Hybrid Vigour

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Today I discuss the concept of hybrid vigour (AKA heterosis) as it relates to animal breeding. I take a look at mules in particular, which are a great example of this concept. I also look at the ideas surrounding hybrids and its broader cultural context.
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Mimbres School: mimbres.study....
Sources
Amos, William, and Joe I. Hoffman. "Evidence that two main bottleneck events shaped modern human genetic diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1678 (2010): 131-137.
Gao, Shan, Hojjat Asadollahpour Nanaei, Bin Wei, Yu Wang, Xihong Wang, Zongjun Li, Xuelei Dai, Zhichao Wang, Yu Jiang, and Junjie Shao. "Comparative transcriptome profiling analysis uncovers novel heterosis-related candidate genes associated with muscular endurance in mules." Animals 10, no. 6 (2020): 980.
Getahun, Daniel, Tewodros Alemneh, Dawit Akeberegn, Mebrate Getabalew, and Derbie Zewdie. "Importance of hybrid vigor or heterosis for animal breeding." Biochem Biotechnol Res 7 (2019): 1-4.
Hanot, Pauline, Anthony Herrel, Claude Guintard, and Raphaël Cornette. "Unravelling the hybrid vigor in domestic equids: the effect of hybridization on bone shape variation and covariation." BMC evolutionary biology 19 (2019): 1-13.
Proops, Leanne, Faith Burden, and Britta Osthaus. "Mule cognition: a case of hybrid vigour?." Animal cognition 12 (2009): 75-84.
Troyer, A. Forrest. "Adaptedness and heterosis in corn and mule hybrids." Crop science 46, no. 2 (2006): 528-543.
Wakchaure, Rajesh, Subha Ganguly, Praveen Kumar Praveen, Subhash Sharma, Avinash Kumar, Tanvi Mahajan, and Kausar Qadri. "Importance of heterosis in animals: a review." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Innovative Science 1, no. 2 (2015): 1-5.
Images
By Thomas Shafee - Own work, CC BY 4.0, commons.wikime...
By Sogospelman at English Wikipedia, CC BY 2.5, commons.wikime...
By Heather Moreton from Louisville, KY, USA - Grey Mule, CC BY 2.0, commons.wikime...
By Don Graham from Redlands, CA, USA - God bless it! - Navajo Nation Mule 9-15, CC BY-SA 2.0, commons.wikime...
By Laboratoires Servier - This file was made available with support from the Helpdesk at the Content Partnerships Hub. The Helpdesk provides hands-on support to community members working with content partnerships.Smart Servier website: Images related to Genetics --Flickr: Images related to Genetics (in French)., CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikime...