Ideal versus real breakthrough in chromatography columns

In a real breakthrough curve, the concentration profile has broadened due to dispersion, but why is that and how is broadening affected by different operating conditions?

[@ricardosilvacoelho6328]

Thank you professor! Could you provide the bibliographic references of your presentation?

[@PLE_LU]

This video is part of a course. Our course literature is not publicly available, but there is a multitude of text books on this topic