Intermediate SQL Tutorial | Inner/Outer Joins | Use Cases

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In today's Intermediate SQL lesson we walk through Joins. Joins allow us to combine several tables, choose columns from each table, and use them in a single output.
All Topics Covered: Joins, Unions, Case Statements, Updating/Deleting Data, Partition By, Data Types, Aliasing, Views, Having Clause, GetDate(), Primary vs Foreign Key
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All opinions or statements in this video are my own and do not reflect the opinion of the company I work for or have ever worked for

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

TimeStamps: Inner Join - 2:08 Outer Join - 4:08 Use Cases - 11:17

[@djfigmasta]

Hi, I want to add more skills in my work. I have a dumb question : "What the pros of SQL VS Excel(Pivot,Table and Query)" I watched many videos and still don't understand what so special about SQL. I personally found its just more coding and Excel it's more "clicking" if I can use that word. Hope you can help me to understand the Pros. Thanks,

[@Soumchak96]

@@djfigmasta Excel is excellent but when it comes to big data or datasets excel may not handle that, now that's the point where SQL edges ahead.

[@NoorAhmed-mf9gn]

Enjoyed the (use cases) so much. Thank you for your hard work

[@mariaseri8352]

Thank you :)

[@indirareddy8384]

i can see that there is some data you inserted in to after basic course

[@cristianburich6828]

If anyone was looking for the new data in this video: Insert into EmployeeDemographics VALUES (1011, 'Ryan', 'Howard', 26, 'Male'), (NULL, 'Holly','Flax', NULL, 'Male'), (1013, 'Darryl', 'Philbin', NULL, 'Male') Insert into EmployeeSalary VALUES (1010, NULL, 47000), (NULL, 'Salesman', 43000)

[@MrGpurse]

Thank you so so so much !!!! I was literally looking at those null's for the first 10 minutes of the video haha

[@TheDefaultgameer]

My Dude!: As I rather copy paste then add in by hand haha

[@souravchavan7730]

@@TheDefaultgameer I would suggest adding them using code. It would be a good revision.

[@fritznanab]

Thanks Mate

[@pedropradocarvalho]

thx friend, u'r a friend

[@delightogwor3350]

was going through an SQL course as part of a certification from a top company, watched the video on join 4 times couldn't understand, came to Alex's free boot camp, and understood in one go. Your my hero

[@RandhawaAdi1995]

I have actually learned way more and remember concepts from your videos than the google certificate.

[@Oluwagbeoyemiga]

Is it a better idea to go through Alex vidoes on SQL before taking Google Cert?

[@RandhawaAdi1995]

@@Oluwagbeoyemiga I honestly felt the Google certificate was an extremely long intro to analytics class. Alex's videoes were straight to the point and way more informative

[@deepakpal3972]

@@RandhawaAdi1995actually yes.. data analyst courses are too long comparing to his video

[@rosevandercapellen6418]

The Google course on joins is not very clear. Thank you for posting this! This helps a lot!

[@diday22034]

This makes me feel better lol. I cannot spend more money at the moment.

[@lizsilva3112]

I cannot thank you enough for taking the time of sharing this with the rest of the world. You are very talented!

[@farhianesar5425]

I was part of a paid bootcamp but I learned and understood the concepts a lot better from your free bootcamp than that paid one. Thanks a lot Alex. Highly appreciate your work.

[@fauzeeyaabubakarsadeeq8735]

I am done with the SQL Basics, moving to the intermediate, thank you so much Alex!

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Woohoo!!

[@freidkholy]

Before you start the video : Insert into EmployeeDemographics VALUES (null,'Holly','Flax',null,null) (1011,'Ryan','Howard',26,'Male'), (1013,'Darryl','Philbin',null,'Male') insert into EmployeeSalary values (1010,null,47000), (null,'Salesman',43000)

[@user-fw3vv4id5z]

Thank you!!

[@celebrityaccess9789]

one of the best tutorial for data analyst on KZbin. Been practicing the tutorial for a while now and figured the names used for the table was from my favorite show "the office". Thanks

[@stevenjacobs2750]

Really love your style with these videos. Using the office as a template for looking at these problems and techniques is such a fantastic way of going about it.

[@alicenmwangi8381]

I know right?

[@nellyp6336]

I tried many ways to understand the joins in a comprehensive way, but Alex was the only one that was properly explain it. Thanks Alex!!

[@mostinho7]

5:00 full outer join joins from both tables (all rows from left table and all rows from right table, even if they don’t have a match in the other table, the columns are filled with nulls) Left outer join: return everything from left table, even when it doesn’t have match in right table, nulls are returned for the columns

[@mariaseri8352]

Hello, im new to SQL , i tried but why there is no null in my table? :(please help

[@Heyda_Marvin]

I've got same issue, have you managed to figure it out maybe?@@mariaseri8352

[@rosinasharon4137]

After struggling to understand joins today I came across this video and it was so simple and straight to the point . Shukran!

[@annessaolmos2582]

@AlexTheAnalyst, I want to take the time and thank you for making and sharing these videos. I am pursuing a degree in Information Systems, and I took a class in SQL, but your tutorial videos are easier to comprehend. I learned more in your short videos than I did in my class. You are amazing!!!!

[@leandroapgpb]

Hi! Im Leandro from Argentina and I have just finished this lesson and please let me tell you that the practical and last part of the video was super clear and usefull. Keep up with the good work!

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Hey Leandro! I'm so glad to hear that! I plan on making quite a few more of these in the near future :)

[@jenineleonen]

I have been using JOINS forever but this is the only time I officially understand it and will be able to explain it to others.

[@OlayinkaOgunlade]

Understanding Joins in SQL has really been a challenge for me and I can say with this video, Its a solution. So exemplifying. Thanks Alex.

[@vendetta2975]

I've just came up after a online class beside that excellent explanation, as being a Office fan you made me smile. 😅

[@polinat9771]

I cannot thank you enough for this simple explanation. I nearly exhausted my resources for JOINs and nobody ever explained well enough for me to understand.

[@VineetL-qc4yf]

The explanation and diagram provided by you has nailed the concept in my brain

[@criscatalan4288]

To whoever thumbs down this video, BLESS YOU AND I HOPE YOU FIND PEACE! Thank you Alex for another wonderful lesson.

[@reynardtcloete6959]

Bro, you explain things PROPERLY. Thank YOU.

[@marinavasileva340]

SOME TROUBLESHOOTING INFO, maybe for someone it will be helpful. Hi Alex! Thank you very much for the courses. The beginners course is great. When I moved on to intermediate I understood that Im stucked a bit. In MySQL for instance FULL OUTER JOIN doesn't work, only LEFT OUTER JOIN or RIGHT OUTER JOIN. Then I got that in this course you use SQL Server Management Studio. For such beginners as me It could be nice to get the information in the beginning, that you use a slightly different version. I managed to install the SQL Server MS. But sadly I can't download the database Parks_and_Recreation into the SQL Server MS. it shows different errors, so there is no posibility to try all commands you use in your video. Maybe you read this comment to help others. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR WHAT YOU ARE DOING! YOU ARE A GREAT MAN!!!

[@cobe2013]

I agree with this comment. Maybe someone in the community can help.

[@marinavasileva340]

@@cobe2013 Hi. So I started with this tutorial: kzbin.info/www/bejne/bqe3dKyeed6FoMk in order to know how to install the SQL Server and create the same table, using the script, as Alex has. It worked.

[@marinavasileva340]

@@cobe2013 there is another guy who explains how to connect to the server, because I had this trouble earlier, I installed the app, but didn't know how to connect to the server: kzbin.info/www/bejne/bau7pXRmgdyiftU. I hope it's helpful.

[@thecew30]

Thank you so much for your videos. I have been following you since November (I think) and you've been a huge part of my career change!! I am starting SQL this week in my data analytics bootcamp and I'm already struggling with JOIN 😓. Your videos are helping a lot! Also, I got a mug from your store, can't wait to receive it and start drinking my morning coffee out of it while coding. Who knows, maybe it will make everything clearer 😂

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

So glad to hear it! And that's super cool! :D I really do use it for my morning coffee haha

[@Holu54]

Thanks Alex for all you do, you're such a good teacher. Cheers

[@mwfuturemvp]

just finished google data analysis certification and im here for more practice, im loving the way you explain things , im feeling more confident

[@MakaVLi-uf1kc]

Hello and congratulations on completing your GDAC. I am also taking the course and on the 5th course which has been a bit difficult which i believe is because of the particular instructor. If you don't mind, can we get in contact somehow so i can learn a thing or two from you and i hope you are also able to learn from as well as i get better. I wish you all the best in your journey.

[@kumihuilu]

Watched the SQL Basics Tutorials and now on this in one day. Learned beter and faster and than in my school! cheers.

[@prakashperam]

It is one of the best tutorials. Crystal clear explanation with use cases.

[@avanthishermila]

Great work Alex.. !! Thank you for this explanation 😊

[@marvhan888]

Your choosing example Tables helps alot to understand the concepts. Great teacher

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Glad to hear that!

[@bluedreamerlife9281]

Very useful tutorials and the idea of the free Bootcamp is really great. I'm just so thankful for that, Alex. Keep up the good work!

[@zambifreak]

Thank you for the easy to learn video. I knew some join basics but you enhanced my knowledge with your thorough explanations!

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Great to hear!

[@joshuaquayson1084]

You explain complex stuffs and make it very simple. Big ups man

[@user-ul2lv7qs7r]

I'm having a hard time to get a good understanding on JOINS. Now I think I'm starting to get there. Thank you Alex!

[@elena7533]

Great video, as a beginner it was actually easy to understand the concept behind each join

[@erikaz6934]

Could you please provide us with the data set so that we are able to follow the steps with you? Thank you in advance!

[@jonathanfawumikayode8429]

Have you followed the videos this step by step?

[@reemazabdull5623]

Thank you! I am not an English speaker and I studied SQL during university, but I understood everything until now from you! Thank you Alex for this effort and for providing this content for free! I hope to use what I am learning in this Bootcamp in my career as a Data Analyst inshallah. And I loved how you gave Dwight a higher salary than The boss Michael. He would be happy if he knew that🤣 شكرًا أليكس

[@palomaraissa8215]

I spent two days trying to undertstand this, for some reason my head couldn't assimilate and i had to replay the video many many times, what helped me the most was to look for gifs explaining visually the join of two tables for each join type. Thanks for the video!

[@merlynmathew3221]

Hey Alex, This is the best video on JOINS that I have come across. Simple yet all covered. Its Amazing !!! You made it so easy to understand !!

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

So glad to hear that!

[@nehuwanamuthuwa8773]

So glad I found this channel helpful stuff ; you da man

[@elhammirzaei9684]

The image for the join part was awesome. Thank you very much for the great content

[@GabrielLoveraVzla]

Really great material regarding Joins from SQL SERVER. Useful

[@kellyluangrath2262]

I’m so glad you explained what was the left and right table. I tried to Google and really couldn’t understand anyone’s explanation. But you made it so simple that I want to laugh at myself for not realizing the diff between left and right before. Thank you Alex

[@FemiDanalyst]

Thank you for this great and informative teaching Alex. I call you my unseen mentor who is constantly showing me the part to greatness. One day, I would make you proud In Nigeria and every household will know your name. THANK YOU BOSS

[@abdullahmirza7606]

Teaching skill level: god You're the best Alex

[@shanh54]

Alex thank you so so much. Im taking tje Google Analytics cert and you explained Joins easier. Plus being able to see the tables better helps.

[@quentinmcteer5993]

Love your videos! However, in the final section here finding the average salary of a salesman you used an inner join which eliminated the salesman salary from the employeesalary table because it didn't have an employee ID. By not including the value (NULL, Salesman, 43000) , it skewed the average salesman salary by only evaluating those salesmen with matching employee ID's from both tables. Value should be 49750 not 52000 and you should have used a FULL OUTER JOIN instead.

[@zacpaolo7845]

Not quite. From a purely SQL standpoint this would make sense but this highlights some bad database design here. No primary key in either table is specified. Employee ID should be the primary key and it should be both unique and not null. If it was the PK, then that entry with a salary and job title without an employee ID would not be there. In a real world scenario this may represent the salary of an employee no longer working at Dunder and would then skew the avg salesman salary by being included.

[@Leopar525]

@@zacpaolo7845 ohhh the burn :D

[@The_DataGuy]

@@zacpaolo7845 In that case do you really think that joining is necessary here, you can just extract the avg salary from the employee salary table directly..

[@rudeboy6285]

Took me a rewatch but I understand it now. Thanks Alex!

[@peacejoshua5249]

LOL didn't know we were working with the office character name til you mentioned Micheal Scott. This just became interesting!

[@shokoofehheidari5345]

You are the best! Thank you very much to share this bootcamp for free

[@gintomino4136]

This is the most helpful tutorial to understand Joins in sql. Very easy to understand the way you explain it. This is gonna help me at work coz I’m a newbie in sql. Thank you for sharing your knowledge!

[@martinlupa8692]

Best SQL tutorials on KZbin. Super clear!

[@romanvasiura6705]

Thank you. Finaly I understand how to use Join(s) 😀

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Wonderful! :D

[@felixpaul9272]

Love the way you use office characters

[@SinistralArcVI]

Haha I’ve been patiently waiting for this. Thanks so much

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Thanks for watching!

[@neonfuschia]

Absolutely excellent explanations. Thank you so much

[@notyouraveragedesi]

Nice and clear instructions! love it

[@kelthekonqrr]

Took the weekend off to practice the basic exercises on Stratascratch, back on for the intermediate ❤ Crazy how stratascratch qualifies Joins/Unions as Easy/Beginner level

[@mubashiraqeel9332]

I am waiting for the advanced part !

[@anthonyd9043]

Thank you Alex! Completed on April 2 2023

[@oussamazaghouani9405]

Sir Alex, First of all, thank you for these tutorials. They're very helpful. For the second use case, I suggest you may use FULL OUTER JOIN instead of INNER JOIN because there's a data from the table EmployeeSalary which is missing in your results (a salesman who has a salary = 43000). Thank you.

[@muhammadadeel6626]

loving your videos, very awesome and informative lessons. learning alot from your videos, make some videos on java

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

I know some Java, but I don't know enough or use it enough to do videos on it to be honest..

[@freesaints]

Fantastic explanation of joins. Thanks!

[@brianyee3736]

This is great stuff! I plan on completing all of your lessons

[@user-up1xc6ds4j]

YOU'RE THE BEST ALEX. THAAANKS.

[@fauzeeyaabubakarsadeeq8735]

I have to go over this again

[@1goldenbutterfly]

Same here!

[@ShinEKMG]

Hi Alex! I am really fortunate to have passed by a tiktok video that promoted your channel as one that offers learning guides in topics relating to data analytics. Being a person who would like to transition to data analytics at 32 years old, I still have doubts with regards to the unknown particularly on the things that still needs to be learnt. I have already finished your Power BI for Beginners and now into SQL. Though I have already finished the Khan Academy lessons on SQL, I found that there are difference in the codes used in SQLServer compared to I think SQLlite in Khan Academy. Like there we used "TEXT" instead of "varchar(50)" and also we use double-quotations instead of single quotations. Your explanation helped me a lot in understanding the concepts of LEFT OUTER JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, RIGHT-OUTER JOIN AND INNER JOIN. There's one thing I am not sure of though. Why was INNER JOIN used on the last example? IS it because we are performing some sort of data cleaning and did not use salary data which does not have an Employee Demographic? Kudos and more power on your channel.

[@Tuuuuusssjjjjjjnrnfnnfnfn]

I'm loving this.. ❤

[@LucasLima-cq2ou]

How do you highlight, cut, paste so quickly? It looks like you're just clicking through your demos. It would be helpful to work more efficiently, "smarter not harder". Thank you for all your amazing, very accessible, and comprehensive work!

[@rondraughon5572]

There are a lot more rows in the tables than there were in the previous video (and an extra table). Do you have a link for that code, so we can insert the values and add the table so we can follow along?

[@sheyvitalismbunkur1949]

If anyone was looking for the new data in this video: Insert into EmployeeDemographics VALUES (1011, 'Ryan', 'Howard', 26, 'Male'), (NULL, 'Holly','Flax', NULL, 'Male'), (1013, 'Darryl', 'Philbin', NULL, 'Male') Insert into EmployeeSalary VALUES (1010, NULL, 47000), (NULL, 'Salesman', 43000)

[@1689JeffChavez]

On my journey through the boot camp... I learned a lot here especially when I got an error "...is invalid in the select list because it is not contained in either an aggregate function or the GROUP BY clause."

[@avnishpatel2469]

To practice create table EmployeeDemographics( EMployeeID int, FirstName nvarchar(50), LastName nvarchar(50), Age int, Gender nvarchar(50) ) create table EmployeeSalary( EmployeeID int, JobTitle nvarchar(50), Salary int ) Insert into EmployeeDemographics VALUES (1001, 'Jim', 'Halpet', 30, 'Male'), (1002, 'Pam','Basley', 30, 'Female'), (1003, 'Dwinght', 'Scchute', 29, 'Male'), (1004, 'Angela', 'Martin', 31, 'Female'), (1005, 'Toby', 'Flenderson', 32, 'Male'), (1006, 'Michaal', 'Scoot', 35, 'Male'), (1007, 'Meredith', 'Palmer', 32, 'Female'), (1008, 'Stanley', 'Hhudson', 38, 'Male'), (1009, 'Kevin', 'Malone', 31, 'Male'), (1011, 'Ryan', 'Howard', 26, 'Male'), (NULL, 'Holly','Flax', NULL, 'Male'), (1013, 'Darryl', 'Philbin', NULL, 'Male') Insert into EmployeeSalary VALUES (1001, 'Salesman', 45000), (1002, 'Receptionist',36000), (1003, 'Salesman', 63000), (1004, 'Accountant', 47000), (1005, 'HR',50000), (1006, 'Religional',65000), (1007, 'Supplier Receptionist', 41000), (1008, 'Salesman',48000), (1009, 'Accountant', 42000), (1010, NULL, 47000), (NULL, 'Salesman', 43000)

[@bumblebeemichelle]

Thank you so much, Alex!

[@skyinvest6087]

Man this is great really, I learned a lot with you and I am ready to learn even more. I am completing a bachelor degree in Finance but I wanted to change that since what I really liked about that field was the modeling aspect, I talked to my brother about that and he told me why don't you switch to data analysis or information system, I searched a lot of content on youtube and this channel is amazing, you're doing a great job, and motivated me to learn more about it being a data analyst and I hope I will make it in the future. Thank you for sharing your experience and your knowledge!!

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Hey Salim! So glad to hear that! Looks like you've watched some other videos as well :D Glad you're enjoying the channel!

[@thebusinessmajor6729]

Fantastic video Alex, the use cases were hilarious

[@witch_busybody]

I learned joins from the Google DA course through Coursera. This video is FAR better explaining it. However, Google's course touched on joins using different fields if you wanted to join 2 tables. Example: Lego Dataset, Star Wars builder sets table and parts table. Neither had the same column for an easy join like your employee demographics and employee salary example. Can you make a video explaining how to join tables with SIMILAR fields but not the same field? Thank you for all the videos you have put out!!

[@kumarrahul4584]

Great stuff Alex !

[@kousikkumarvg5020]

Thanks for ur clearcut explanation

[@HarveySpecterYT]

Thanks . You explained it very well and in simple terms.

[@jennafer3180]

Doesn't the average salesman salary you found at the end exclude the salesman that makes $43k? wouldn't it be easier to find the average without a join and just looking at the EmployeeSalary table?

[@jaberabedin5487]

I just HAD to make this comment - did not expect one of Michael Scott's genius ideas to make an appearance 😂😂My laughing fit probably woke up my roommate. ROFL LMAO Best. SQL Teacher. Ever.!!!

[@danielalcivar6395]

This is really helpful, thanks

[@simozerrik6096]

i think for the second case it's better to use Right Outer join because there is a salesman without an id in en the employeesalary table. thank's a lot for your teachings you are awesome.

[@prithvipradip8467]

Alex! Please do Bring on the advanced tutorials 🙏

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

I already have some out! I'll have more coming out soon!

[@fatenabdulhamid7087]

Thank you so much, your explanation is excellent.

[@dhillonjatt5197]

@AlexTheAnalyst I think in 1st use case, We shouldn't have done "INNER JOIN". Look at the last person in EmployeeSalary Table, which is a salesman and doesn't have employee ID. If this person would have had the highest salary besides Michael, our logic for identifying the individual would prove incorrect.

[@dhillonjatt5197]

Similarly for the 2nd case, we have 4 salesman with 4 different salaries. With inner join, we got only three. Average value is different. By the way, loving your videos and content! Keep it up!

[@Pergel123]

Awesome videos! Are the advanced SQL videos out? I figured it would be out since it's been 8 months but I cant find them for some reason. Really appreciate your videos, they have helped me a ton! Thanks

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

I took a short (or long) hiatus on the other videos, but will be picking those back up and creating those soon!

[@Pergel123]

@@AlexTheAnalyst Good news! Thanks

[@riteshgaihre6277]

Alex the data ANALYST "HERO"

[@jessicabeckford9268]

Love the explanation. I always had a hard time catching the differences between the join tables, your explanation made it very clear to understand. Loved the examples used at the very end of the video on how to utilize the tables to answer real-life problems.

[@the_69_thakur]

Thank you for this Alex! I had one question though. Doesn't LEFT OUTER JOIN simply show the complete left table? Since the overlapping elements are already in the table, isn't it easier to say that the Left Join displays all the first table's contents? If that's not the case, then can I get an example for the same?

[@baotranquoc5957]

hi, great video tutorial !!!! Im currently working in the field of Finance and wonder how much SQL should I learn to be comfortable in the field? I would be so glad to hear from your opinion. Tks for the tutorial anw.

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

Bảo Trần Quốc I think to start go through the my basics guide and practice that until you feel confident in it. That is really the building blocks. The intermediate course is to take you to the next level with some more difficult topics, but the basics are used almost always while the next level topics aren’t always used. Hope that’s helpful! Good luck!

[@aisyahmokhtar4616]

Hi! I have a question for anyone that understands CASE 2, The infos that we need are Jobtitle & Salary, both are in EmployeeSalary Table. so, can someone please explain to me why do we need to use Inner Join since all the the data is already from 1 table itself? i just dont understand why the need to include EmployeeDemographics Table by using Inner Join since there's no data needed from that table for Case 2. Thank you in advance!

[@sergioramos3437]

"Thank you guys so much for JOINing me" I see what you did there

[@AlexTheAnalyst]

lol an unintended yet enjoyable pun

[@edenolise3381]

i was so confused at some point until i realized you had added to your dataset...

[@tanmayshelar2283]

Absolutely amazing content, Alex!! Thank you so very much!

[@sambhabprasad632]

Hey Alex, I would like to know how create these tables with null values so that I can query them myself and understand better.

[@Ian-ie3hy]

In the Boot Camp Playlist... from the previous vid to this one it seems there were surprise additions to the database that were not mentioned and makes it difficult to follow along with the JOIN concepts since previous INSERT commands did not include the tuples necessary for demonstration of this lesson.

[@salarzafar]

Thanks for the great course. I have a question. When you are trying to find the AVG for the Salesman, why are we using inner Join in the first place. All the data we need for the AVG is coming from the EmployeeSalary Table. Couldn't we just AVG out the "Salesman" salary from the EmployeeSalary Table without using an InnerJoin. I might be missing something out here, someone please guide.

[@BARBERSHOPP]

where is the .tar download ?

[@rpstz7346]

Hey Alex, going through the course, its awesome, one question using joins, no matter if its a left join or outer I get the same results as just using join by its self and when I use the Master table, I cant simply use SQLTutorial, it forces me to us this instead [SQLTutorial]? Is there a blog or something I could join to ask these questions too?