takes for a photon to traverse the universe from the most distant stars to come impinge our eyes, to the photon that trip is instantaneous. Do photons require a destination/absorber in order to be emitted?

[@garethdean6382]

No, photons can be emitted into the void easily enough. Most will be in fact. The photon itself doesn't really have a sense of time, an infinite trip to nothingness isn't even an instant to it, they don't experience time.

[@ExaltedDuck]

Seems like there could be a problem with asymptotes, which is why I posed the question in terms of energy. Perhaps informatics might be a better framework. If photons are a packet of information and if they get sent outside the observable universe, does that violate some conservation principle? Or perhaps could it be that the event horizon of the known universe is only a barrier within our familiar spacetime 3+1 dimensional configuration and some sort of tunneling might occur to provide conservation? (Which, in effect would mean light is not constrained to c if it's "communicating" with some beyond the event horizon... Seems paradoxical which is why I ask if the event horizon easentially blocks outward transmission.

[@garethdean6382]

Information conservation only requires that information continue to exist, it need not be observable, which is why black holes absorbing it are fine unless they evaporate (Which would allow what leaves to be observed bringing it into possible conflict with the featureless nature of BHs.) Light is restricted to a speed of c, if something is outside the event horizon then light can be sent to it, but a return signal cannot. TWO-WAY communication is eliminated. From the photon's perspective however speed and time do not exist, the universe is infinitely flat along its direction of motion and it takes no time to go nowhere. The photon perspective is... not exactly unreal, but it lacks a lot of concepts we massive beings rely on.

[@daysofhalcyon]

'we may not have to wait that long for oblivion.' I appreciate the humor inherent here.

[@misreal2401]

"Life and structure can only exist as long as the Universe is not in perfect equilibrium."

[@xl000]

If the entire universe if full of nothing, can it still be called a thing ?

[@mr.strange8225]

Who else remembers the race car rewinder tapes?

[@Intuitioncalling]

This guy's pronunciation and enunciation is on point yet i find his verbal delivery rather uncomprehnndable

[@ZeoViolet]

It's because Lord Zeno fell asleep and forgot to send us out via another Big Bang.

[@Born2Rune]

Well, I'm depressed now, thanks Space Time!. Still fascinating.

[@NotGarbageLoops]

The music in this video is pretty amazing

[@nezkeys79]

At the end of it all one sole entity will survive... The Cameraman

[@mawage666]

On..through..the..never.. We must go on..through..the..never. Out to the edge..of..for..ever.. We must go on..through..the..never. The never comes!...

[@fredriksvard2603]

Lukeamania kick ass riffs

[@sinebar]

Not really lucky since the only time we could exist is when stars still shine.

[@nullclaw]

Enjoy the show, dense material explained plainly. In the spirit of cosmos.

[@gouravsingh9146]

Like For Physics👑

[@D3w10n]

"Degenerate age. Not to be confused, with the 1970's" That slam...

[@Basinrails]

This subject is very sad and horrific. Somehow he makes it comforting.

[@jerrysstories711]

When the universe ends, stick around for the post-credits scene.

[@NiMareQ]

Yet another episode alert for the "Extreme futures of space time" at 12:12 - 12:40 topics: Dark Energy & Big Rip - already covered kzbin.info/www/bejne/nXbciYeHbsmiY8U Vacuum decay - ? Quantum fluctuations and the restart of universe - ?

[@someone-wi4xl]

can you make a video about Half-Life 3 release date ? thanks in advance

[@7shinta7]

No, because it's not on a yet discovered time-scale.

[@FuriousMLBB]

Year 1969: *Man walked on the moon* Year 2016: *Man votes for Donald Trump* Year 2100: *There's no man on earth*

[@SageSea1]

I don't get it

[@nustada]

I watch this video whenever I need to be cheered up.

[@selfcensorship1]

One of your 5 best videos for sure, and probably the best and most comprehensive in its topic. There is another possibility within the big rip which I got from watching another video: Once small enough particles begin to rip, more of their kind are created from the energy that separated them, causing a renewal/continuation of inflation/the big bang. This allows an always expanding version of cyclic creation.

[@rsaman3639]

"minimum interesting state" So the universe after heat death is the same as the universe before the big bang?

[@amphibiousone7972]

Seems that, yes, essentially.

[@doctorsmiles2209]

And if a cyclical universe were true -- that it would essentially "reboot" through quantum fluctuation, given enough time, you could equate it to a heartbeat. A heartbeat, on a cosmological level.

[@taywimz]

But if there was no time or space before the big bang, and there is time and space now, then wouldn't that mean it's not the same? Or would "the least interesting state" essentially mean that time and space are rendered void of meaning since entropy has reached equilibrium?

[@taywimz]

Like, on the most fundamental level, would time and space also cease to exist and return to how things were before the big bang?

[@garethdean6382]

No, for one thing we don't exactly know what the universe was like before the BB or even whether that question makes sense. (If time started at the BB there WAS no 'before'.) It'd be a cold, dark, empty and timeless void and I wouldn't bet on it spawning a new universe quickly.

[@iridium9512]

I wonder, what would be the properties of these degenerate black dwarf stars. Like, they are cooled down to cosmic background temperature and extremely dense, but are not neutron stars or black holes. What would they look like if you could get close to one and shine light onto it. What would be it's reaction if some matter were to fall into it? Would they have electric or magnetic properties (since they are made of iron). Can someone answer this for me?

[@garethdean6382]

They're interesting stuff. Essentially superhard metallic crystals of helium, carbon-oxygen or magnesium they are black in a literal sense; absorbing most light that strikes their surface. They'd be superconducting. Their gravity is immense, even that of white dwarfs today. Dropping a marshmallow (5g) onto it from orbit would let it reach several % of light speed when it hit, detonating with the energy of a small nuclear bomb. The iron stars would be near identical, but perfectly mirror smooth. They'd have no magnetic fields (They form from random tunneling and an ordered magnetic field is slightly higher energy than a perfectly random one.)

[@evilbankai5166]

Just big ass steel ball floating around

[@laethe230]

@@evilbankai5166 Our universe is just a huge alien ball bearing factory.