I Reverse Engineered this Program and Generated Infinite CD Keys

[@TheBigLou13]

Keygens are Diamonds made of Knowledge, Craftsmanship and Passion. Often enough they were only a few bytes in size while also being aesthetically sophisticated designed with original chiptune music in the background. Keygens are a high form of art.

[@professordraxon3982]

Lost to time, some have evolved with the times and made custom installers with the same chiptune music in the background

[@nikkiofthevalley]

A few bytes? That's literally impossible. A single instruction takes up more space on average than a few bytes. Possibly you mean a few kilobytes or megabytes?

[@TheBigLou13]

@@nikkiofthevalley I'm aware of that and yes: Bytes. A few hundreds of them but thats it. Rarely even less. No assets or libraries - only procedural beauty - cleverly arranged and used.

[@nikkiofthevalley]

@@TheBigLou13 "A few" usually means in the range of 2-5, not hundreds.

[@negasonicteenagewarhead]

Also the sophisticated viruses that comes with it

[@SriHarshaChilakapati]

As a noob (I still am!) I used to simply edit the instruction from `je` to `jne` to invert the if statement, so that always in license check for wrong keys it will start working. Honestly, patching is much much easier than reverse engineering the algorithm.

[@JordanPlayz158]

While I haven't done keygens, I do agree that reverse engineering is way harder than patching but.... BACKWARDS COMPATIBILITY

[@Socket775a]

I remember doing this for the securom method, if the CD was there... so then I put, if the CD is NOT there, and... voila! You could play without the disk which was completely unnecessary.

[@lPlanetarizado]

if there isnt a hash check of the file or somerthing youure good

[@SriHarshaChilakapati]

@@lPlanetarizado Even if there is one, we can patch that function as well with the same logic. Tools like Ghidra can visualise the assembly code for you.

[@BradenBest]

@@Socket775a When I was young, I always hated the CD DRM, though I didn't know it was DRM at the time. I thought it was just poor engineering that they couldn't get the game, which is obviously installed on the hard drive and off of the disc, to run without the disc.

[@esra_erimez]

It is never this easy on real keygens. Vendors go to extraordinary lengths to obfuscate their key checkers.

[@maciejzettt]

Yeah, but it shows the principle

[@hobrin4242]

yeah probably nowadays, and I think they would use a cryptographic signature, which is a definitive solution for the manufacturer to safely verify keys.

[@turboluck1023]

Well of course, it's meant to be a teaching tool

[@1495978707]

@@hobrin4242 This just means that it’s better to patch the thing I guess, which is why there’s so much focus on verifying file integrity and shit these days.

[@StigDesign]

it really depends on the program, even the ones that connects to online server :) one i know fist had a bought key for a known antivirus, and when gotten close to expire he registered a new key to his account, key was similar to the original key but some of the last digit changed and it got validated it worked for 4-5 years lol so even i got free antivirus hehe :D similar dcan also work on games too both with or without locked to internett chekking :) reetro hack on adobe and photoshop on win98 was using 30 days trail and turn back date&time lol XD

[@mnemo70]

Good video. The precedence of multiplication over XOR was directly visible in Ghidra's disassembly window. The code multiplied the value by 2, added it again and then XOR'd sum. ;-) I have written so many keygens in the 90's for BBS Door programs and stuff... Debugging in the Borland debugger was fun!

[@MisterK-YT]

The idea that there are gamers alive that don’t know what a keygen is is terrifying. I was always fascinated by how keygens were made (though I never knew how it was done til I got curious many years later).

[@benshapiro9731]

Learned about keygens from this video wdym

[@o0Donuts0o]

How is this terrifying? There are kids who only know what Steam is and boxed games are not a thing. If you expect generations to have implicit knowledge of some nostalgic event in your life then I expect you to know how to carve a stick and go hunt an animal with it.

[@brainimpediment]

Too young to have had the chance to actually use them, but my parents tell me many tales of their PC gaming experiences. What a magical time to be alive (from an outside perspective, at least.)

[@AROAH]

Keygens are such a nostalgic hit from the demoscene days. You still get chiptunes in contemporary crack installers, sometimes, but it's nothing like back when RELOADED would put out a release and you'd get a whole animated credit sequence.

[@macavalli2619]

90s internet was wildaf

[@DoctorMGL]

the dark mode in ghidra actually harm the eyes more then white mode ! because its pure black instead of being dark grey, pure black will force your eyes to change the focus quickly when you look outside your screen which will cause your eyes sometime to become blurry , and this blurriness may continue for a while and can cause vision problems for the long term

[@anon_y_mousse]

That's a fair point. I usually use a dark gray background, except in vim where I use a navy blue background.

[@thangnguyenmanh]

Thank you. Just want to let you know that this one never get old. I'm on the path of learning Assembly and videos like this is extremely helpful. There're countless of beginners like me now and the future will be benefit of this helpful guide.

[@IgorServulo]

I've been a security professional for a while and just now started to play with low level stuff. Your content is amazing dude, for real, keep it up

[@FugaceFugite]

I miss the times where you had neat crack setup wizards that would play a cool hacky-style music super loudly while it was installing all the files

[@artik15xfilm]

Here u go :D kzbin.info/www/bejne/Z3XUmaOrer6BodE

[@mariuster]

What do you mean, you can still find them nowadays with new software

[@TheBigLou13]

@@mariuster Many people don't even bother with todays software anymore. Software quality has so degreded of the past 10+ years.., its more important in society to have quantity and the latest instead of actual quality.., nobody is willing to learn stuff since nothing is possible/allowed/valueable anymore or for longer than a few moments... So what's even worth cracking anymore? So they're sadly fine with dumbed down dopamine streams on surveilance capitalism devices.

[@tusharjamwal]

@@mariuster cue pirate sea shanty

[@alternatedenz]

FitGirl 💪

[@hiftu]

I preferred creating keygens (when I was young) with the help of the original program. Sometimes they generate a key and compare it with your input. If the program shows an error message, you can change the text. The only thing you have to do is to change the pointer of the text to the generated key. The reverse engineering part is to find the generated key in the memory and change the executable.

[@m0Ray79]

I used to use a little dumber (or is it) approach: find a branch point between "Wrong key" and "Good job" and replace JZ/JNZ with JMP. Yep, I did it in pure asm and AFDPro. That olde times.

[@Adam_Lyskawa]

Back in the days - we didn't have such cool tools like you used. It reminds me the modern lockpicking. With the tools you can buy now picking any lock is quite easy even for a beginner. Without modern tools it would be much, much harder and more tedious.

[@energy-tunes]

What the fuck are you talking about

[@shadamethyst1258]

This is actually a really insightful introduction to ghidra

[@Tesseract745]

If cracking denuvo were that simple.

[@mattrs1]

Actually for the past with subjunctive were is appropriate

[@DrewTNaylor]

@@Proferk Under Standard (white) American English, "were" is correct.

[@kaitlynethylia]

@@DrewTNaylor and everybody understood the meaning of the sentence so language is functioning as it should and as there is no authority on the English language, both are correct

[@DrewTNaylor]

@@kaitlynethylia Yes.

[@anon_y_mousse]

@@DrewTNaylor I have to admit, my expectations have been subverted, because I never expected to see racism here.

[@slendi9623]

cool but here's the thing: it misses the tracker music. add that and everything golden

[@vaisakh_km]

in linux, compositors mostly can reverse the colors of a window.... currently i am using kde rather than a twm so ctrl-meta-u flip colors.... so i can basiclly use light mode only apps like ghidra in dark mode :) and for geogebra, it's really cool

[@ИльяВитцев]

a proper dark theme is always better than the inverse of a light theme

[@anon_y_mousse]

@@ИльяВитцев True, but color inversion is better than nothing. Though, I use the shortcut Super+U for single window and Super+I for everything because I look at it as global functionality.

[@TheExileFox]

Many games from smaller studios released as "demos" but they actually contained all the necessary files, all you had to do was register to get a key to unlock the full game. Some of these have not yet been preserved as full versions sadly.

[@leslie5202]

Which games specifically?

[@mrayushbajpai]

You just encouraged me to keygen a lot of stuff..... (for educational purposes ofc :)

[@Gennys]

My favorite story about a key generator was a very well-known Mac program I can't remember what it was but I think it was office related or something like that had a well-known key that circulated around the internet and everybody is that key. There was an update to the program and the key no longer worked but the funniest thing was that that key was hard coded in plaintext in the application itself so all you had to do was open up the application in a hex editor and change the key to something else and then the key worked again.

[@CallousCoder]

You are such a young blossom. Buying games on CD, wow! I’m so old that we bought games on cassette tapes 😂 I got my start in cracking video games and software in the 80s and 90s as I demonstrate a lot of this channel too. I mostly just jumped over the check or made it evaluate properly.

[@anon_y_mousse]

Yeah, if you're going to pirate, easier to just patch the binary. Not that I'm advocating for piracy.

[@CallousCoder]

@@anon_y_mousse sure you don’t 😉🤭😝

[@Sammysapphira]

Wait until you find out people buy games online now..

[@Bobbias]

​@@CallousCoder I patched a game once to just jump over the key check. Unfortunately it turned out the game randomly crashed on you if you did that as extra protection :/

[@CallousCoder]

@@Bobbias some software has indeed a checksum on its own binary. That needs to get the same treatment. That always was nasty. Especially when they did it with a timer then it’s very hard to track.

[@QuintonDolan]

When I first started gaming they came on floppy disks, and used weak bits on the disk to prevent copying. You could however reverse engineer the binary to find where it made the DOS system interrupt call to check for this weak bit and bypass the check. Things like IDA didn’t exist then, so you had to disassemble it by hand and modify the binary in a ‘debug’.

[@Bill_Bacon]

This added to the annoyance of having to use a floppy disk drive and a hex editor to clear the code.

[@__gadonk__]

i'm not 100% sure but 4:45 looks like a for loop. With the increment at the end and the if statement after an assignment etc. so i think it would be something like for (int i = 0; i < strlen(name); i++) { /* body */ }

[@shadamethyst1258]

Ah that explains the inefficient call to strlen

[@__gadonk__]

@@shadamethyst1258 yeah that threw me off aswell and that's how i came to that conclusion. I think if 'name' were marked as const char * the compiler would move the call to strlen up a few instructions to avoid the redundant calling but any optimization flag passed to the compiler would have taken care of that i think (gcc and clang are really smart).

[@addictedyounoob3164]

if you pass "./blabla" as the program name, doesn't it also count the "./" part in the len(program) and why does this work, did the makers of keygenme use use that too? what if you'd pass an absolute path?

[@tworvelshjem]

yes. In this case "./" is actually part of program name. This works because whatever you type to run the program will be placed in stack of main function of the process. you can also access the program's invocation name in "/proc/pid/cmdline" of each process. (where pid is the process ID of desired process). This solution in the video remains effective even if you choose to rename the executable file. :)

[@TechnopolisDotTV]

You took me on a journey through time. More videos like this please!

[@ThibaultDelattre]

CIA - FBI, if you are reading this, I never ever used a key generator. To all others: I definitely remember. I liked the sick chip tunes

[@Hank254]

Ahh the good old days of Softice debugger and Fravia's tutorials!

[@GRBtutorials]

And you didn’t have to touch a single line of assembly… that decompiler works pretty well!

[@redcrafterlppa303]

You could have seen the order of operations in the assembly code.

[@samcousins3204]

yeah, it was just }sum" twice to itself (instead of multiplying explicitly by 3) which i thought was really cool

[@redcrafterlppa303]

@@samcousins3204 yeah, I wrote a calculator in pure assembly and all I can say, you don't want to multiply if not totally necessary. It's slow and cumbersome, so neither compiler nor assembly devs like it. The only basic operation worse is division. It's such a pain and even slower than multiplication.

[@mr_gerber]

@@redcrafterlppa303 What's wrong with mul/fmul? EDIT: Oh, you might have written it on a processor without those instructions. D'oh. EDIT2: What platform was this on?

[@redcrafterlppa303]

@@mr_gerber no I have imul, idiv... but the split registers make it awkward to use. I mul returns into 2 registers and idiv expects 3 registers as input

[@M3STERL3G3ND]

Why reverse engineering appealed to me so much?

[@LowLevelTV]

its a fun little puzzle

[@charlesnathansmith]

Because it takes an almost pathological commitment to solving a problem sometimes, which is extremely rewarding when you get there You're bouncing from instruction traces that are hieroglyphs to most people to picking minutiae out of the back of 1000-page manuals to reading forum posts to emailing someone who wrote a paper in 2013 about some deobfuscation technique you think would help with figuring something out but didn't publish his example code... Then you figure out you can piggyback patching 3 different things that'll get a program in a state where you can figure out just where something important even is 😊

[@charlesnathansmith]

A lot of times you're trying to defeat something another person specifically setup to try to thwart you, and you end up needing to understand how 5 other low level things work to trick some of those and coordinate the workaround. It's like getting a parking ticket and showing up with some statute you dug up from 1859 after a week of research that absolves you and it actually working. It's safe cracking or lock picking. You have to know 10x what the guy who put the lock on did. And you still got it open

[@M3STERL3G3ND]

@@charlesnathansmith This is the kind of comment that brings reflection, should say thank you?

[@mucookul]

I feel that this way using decompilation is way easier that using windbg like most other “tutorials”

[@NecromancyBlack]

Good video, though it's missing the most important part about those old key gens. The awesome tracker music that would (loudly) play when you opened them.

[@alfonsosanchezrodriguez1949]

Keep working on these kinds of videos. Super interesting to me!

[@AmaanHasanDilawar]

Reverse engineering is awesome

[@MrBunt]

I remember the days ... Using WinDASM to disassemble programs/games and cracking them or writing keygens ... Fun times. Tools were "a bit" more primitive back in the day

[@wolf-war-master]

This is straight up nostalgia, as a kid my dad once got me one of these types of games for my first laptop that once had Windows Vista

[@boynobee7883]

i grew up doing this stuff. now as an adult i still do it for fun, i always love me some RE

[@Preske]

the best things about the keygens, was the music. there are sites dedicated to it too.

[@xTechDecayx]

Dude I haven't thought about EBGames in a decade or more. Thanks for the memories.

[@LukeAvedon]

Bruh, I remember downloading the shareware from a dial up BBS.

[@proggenius2024]

I learned something. Thank you! This is super cool!

[@marklonergan3898]

"there were key generators that generated keys for you" In a lot of cases, keygens gave your computer a lot more than just the keys!

[@DoinThatRag]

Maybe our timelines are different, but in the 90s/early 2000s I never ran into malware with these. And I downloaded A LOT. Thousands of apps I never once even installed (I had the collector mentality back then - I was young). Every day there would be announced releases from cracking teams and I would just grab them all from dump sites. Never had an issue. This didn't involve WWW sites though, so maybe that was the difference.

[@joester4life]

I remember a friend had a legit Diablo 2 key from a store, and the KeyGen had his key too.

[@qwaH]

0:16 truly ancient would be games on cassete tape mate, ah the days of a double tape deck being the answer to expanded the collection, not that I indulged in such things of course, just gonna close the curtains & turn off the lights "no ones home"

[@mafhper]

I need to go back in time and show me this video, it would make things a lot easier.

[@DerHitsch]

I have no idea what you are doing, but I find it very interesting.

[@djrmarketing598]

It's been a million years it seems like, but I remember using SoftICE back in the DOS days to patch a CAD program's license routine for a friend who lost their key (wink wink). These tools look way more in depth than hunting thru unlabeled assembly language.

[@bondbenz6375]

we need more of those ;)

[@itsmenoname2247]

dude , I went first in 1998 and a few years later I was doing this shijt with key gens. those scene release groups were very rare. But some of them are still out there in 2023. the time that internet was still for nerds. and pay by the minute for your internet with your monthly phone bill (land line ) . greets from The Netherlands.

[@Proactivity]

If I was old like you, I might remember game cracks from the early 2000s? Oh, that's adorable. If you were old like me, you were cracking games yourself in the early 80s

[@peacefulasrain]

@LowLevelLearning, love your channel first and foremost. Newer to C, been doing Python for a while. Downloaded this one and followed your instructions and noticed that len(prog_name)&0x1f and len(prog_name) returns the same value... Not sure if it has an effect in C; but it looks like replacing your line before returning the key to: key = key

[@DaleOwens-x4q]

len(prog_name)&0x1f I suspect truncates the digits of len(). On 32bit systems len() might return something different from 64 bit machines. This truncates the len() to a byte. My guess as to what's happening anyway.

[@david3199]

Pretty awesome video, I always wondered how these were done!

[@retzerR]

Cool video, would recommend

[@LowLevelTV]

Thanks!

[@nullplan01]

I just looked at the controlling expression for a while and noticed that if I just call the program with an argv[0] of 31 characters (remember zsh allows you to specify argv[0] on the command line), then only the least significant bit of that first expression matters, and I can set the second arg to 0 or -0x80000000 as needed.

[@yaghiyahbrenner8902]

there was a time, Softice was only used and only x86 assembly listing. this is somewhat easy at the C level listing.

[@ArtemYakovlev]

Amazing content!

[@drxym]

Most offline keys / serial gens are just encoding a product code and a checksum / secret and then scrambling it. Online keys are probably completely random and use a lookup service to validate them.

[@MegaFukz]

nice video dude thank you for this

[@GegoXaren]

Enderman almost got bloody terminated for doing this. Just a fair warning.

[@viktoreidrien7110]

amazing video, thanks as always man!!!

[@LtdResources]

Good Times, easily the most exciting part of my growing up, whilst trying to dodge viruses and mallard, so many dodgy websites to get keys or key gens or cd cracks from. Miss all that.

[@P-G-77]

Good boy, nice run.

[@corewwwi]

you forgot to make it play some songs

[@markdlp]

2:50 Actually I think that in posix systems the main function also can take a third argument named envp and defined as const char* envp[ ]

[@anon_y_mousse]

What distro are you on that your Python and GCC are less up to date than mine? I haven't updated for 2 years and I'm still more up to date. Also, why did you write it in Python instead of just using C, especially when you could've just copied the code straight from Ghidra?

[@hippopotamus86]

I had a friend that would go to the store, and write down all the CD keys he could find from the back covers of the manuals they used to leave in the cases, and then later download those games and use the key.

[@Sonyim414]

Yeah I definitely remember these. Cracking got me into embedded!

[@Monte91]

The dirty little secret of keygens, cracked and pre-activated programs is many use your computer to process crypto. It's a small amount that's hard to detect because they rely on volume to help avoid detection. Some programs are worth it if that's all their doing but some do more malicious things.

[@ZenoTasedro]

Don't give the XP era script kiddies too much credit, a lot of those old key generators just randomly pick a key from a static list. I'm sure some of them were actual generators but that seemed much less common

[@regiondeltas]

Hah, was just about to make that very comment. Yeah, there's nothing technically wrong with anything he says, but what you say is 100% true - a lot of keygens were just lists of stolen keys

[@romevang]

From my experience, those kinds of key list were obvious. The key list programs I used from that era were literally just drop downs or you just hit the generate button continuously without any input from the user.

[@Algardraug]

I used to start keygens just to listen to the music

[@foxypiratecove37350]

Actually, the left shift assignement (`> a = 5 >>> 5> a > a 10 ```

[@Colombia-Tech-Schematic]

Hello, can you pass the crack of the PADSVX.2.4_ESDM

[@ghostpeppered4524]

None of the new folks can see the quality of life slippage since Ancient Times

[@JimWiggins-j9k]

Keygens are still widely used on cracked Windows software. I use one at least once a week. Much better than overwriting a .dll file.

[@iWhacko]

if you got the keygens fromm the right source, there would never be malware in them and only be a few kb big. the release teams reputation depended on it

[@mdzmzm]

I remember those days when the crack came with the game. Those were good times.

[@elkvis]

What's the name of the program you're using to do the C code extraction?

[@NathanHedglin]

Ancient times? Jeez thanks for aging me. We made ISOs so the PC thought yhe disc was always in the optical drive.

[@ProjectPhysX]

Most of these key-generators back in the day actually were just malware and viruses :D

[@Sammysapphira]

Not true, you just needed to know the right places to get them.

[@skyguysZ]

​@@Sammysapphira 7 year old me wouldn't know the right places to look. All I wanted was to play that one game on the family computer by any means necessary. That poor computer endured through so much viruses and factory resets...

[@pvc988]

While sometimes they were malware. Many AV programs flagged keygens as malware just to scare users and stop using them even when they were totally clean.

[@charlesnathansmith]

​​@@pvc988f some fixed binary got flagged as a virus enough times, it would end up in databases and AVs would start flagging it. That's still how most of it most it works, despite what all the tech AVs claim. If a large company wanted a program on that db then it would get there. Most cracks would get flagged because they were just that. They'd edit executables or foreign process memory, or you'd just get a patched file the cracker didn't bother to fix the PE checksum on. There was definitely malware too, but it was probably rarer than you'd think, and usually packaged with legit keygens. The worst actual "viruses" back then were usually just adware that was easily removal with an Ad-aware scan or just removing "WinFilereal882.exe" from your start-up folder. Windows PCs and servers had such abysmal security then that worms were the same constant threat. You didn't have to do anything particularly dumb to get Blaster. Security was still and afterthought. Windows got better. It's still so bloated you can't figure out what it's supposed to be running. Companies still get their data and networks ransomed due to bad OPSEC. It tends to be harder now, but everyone figure out the business model to monetize getting it right

[@charlesnathansmith]

​@@pvc988there's 500 typos in that response but KZbin's app is so bad it's easier to add an addendum than to try to fix them

[@cattameme]

I downloaded a keygen from napster once.

[@groovyolhippieunclerandy1102]

Old Guy here. Help me understand. Imagine a play ground inside a fence and locked gate. In order to play on the play ground you have to have a key for the locked gate. If you don't have the key for the locked gate, why not just jump over the fence and locked gate? Which came first? The full version of the game, or the fence/locked gate to play the game? When the creators of Hyperspace.Invader.v2.01 created the game, did they play/create the game then put it inside the fence and locked gate, or did the fence and locked gate come first? How to jump over the fence and just go to playing the full version of the downloaded trial version without fussing with all this keygen business. I know the full version is there to play, just help an old man jump over the fence to play on the play ground. Or.........just tear the fence down and walk on in like the creators of the game did. What am I saying, the creators of the game didn't even have a fence/locked gate around the play ground until the playground was finished. A? 2005 is when the game came out. You won't be able to find a trial version to download anymore, unless you know someone who still has the trial version to share. The company that made and sold the game quit selling it years ago. Other wise I'd just buy the game. $19.95 easy peazy

[@villageidiot8718]

'old, like me' That's hilarious! You don't know old yet.

[@debnathmriganka2010]

Hello, Sir, I am very new in reverse engineering, right now i am practising at home, but one exe file which is packed by expressor, I cant unpaced it for reverse enginerring, Please can you help to do this process. Please help me.

[@aldobruno712]

what is the command re at 1:27

[@briankozuszek7022]

Actually checking argv zero is not that uncommon. It lets you check to see if someone renames a file. If you really want to have fun with. a little hacker trick. check argv -1. yes negative it returns the path of the file. so you can check the location of the file on the hard drive. Used to use it as primitive copy protection. Id the file was moved it would come back with put me back where you found me. Depending on your compiler i wouldn't suggest checking out other strange values of argv you start getting access to different parts of memory. if it doesn;'t blow up.

[@oldadajbych8123]

I remember installing Doom from 1.44 MB floppy disc. Actually not installing, just copying.

[@darshpareek4926]

great video

[@LowLevelTV]

Thanks!

[@PRenard2012]

OLD LIKE ME....? Two seconds in and I was like WHAT? OLD? hahahaha

[@ReverseCity777]

pHrozen Crew/Hell in the house!

[@grhinson]

As an outsider i ask this, has anyone cracked intel management engine?

[@balala7567]

I don't know, but I believe it runs Minix (minix is the version of UNIX that inspired linux)

[@gd44481]

People have managed to disable it on some processors

[@Falney]

I remember buying physical games.PC Games were $15-$20 and the console version was $30-40

[@randomgeocacher]

These days with elliptic curve crypto being liberated, especially Ed25519, vendors could actually make short Cd-keys that were backed by real strong security to render keygens moot. But eh, modding the software to remove the entire key verification defeats that :-)

[@ryonagana]

my doubt is.. keygens infect pc with trojans? i mean real keygens from CORE, Deviance, PARADOX, razor 1911 are those keygens has some malware inside?

[@kevsmith562]

Maybe not when the keygen was made, but who knows by the time it gets to you? Back in the day it was pretty much a coin toss.

[@FollowTheJohn]

This is fascinating even though I can only write a small .bat file.

[@Bill_Bacon]

I haven't looked at ghidra. Who makes it? I hope its not another Softice.

[@ganquan2024]

Great video! RE is fun and enjoy~😀

[@LowLevelTV]

Yes! Thank you!

[@almostanengineer]

Ahh, the music on Keygens was always fun

[@sirgouki6207]

Description is wrong.... Software keys go back to the 80s, maybe even earlier. Hell, every game I owned from the 90s had a cd key, the floppy disk version of windows 95 still used a license key.

[@hudsonator7259]

5:37 c noob here, why is it the first letter of the name?

[@willifankhauser]

Hello, I have an old software that runs on Windows 7 32 bit. I can no longer activate this software because the manufacturer no longer exists. Can someone help me with that? It's about the software Fminer Pro 9.81