Indium - Periodic Table of Videos

Here's a our new video about Indium.
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[@periodicvideos]

Thanks to the The Great Courses Plus for supporting this video... Free trial at ow.ly/h2E130qpmJD (search chemistry and periodic table for a huge range of chem videos)

[@louisturner8842]

Your the best! Ty

[@Nightowl_IT]

Neil has a big selection of hammers^^ Maybe there was something on the wire or it wasn't pure indium or it was way hotter? Did you use flux to solder? Which one? colophony?

[@staffpette]

Seems like a realy questionable site when I can not find info about pricing. Periodic Videos, please consider not partnering with these kind of sites.

[@RuudP]

@@staffpette i agree. it took me 10 minutes to find (hidden in the app info) that the course costs €18 - €205 that is a lot of money

[@youkofoxy]

Can we give Neil a hidraulic press? Preferably a automatic one.

[@IdleWorker]

"Its slightly poisonous, so people give it to Neil" Boy, Neil must have made some enemies during his secret agent days.

[@pranamd1]

Now I can't get the image of Neil with an umbrella and a trench coat out of my head.

[@sidharthcs2110]

Legend has it that , he poisoned the former Russian spy

[@invisibledave]

Neil has an entire collection of coronaviruses at home too.

[@marcusyale3265]

professor honeydew and beaker

[@gustavgnoettgen]

Only the best friends. He's Neil, and also he's Neil.

[@coryman125]

This whole video has some almost Monty Python quality to it, with really funny lines about Neil being said in a really deadpan way. "Neil has a big selection of hammers" "[Indium] is a slightly poisonous element, and people give it to him rather than having dispose of it themselves" "And once he got it out, being Neil, he couldn't resist the hammer again" "Neil is a huge believer in nitric acid"

[@fft2020]

One of the funniest periodicvideos

[@tedkorff971]

"And so we can't do plutonium in Neil's lab, yet..."

[@Guru_1092]

You can't forget: "Neil has a big selection of hammers"

[@kenhtonghop1911]

I have indium pure quantity 26kg

[@Sillie_Car]

does the flame contain Rb?

[@KhangNguyen-gd3zw]

Love the immediate music cuts whenever the coins were slammed :))

[@puupipo]

YES. As soon as I heard the music fade in I started hoping that the music would cut when the hammer hits the coin, and then when it did it felt so satisfying haha.

[@Sheithan]

Absolute comedy gold.

[@amrubaian]

Had to re-watch the video because I was laughing so hard.

[@Rye-Bread]

yes

[@godgrid]

I’m now convinced that when I’m older I want to be a Neil

[@scorinth]

I wonder how you get that job. What kind of degree do you need?

[@altamashiqbalraza]

I want to be kaku😁

[@velysean7031]

@@scorinth probably chemistry atleast

[@spoochie11]

You'll need a hammer.

[@bobcunningham6953]

@@scorinth Though a degree always helps, I have known several excellent senior lab techs in various areas (chemistry, physics, electronics, biology) who reached that level without a bachelors or higher degree , though most had taken some classes after high school, or had been in the military. (Some did get degrees after becoming a senior tech, but they didn't have it before then.) The main common attributes they shared were curiosity & persistence (investigation), discipline (safety), logical thinking (process), and decent writing skills (documentation).

[@joshuaplatt6378]

"We can't do Plutonium in Neil's lab... Yet." I'm concerned for him.

[@kuravax]

Joshua Platt I’m more concerned his hammer would break

[@theshuman100]

@@kuravax niel gonna hammer the plutonium and blow up half the town

[@KatanaBart]

Zinc is by far the best element. I also like Plutonium. It's just fun to say: Plutonium. How's your plutonium today? Fine, thank you.

[@asandax6]

Don't worry Neil is the hammer the radiation out plutonium first.

[@Phoenix-ej2sh]

One of the things I've always loved about this channel is how that if something fails, you just own it and talk about it, instead of the failure ending up on the cutting room floor.

[@klausschmidt982]

Failure is an important part of science. It's really great of them to show these.

[@joshuarosen6242]

I completely agree and that is because Sir Martyn is a true scientist. The scientific method is nothing without failure.

[@tantraman93]

A sign of mental maturity. (and a true educator)

[@mitchellwodach2215]

Learning from failure is the best learning

[@dr.doppeldecker3832]

"Being Neil, he couldnt resist to hammer it again." Classic Neil

[@largol33t1]

Well, Neil wouldn't be Neil if he didn't hammer it again! 😁

[@aidanf2610]

Classic Neil

[@disht2]

"ah again"

[@IvoTrausch]

I love how every video starts with the exact same phrase: "[Element/Chemical compound] is a really fascinating material."

[@1mctous]

Followed by "because..." for the length of the video.

[@KanishQQuotes]

Because science is fascinating, and someone who knows science is even more fascinating

[@DouglasZwick]

They should make an April Fool video that's about fifteen seconds long and it opens with the professor saying "[chemical] is a very boring material" and then just a few moments of them kind of doing mundane stuff with it where it doesn't react.

[@gatyandsawagainwowie]

except for protactinium and some other ones

[@kapa1611]

2:00 "he hit the side with not the queen's picture on it, out of respect" whenever i hear a british person talk about the queen in respectful ways, i'm never sure whether they are being sarcastic or not?! xD

[@cycklist]

Nor are we Brits.

[@TWX1138]

I'm reasonably sure that for the country that produced Oscar Wilde, George Orwell, Terry Gilliam, Douglas Adams, Terry Pratchett, and Neil Gaiman, it's a bit of both.

[@gordonrichardson2972]

Sir Martin would never be sarcastic, he's a knight...

[@cycklist]

@@TWX1138 Gilliam is American though.

[@sarowie]

@@TWX1138 With Orwell, it could be discussed if he was "produced in britian". But a product of British colonialism he for sure was.

[@Tuning3434]

Scientifically proven: "when you have a hammer, the entire world becomes a nail"

[@theblackbaron4119]

Stop! *Hammertime*!

[@matteopascoli]

“And you become a Neil”

[@francismuir9313]

@@matteopascoli "And then Neil anneals non-nails."

[@TWX1138]

@@matteopascoli Are you calling him a big softie?

[@Pandsu]

CATCH PHRASE!

[@alexanderharrison7421]

"hey look another Periodic Videos Video, now how old is this one, 4 years?" *2 hours ago* "What"

[@abrunosON]

We shifting in the timelines like MAD

[@Fourside__]

"Lets upvote before even watching it"

[@markmaurer6370]

I'm from the future and you're going to look so silly for writing thiiiiiiiisssssssss......

[@Rye-Bread]

a year after this comment...

[@glarynth]

Yep 4 years

[@DeathEyedGrin]

Professor: The world's supply of Indium is quickly depleting! Neil: Hides hoard of Indium.

[@dansheppard2965]

George Washington: "Not quite as pretty as Queen Elizabeth".

[@snackreaper]

I love how the professor is British to the core

[@OmarBKar-sw1ij]

@@snackreaper i thought he was russian

[@elevown]

@@OmarBKar-sw1ij I think that his family was from their but not sure - I remember some connection i think

[@bldmontemor]

@@OmarBKar-sw1ij He is of Polish descent, that's why you can say that he's Russian.

[@snackreaper]

@Omar B. Kar he can definitely speak Russian he did it in a diamond video

[@jamestricker3741]

This professor is a national treasure. He combines remarkable insight with a little humour. His work-rate producing and updating these videos for (I think) over a decade is impressive. Thank you, and thank you Brady for curating this series. Anyone else agree we should nominate this guy for a knighthood for science communication? No idea what his CV/publication history is like, but he deserves to be recognised for these videos alone.

[@liquorgunsandrhetoric]

Coming back here now to tell you that The Professor has indeed been knighted.

[@cathyerley3057]

Ha! Neil, you actually smiled (on camera), and your face didn't break! The guy's always so stoic about it all, only time he seemed concerned enough to move with a quickness was tossing a piece of sodium metal into a tank of water - BOOM! Gotta be the best job in the world.

[@stupidmustelid]

To answer Brady's question: Caesium - From the Latin caesius, meaning sky blue Chlorine - From the Greek chloros, meaning pale green Chromium - From the Greek chroma, meaning colour Indium - Named after the indigo line in its spectrum Iodine - From the Greek iodes, meaning violet Iridium - From the Greek iris, meaning rainbow Praseodymium - From the Greek prasios didymos, meaning green twin (the other twin is Neodymium) Rhodium - From the Greek rhodon, meaning rose Rubidium - From the Latin rubidius, meaning deepest red Thallium - From the Greek thallos, meaning green twig Zirconium - From the Arabic zargun, meaning gold colour

[@Ikaros---]

You missed 2 really obvious ones. Gold and Silver.

[@Markle2k]

@@Ikaros--- Aren't you confusing the tail and the dog?

[@stupidmustelid]

@@Ikaros--- I didn't count those because the colours are named after the element, not vice versa. I did somehow miss Rubidium though, so I'll add that.

[@Chaoticfulisade]

@@stupidmustelid Arsenic, named after arsenikon for yellow, in greek. Originally adopted from the persian word zarnikh. Cyanide, due to the cyanosis it caused as a poison, a blue colour pigment to the skin, due to lack of oxygen.

[@stupidmustelid]

@@Chaoticfulisade I was almost going to include Arsenic, but I decided not to because arsenikon refers to the name of the mineral, not the colour, which is used to create the yellow pigment orpiment. Please correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe the yellow colour comes from the sulfur, not the arsenic. As for cyanide, that's a compound, not an element.

[@InfiniteWonderz2]

I'm liking how neil is developing a character, silence and some comedy behind it

[@ZoonCrypticon]

@9:15 "...but we can´t do Plutonium at Neil´s lab (pause)- YET!" This professor is really great ! I wished I had the possibility to meet him once.

[@5Andysalive]

Weird that there has never been a video on Glass on the channel while it is in every single video and arguably the most important thing in chemistry. Must be pretty amazing stuff.

[@Garuda_IV]

when im old i wanna be the level of mysterious genius as niel

[@gabor6259]

*Neil

[@advanceringnewholder]

I love how you play the national anthem when the coin is placed and stop it when hit

[@------country-boy-------]

Wow what a coincidence! - Just yesterday i was searching for info about indium and today i found this video. Sheets of indium foil were under some large Power MOSFET Blocks in an eye surgery medical laser i took apart recently. I thought they were aluminum foil but after a quick search i found out indium foil is used as an alternative to thermal grease heat transfer compound. Thanks for uploading !!!

[@jjbudinski8486]

The music editing is hilari-THWACK!

[@glasslinger]

We used indium solder to solder glass windows onto experimental high vacuum devices. With the proper flux it will solder glass to metal!

[@BlahBleeBlahBlah]

3:00 Neil smiling! :-O :-)

[@phu010]

That's because he's cornered the market in Indium and is planning to hold the world to ransom. Muh-ha-ha!

[@The_Omegaman]

The professor is the best. Watch him talk all day.

[@TheCaptainLulz]

My GUESS is that there was antimony in the indium and antimony will readily alloy with gold at temperature. This may have facilitated the alloying of the indium by making fresh reaction surfaces on the metal.

[@Photosynthesisbeing]

Only old boys are gonna know this stuff.

[@jibcot8541]

I like it when their experiments fail (seems to happen a lot) , makes me realise that even though they are very smart people they're still human and fallible.

[@Beryllahawk]

I giggled so much through the first three minutes of this, then went and watched those three minutes again! Wonderful! You have SO much fun with your science. I think that's my favorite thing about these videos and about your way of discussing the elements and chemistry in general. You've been doing this for ages, but you still approach every experiment, every video, with such a sense of excitement and wonder that anyone watching just can't help but be engaged.

[@jimh6867]

Thank you for the interesting video on indium. I have two concerns related to misinformation:1) Indium is not poisonous. This is easily fact checked with a safety data sheet from any supplier. You are not working with indium dust from a grinding operation.2) Indium supply is not running out. Prices are historically low due to oversupply. For more information please check the U.S.G.S. Recycling materials is always a healthy long-term strategy, and indium has a robust reclaim loop in place.

[@Loseronvacation]

glad to see this comment this should get more attention

[@louisturner8842]

Can’t do plutonium... yet.. me: Yes!!!!! I can’t wait!

[@Sirenhound]

1.21 gigawatts!

[@ec1628]

I had to rewind that a couple of times. Loved it

[@ModernProspector]

Neil, with his big selection of hammers and love of hammering things then add plutonium.

[@ryans6280]

I've worked behind 4 ft. Leaded glass on Tc99m... With manipulators... Very interesting but after a few months it's still... Just a job

[@kylebowles9820]

LOL the music abruptly stops when Neil hits the coins with a hammer, nice touch

[@GertrudePerkins]

Indium is one of my favourite chemical elements! 😍 Very soft, very beautiful and silvery, very inert in normal atmosphere (it does not oxidise), and gives off a beautiful indigo flame.

[@Guru_1092]

Also it's squishy! :D

[@S.R.Crnt.]

if it has been only one thing I've learned from watching this channel, it would be that you can never be too old, or too wise, to learn something new.

[@hyggehunden]

These videos, from periodic videos, and many other chemistry channels, have peaked my interest for chemistry, so much that I have decided to go to university and study this very interesting subject ❤️ we will see where my journey into the world of chemistry will end, but it will begin this September. Thank you so much for your time and effort, It has not gone unnoticed ⚗️

[@BobSmith-s7j]

How did it go?! 🧪🎓

[@hyggehunden]

@@BobSmith-s7j Wow thanks for asking 😊 well turns out i had a lot to learn, university was fun, but not my kind of fun. The mental workload was way to much for me and I had trouble with the fact that i had to skip some work/reading andre assignments to keep up, i like to be on point and do everything. I learned the hard way, this was impossible 😅😭 so i dropped out, which was the best decision ever.

[@notemusic]

Watching Neil and Nilered perform experiment, I conclude that chemists love smashing stuff

[@pierreuntel1970]

I liked how the music stopped immediately when he hit it

[@sabinav7218]

Few days back I had a dream where I saw a new video of Periodic Videos on an element with Dr Pete License. Such a surprise that the dream is actually true, wanted to see him since a long time. He still has the beautiful, young smile

[@MichaelKrzyzaniak]

Brady is on FIRE this year... so many great and classic videos!

[@AtlasReburdened]

A similar color can be obtained by melting a fairly thin piece of copper wire with an arc of 15000V and 10mA. The copper melts and beads up into a ball which begins to incandesce as the arc seems to more evenly distribute across the bead, the end result being that you can see the blue from the arc, the red from the incandescent copper and (if done right)where the two meet, a halo of rather reagal looking imitation violet.

[@RealHogweed]

I love how the music stops when the coin is whacked hahah

[@cyrilblanchard1938]

Love all your videos!!!!!! Thanks to all of you!!!! Still watching from Newfoundland,Canada.........learning new things and have fun doing it!!!!!!.....Again thank you all for the info and laughs!!!!!!!😁

[@louisturner8842]

Thankyou! Been waiting forever for more videos! I love this channel

[@Abitibidoug]

So where's indium come from? In 1990 I was on a tour of the Kidd Creek Metallurgical Site in Timmins, Ontario where ore from the Kidd Creek Mine is processed to extract zinc and copper. Part of this metallurgical site was the Indium Plant, a small scale operation where this element is refined as a byproduct. As you saw in the video, it's quite soft, softer than lead or solder. Although not mentioned here, I think it's also used in making light emitting diodes.

[@TeslaMaster2]

Some say that looking directly at his smile is deadly, and that water spontaneously boils within 2 feet of his body. All we know is... he's called Neil.

[@shearerslegs]

Thanks for making another video and thanks to everyone willing to be featured.

[@janefkrbtt]

Excellent video as always. Thanks guys 👍

[@killboi207]

"Out of respect."

[@MrPants-zu6dm]

This is such a great channel. Thanks professor. Hi Neil! 👍

[@Madsstuff]

Best Neil episode yet! Neil is like a humble god robot alien being sent to improve peoples lives. But collects Indium as a hobby. *Cue Neil smiling lovingly at a pile of Indium on his mental place from his magnificent winged back chair* Neil's adventures are great!

[@calvingoodall4939]

I just love the way that the music cuts out when the hammer makes contact. Beautiful editing.

[@pupintheturdiii]

Please protect this man at all costs.

[@louisturner8842]

Awwwww it is over already.... :(. Please, more uploads asap. Much love from Boise Idaho.

[@pacificcoastpiper3949]

Louis Turner hello from Okanogan county Washington

[@louisturner8842]

Pacific coast piper, I assume being rather remote northern central wa, this recent outbreak has not affected your community yet. Been threw many times myself, I am dual citizen and spend a fair amount of time in BC, CA.

[@pacificcoastpiper3949]

Louis Turner only one person

[@pacificcoastpiper3949]

Louis Turner how fare you ?

[@pacificcoastpiper3949]

Louis Turner I hope you stay healthy and safe. Your Canadian kin too. My best friend is from Alberta

[@soviet_salsa2983]

I am so glad that i failed integrated science freshman year of highschool. If i hadn't failed and been required to do credit recovery i would have never discovered this channel and discovered my interest in chemistry.

[@adamg1058]

6:35 "You've got it, baby. You've got it." Never thought I'd hear that in a chemistry video. 🤣🤣🤣

[@TVIDS123]

Best bit

[@nab-rk4ob]

I absolutely love watching these remade Periodic Table videos. They are priceless.

[@Biela2008]

1:56 "Go-od save the *BANG*.......Queen!" :D :D

[@connieembury1]

A great episode. I learned something and I laughed a lot.

[@mcw0530]

Hey that’s a Connecticut quarter! You slammed my home state!

[@TWX1138]

Well it is basically a suburb of New York City at this point.

[@bornofashes]

I bet he saved that one because it has the best back.

[@adamg1058]

And all I'm thinking is "I'm glad it's not a Rhode Island quarter".

[@glarynth]

I wouldn't have minded seeing an imprint of the Charter Oak.

[@daveg1674]

Yay the Charter Oak!

[@Tendzere]

I really needed this video!

[@kylewhite5688]

Made my morning!

[@daphnefernandez219]

I could watch Periodic videos all day! I can relate to Neil, i am a lab technician and i know what kind of job he has! I have lots of respect for Neil. I take my hat off in Neil's honour!

[@CharmEng89]

"Neil has a selection of indium" "Neil has a selection of hammers" "I'll turn him into indium, a poisonous piece of indium. Then I'll put that piece into a box. And I'll put that box into another box. And I'll mail that box to myself - and when it arrives, I'LL SMASH IT WITH A HAMMER!" Points if you get the reference

[@alexandermathers832]

Emperors new groove ofc

[@ursaferrarius]

I learned a lot about Neil this video... his obsession with smashing things with a hammer, his hording of poisonous metals, and his strong belief in concentrated nitric acid. I pity whoever is left of Neil's enemies.

[@deezyXII]

I can officially say that I have learned something new today 🤷‍♂️

[@QqJcrsStbt]

Every day is a learning day.

[@hotaru8309]

Im very happy to see new content from this channel. Whether it's stories, experiments, or regular Elemental Videos, it tends to quite interesting and entertaining. I like that there's the mix of history and trying out new things. This crew does a solid job onnthis channel.

[@FirstnameLastname-lt6uv]

"And Neil's going to have some real fun." *cut to Neil smashing sample with hammer*

[@MakeItWithCalvin]

Knowing Neil it would be a silent video!

[@grehhet161]

thank you brady and thank you sir Poliakoff. i have loved this channel for years now

[@zacharydenboer5450]

Can we have a video on Neil's hammers?

[@ChillAssTurtle]

Neil's Hammerarium.

[@JonnhyW]

Nice video thx professor! I worked processing indium tin oxide thin films in university and gotta say it is an awesome compound but as professor said, it is no longer sustainable, so now I'm working with SnO2 and ZnO compounds and im still fascinated.

[@cetyl2626]

Alright! A Connecticut quarter! One of my favorites!

[@byronking7266]

Great videos... Clearly, you enjoy your work! Per the supply of indium ( 11:30 etc.), Indium is a byproduct of zinc mining. Sometimes (not always; but enough to matter) found within the mineral sphalerite ( ZnS ). So basically, world primary Indium supply is controlled at the mouth of the mine via zinc production. Mining matters!

[@christopherleubner6633]

Coal fly ash slso has a lot of indium gallium and other useful stuff, but also has a lot of toxic stuff like arsenic mercury thallium etc.

[@siinoevil]

The patriotic music cutting out with the hammer gets me every time 🤣🤣

[@berlinSunRise]

Finally my favourite element! I have been waiting for this video for years!

[@mateuszcielas3362]

can we get tour of this lab or even whole department of chemistry?

[@athingwhichexists]

One of my favorite things about indium is that, since it isn’t toxic, you can chew it like gum

[@cleanerben9636]

People will study the Professor's hair in the future and discover a bizarre cocktail of elements.

[@davidbergmann8948]

🍄🍆🍄🍆🍄

[@bsythdd4754]

That's probably where the prof keeps every element on earth. Shhhh

[@christopherleubner6633]

Indium tin makes a great super low mp solder, pure indium makes awesome high vacuum gaskets that double as electrical feed through. I've also used indium for relatively bright violet fireworks stars, but it was a bit expensive compared with copper strontium mixes. Used to use it for sealing laser mirrors and for a heat sink gasket for high wattage laser diodes.

[@erebasu]

Thanks sir martyn!

[@zenixfire8030]

My Honors project this year is to design an electronic waste (EWaste) recycling plant and one of the steps I'd like to include is the leaching of Indium from screen glass. I read a paper which suggested that both nitric and sulphuric acid allow for greater than 98% recovery of Indium.

[@goncaloaguiar]

Probably the first time I see Neal smiling :)

[@steamer1]

3:00

[@hdrenginedevelopment7507]

SOX low pressure sodium lamps use a indium tin oxide coated outer glass envelope to help retain the infrared to keep the sodium tube hotter and increase the lamp efficiency. Unfortunately, they are no longer manufactured and being phased out these days, but was commonly used in street lighting especially in the UK for years. The glass has a faint greenish tint to it.

[@theblackbaron4119]

May I say, that video was impressive.

[@Cooldudewhotellsamazingjokes]

I read a book from the 1920s that talked about mica in radios. Pure mica was used as a tuner and supplies of it were starting to run out. The book said that it was a problem, but that a replacement would be found. It was found in silicon compounds. Today, radios with tuners of mica are antiques and electronics use silicon to tune radios. I suspect that in the future, a replacement for indium will be found.

[@aussiebloke609]

"...but we can't do plutonium in Neil's lab - yet." What a tantalizing thing to say! :-D

[@Tigerbythetoe]

I’m really enjoying these videos, thank you for all the great content! I took some Chemistry courses back in college and find that even for the lay person with no background, these element videos would be fascinating! The wonder of our natural world is so very very interesting! Thank you.

[@Muck006]

Dont use the hammer directly ... put one of them on the coin and a second person hits the back of that hammer ... a much better way to "direct" the force onto the coin / blob of Indium.

[@xenonram]

What?

[@QqJcrsStbt]

Some hammers should not be hit with hammers, they shatter.

[@MolecularMachine]

Be sure to use rubber mallets, not metal hammers for that.

[@Indium111]

Thanks Professor! I prepare indium in my line of work of over twenty years.

[@rolandlee6898]

Prof: There isnt enough Indium.. Meanwhile Neil: Smashing Indium with a hammer on his desk..

[@technodruid]

I worked in thin film deposition for photonics for 5 years. We used indium to bond our Silicon and Tantalum targets to the stainless steel frames before they could be placed in the deposition chambers

[@SuperFb95]

Please stay safe professor 🙏 maybe stay at home in this period. 💜

[@tallawyerblues]

The Brits are going for "herd immunity" so not social distancing...

[@laurenouellette6592]

I keep coming back to this video... I've watched it so many times and it still makes me laugh every time.

[@AI7KTD]

If we ever run out of Indium, we can just go get some more from India!

[@robertnichols2283]

I saw a video (Styropyro was making another insane laser) just the other day in which Indium was used in attaching an object to a heat sink: a sheet in Indium foil was placed between the object and the heat sink, and the softness of the Indium allowed it conform and fill in all of the micro-irregularities of the surface of each item so as to afford a much better contact, and thus heat transfer, between the heat generating object and the heat sink.

[@rasalghul9403]

Thanks Chemist Einstein

[@hughmungus2691]

I love this channel. So pure and fascinating.

[@omkaravhad5583]

Where to get the wonderful tie like professor?? It's amazing ..

[@CheshireTomcat68]

Ebay is full of them, I just looked.

[@ivx8345]

I love reading the comments on this channel, either learning something new or laughing at funny remarks. Keep it up fellow science-lovers!

[@justinoverholt2038]

Bro George Washington is better than the queen of England

[@johnalexander2039]

Oh man, it is so cool to see you guys still in action. Professor, thank you for your dedication to sharing knowledge. I really enjoy watching you discuss the various elements and the history of them. This is one of my favorite channels :)