Is there hope for JWST and the TRAPPIST-1 planets after all?

[@vextin]

This channel is so refreshing. No sensationalism, no over-simplification... Just genuinely good science communication. Thanks Dr. B!

[@rogerstone3068]

Indeed. Just imagine if the normal TV channels got hold of this - "Journey with us now to the farthest reaches of the universe as top Astrophysicist Dr Becky races against time (burst of wierd music to heighten the tension) to identify possible sources of alien intelligence before THEY can discover US!" They would, too. This is not a joke.

[@platylobiumobtuseangulum1607]

Seconded 100% by me.

[@FireFlyMaxx]

Dr Becky has a wonderful Podcast that is terrific as well. The Super Massive Podcast.

[@TheBarkster]

100%

[@RuralJorah]

She’s the best!

[@afernandesrp]

She’s lucky. My cat would have pushed the camera just to show who is charge.

[@sizanogreen9900]

was this comment authorized by your cat, as would be appropriate?

[@Ylyrra]

This might be one of your best videos yet, you covered so much ground in such clear and visual terms. All the backstory we needed to understand the main story. Thank you.

[@MusicJunky3]

And don't forget a visit from the cats ! (They'll never leave me alone if I don't mention them ...🤕😧)

[@TarnsYT]

Prof. Krissansen-Totton taught one of the classes I took. Its so cool to see his research being talked about.

[@flawedperspective]

I just want to thank Dr. Becky for this channel. It is nice to be able to relax and have her interpret the models so I don't have to. And I love her cat.

[@MrJdsenior]

The Trappist one planets will be happy to hear this, I expect.

[@SolaceEasy]

The response is a few years out...

[@MrJdsenior]

@@SolaceEasy Yes, light years.

[@robertkeyse3078]

Thank you Dr Becky, this is perhaps the best video you made, you are totally engaged and coherent throughout, wonderful to see you at the top of your game.

[@SolaceEasy]

M- Dwarf Stars are worthy of a life suitability study as they dominate the observable local area, and perhaps most galamies.

[@XenoDrake]

... the M key and X key are on opposite sides of the keyboard. Do you watch Thor over at Piratesoftware? >_>

[@simoncove1]

Great stuff - I thought we had no chance with any red dwarves! Things change all the time. What a great career choice!

[@primoroy]

ASTROCAT! I am so happy! 😍

[@PopeLando]

"I want to lie shipwrecked and comatose Sipping fresh mango juice Goldfish shoals nibbling on my toes Fun fun fun In the sun sun sun...." Going through my head every time she mentions the type of star it is.

[@UrsaMajorPrime]

One of my favorite shows.

[@mikeguilmette776]

🎶It's cold outside, no kind of atmosphere . . .🎶

[@Smeghead76]

Why'd you start with the _second_ verse, though?

[@mikeguilmette776]

@@Smeghead76 Because mango juice . . . 😀

[@stephenlitten1789]

@@mikeguilmette776 I think our only hope lies with the king of the potato people

[@worlds_of_calantha]

I’m just glad I found this channel, and am happy to be along for this ride! ❤

[@1d10talert]

quality feline production value every time

[@samuela-aegisdottir]

I love how Dr. Becky explains how te science is done and not only the result. It showes science as an advanturous journey, which it truly is.

[@michaelmalmgren431]

I really like your explanation of the beginning of our solar system. Thank you Dr Becky!

[@fedfraud.protection.servic2557]

Curious. I'm just an amateur, but, does anyone consider that the denser elements in a cloud (Fe, Mg, Ne, O, Na, C(4), etc.) are going to gravitationally collimate to the center of the cloud while the lighter elements are not? The Sun did not coalesce in a Hii region devoid of metals since there are obviously plenty here on Earth 1 au away. Before Sun has enough time to compress H(i) to the point of fusion ignition, clumps of metals are going to coalesce in their own regions (4-5 au away) and form the gas giants of the outer solar system. The Sun is going to suck up all the H(i) and He(i) close to it (within 2-3 au) leaving little to form atmospheres around the rocky cores of planets close in. This is not rocket science 🧪. 🥺😂😂 I would like to hear her own theories on some of these things, but I suppose professional ethics prevents her from this if they differ greatly from the papers she presents.

[@Mr.Agnost]

Thanks for the update Becky ☺️

[@johnsimister7628]

Your videos are excellent, Dr. Becky. You may feel it's not appropriate to discuss your own research: it might seem like showing off. But you're an excellent role-model for girls & women. Some female students may think physics is for men ("you can't be what you can't see"). But by explaining your own successes (rather than just reporting what other people published), you teach girls & women that they, too, can thrive in physics.

[@Jkesler85]

10:10 thank you for including the tiny dot for Pluto!

[@MossyMozart]

Yes! A dwarf planet is _STILL_ a planet!

[@Leyrann]

@@MossyMozart So where are Ceres, Eris and Sedna?

[@timsexton]

You're the best, Dr. Becky! *_TRUST !!_*

[@skyblueo]

My understanding is that the earth still has an atmosphere because the iron in the core rotates and creates the magnetic fields that protect our atmosphere from being eroded away by solar radiation. Mars is not thought to have this protective magnetic shield, and its atmosphere is very thin from the solar wind degrading it. Do we have any idea how strong or weak the magnetic fields are around these exoplanets and how that could protect their atmospheres?

[@joenitwit8164]

Venus has no magnetic field and 100x Earth atmosphere.

[@chadcrotts870]

Always diggin your enthusiasm for the subject and explaining it to us laymen!

[@anthonymarkus6341]

If Trappist-1e have: 1) Moon with ratio of size as big as our Lunar and tidally locked to the planet (so every season will exactly the same length of time) 2) Active dynamo inside planet because of molten core thus create magnetic field that thwart off charged particles from its star 3) Active volcano that exude greenhouse gases that slowly warmed up the planet 4) Have tectonic plates that can rejuvenate the land with natural fertilizer thrown out by volcanic activity 5) Have stratosphere that interact with sulphur ejected by a mega volcanic eruption, create sulphate gas that later reflected star energy out of its atmosphere, essentially ice-aged that planet And yes, Trappist-1e may have a complex lifeforms started billions years ago.

[@Ann-snowshoeingonEnceladus]

19:23 The interesting detail of a solar flare occuring during those observations is one of the many reasons I follow this channel! Thank you Dr. Becky and Team!💖

[@r92871]

Are the videos always this crisp and i just wasn't watching on the correct setting? This video looks very sharp and clear.

[@DrBecky]

Same camera for the past 2 years, so I think that one might be on you haha

[@38josue91]

2:45, that was the perfect setup for a Ground News sponsorship!

[@qwertyuiopgarth]

It would be good to clarify what is meant by 'habitable'. Conditions that allow the emergent properties-rich chemistry that we call life to develop and persevere are only rarely the kind of place where we could 'beam down without special equipment'....and the latter is what a lot of people hear when the word 'habitable' is used.

[@Phrenotopia]

Even if some of the Trappist 1 planets turn out to have thin enough atmospheres, I am not holding my hopes up because of the work by Schwieterman and colleagues that found there must be a HZCL or habitable zone for complex life the excludes M dwarfs. These stars don't produce enough radiation that would break down carbon monoxide limiting the possibility of aerobic life.

[@TarnsYT]

At 4:50 you say the planets are named as you get further away from the star. They are actually named in the order of discovery, which usually coincides with distance from the star due to transit period, however thats not always the case.

[@IJournos]

Love the videos as always, any chance you’ll come back to Bluesky, miss u there 🤗

[@retro-1236]

Love the way you say "sun". Interesting stuff!

[@zzqwx]

LOL. +10:05, Pluto photobombs the planet lineup!

[@plektosgaming]

The stars, IMO, that we should be focusing on are the small G and K type. These seem to be a decent middle-ground versus less stable M types. Unfortunately, most of the very close ones are in binary or trinary systems, which mean that there are few if any planets with/in a possible habitable zone as the stars cause each other to constantly flare. In fact, you can almost universally rule out binary and trinary star systems for a first reasonable search). Of those that are single star systems, 82 G. Eridani is IMO, the most intriguing. It is also kind of in that Small G type / Large K type region as well, and has a confirmed planetary disc.

[@voidagent]

Alpha Mensus is only 10 light-years away, G-type star.

[@jotapauclair3876]

How did the authors of the simulation account for possibility of Trappist planets having magnetic fields. Wouldn’t the presence of a significant magnetic field add some kind of protection from solar radiation stripping the planets atmospheres. Also, what do current theories say about the onset and relative strength of magnetic fields in early planet formation. Of course the amount of iron in planets core with influence that but what if we played with range found in our own solar system.

[@duudsuufd]

I also wondered why they don't talk about magnetic fields on the planets. I guess they have no way to detect it, but why should they exclude it?

[@markhollis5850]

I think there is also something that we may not be able to detect at all from this distance that is required for life on a planet: A magnetosphere. We have found water in abundance on Mars but, since it lacks a complete magnetosphere, its surface is pretty sterile. There may be life, but it is probably underground only. I do not think that we can use a telescope to detect whether or not a planet in another sun’s solar system does or does not have a magnetosphere.

[@MCsCreations]

I can't stop thinking about life around a red dwarf... Less light, so I imagine BIG eyes... If eyes at all!

[@kenbrady119]

Maybe bizarre infrared-detecting antennae. How cool. Wish I had a pair.

[@MCsCreations]

@kenbrady119 I don't think I'd want a pair... But I'd definitely love to see them! 😃

[@ahcapella]

@@kenbrady119 Well, thanks to an enzyme responsible for infrared sight, bullfrogs and salmon manage to see into the infrared spectrum with their _eyes_ …without the need for antennae.

[@therealpbristow]

@@ahcapella That's an ability I'd love to have right now. I bought an infrared lamp, and I can't tell if it's working properly... =:o}

[@ahcapella]

@@therealpbristow Oh, yes…actually, I’m sure it would be _fascinating!_ Being able to take a walk at night and see the glow of animals hiding in the woods, and so forth. …just as long as you could turn it on & off. (Especially OFF before bed!)

[@isaackitone]

Imagine staying on a tidally locked planet revolving around it's star every 8 days. I think that would be weird.

[@ErilynOfAnachronos]

Not if you're born there. Then our planet would be weird.

[@AKNeal81]

You misspelled fascinating 😅

[@Silber7]

If you're on the daylight side, you wouldn’t see any change in the sky anyway?

[@patreekotime4578]

Imagine being on a planet with dizzying movement happening all the time and it getting hot and cold all the time. And sometimes it get hotter hot and sometimes it gets colder cold. And half of the time you cant even see your primary star! Hopefully it comes back! Must be a terribly confusing place to live! No wonder humans have so much anxiety!

[@Alec0124]

@@Silber7 If there isn't an atmosphere I think you may see some stars.

[@davidbrisbane7206]

It may be that planets around red dwarft stars don't support life, but such a star would be a great place for a very advanced civilisation to live as these stars survive a very long time compare to our sun.

[@Valdagast]

These animations and visual fx are amazing. Thank you for putting in the work!

[@DrBecky]

All thanks to my new editor 🥳

[@mbrackeva]

I just had a couple of trappists. Sure brightens up the atmosphere...

[@Rubrickety]

Fooled me with that ad throw, I was all ready to mark Ground News on my bingo card. 😉

[@plafreniere06]

You're just great, continue the good job! I was about to start studying in physics when stuff in life made me quit. And astrophysics may have been my choice. I admire you.

[@masterxyr]

Love coming here to hear hard science as factual as is freshly and timely available! whose landrover lego is that in the back though? :)

[@keenirr5332]

thank you for making this video and sharing it with us.

[@nadiakent4082]

“If you see anyone, including me, say the JWST results of Trappist 1 question it!”. Never thought I’d see the day Dr. Becky channels Tyler Durden. Is there anything left that hasn’t been seen in this world?

[@dukemetzger3784]

I have been hoping for news on the Trappist 1 data from JWST for a long time now, honestly, the sooner the better! lol

[@frankharr9466]

That's good to know. Thank you.

[@DefiantWings]

Great video, as usual. I'm currently writing the third book in a sci-fi series, and much of it takes place on TRAPIST-1e. I've taken some artistic license because...sci-fi. I've envisioned it as a tidally-locked eyeball planet with a human-breathable atmosphere similar to Earth, but with Neon replacing the Argon constituent. A blistering near side and a frozen far side are separated by a temperate terminator zone.

[@jige1225]

Any link to that series ?

[@voidagent]

"The Ark" on the SyFy channel make it to Trappist-1d at the end of the 2nd season. Kind of campy but entertaining. The Earth has been destroyed and the survivors escape in giant interstellar space "arks".

[@DefiantWings]

@ thx. I’ll add it to my watchlist!

[@IuliusPsicofactum]

Life had enough time to evolve there WHEN they had atmospheres and also even go completely extinct BEFORE they lost their atmospheres... :(

[@thedarkknight1971]

I'm looking forward to Dr David Kipping & 'The Cool Worlds Lab' research for JWST search for exomoons 🤔😏👍 😎🇬🇧

[@tinathelasttwenty1249]

Dr Becky 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

[@tuttebelleke]

Named after the best of beers, the atmosphere must be top!!!

[@birgitmelchior8248]

Gij moet een Belg zijn 😂

[@tuttebelleke]

@@birgitmelchior8248 Inderdaad, dat was niet zo moeilijk in te schatten😃.

[@joen0411]

We had bio signatures from Venus that turned out to be inconclusive or just wrong. If no one can give a definitive answer on Venus. How conclusive is the data from exoplanets?

[@edmorris4103]

Super cool. So what if Earth started with this Primary Atmosphere thing? How does that model compare to what we see here?

[@aBoogivogi]

With a 6 day (ish) orbital period there should be plenty of chances to redo this. It should be a fairly high priority if they are not just doing an analysis on the atmosphere, but also pioneering a new novel method. Assuming JWST is the only tool that can do it.

[@charmanr]

If a cat enters a set it is not a blooper, it's a bonus!

[@sylak2112]

She is already not a tiny kitten anymore! That cute big face and those eyes! Came for the science stays for the cat haha

[@Hiddensecret9]

That’s awesome! It must feel rewarding to see a professor’s work being recognized and discussed, especially if you’ve had the chance to learn directly from them. What kind of research does Prof. Krissansen-Totton focus on?

[@cybermat8998]

Lately I've been seeing more scientific papers about stars collapsing and making black holes without going supernova. Here are some examples: "Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243", A. Vigna-Gómez et al, "The disappearance of a massive star marking the birth of a black hole in M31", K. De et al, "The black hole low-mass X-ray binary V404 Cygni is part of a wide triple", K.B. Burdge et al. I'm wondering, whether all black holes are created by direct collapse or maybe there is mass limit and some black holes are indeed created with supernovas?

[@jamesrussell7760]

I should think that another factor to throw in the mix might be whether the planet was tidally locked. Also, a planet having a strong magnetic field would be more resistant to having the atmosphere stripped away by flares from the red dwarf star.

[@Olhado256]

I love these videos so much!

[@YvanHarvey]

That lighting makes your eyes so bright. Ironic that you are talking about stars. As always you explanation and goofiness are making it so interesting. If we had more JWST telescope pointing in different direction, would it make it easier to measure the Universe? And how would it affect measurement if pointed at the same object. Like an array for example.

[@jeffralston1]

What about something equivalent to our solar system's Late Heavy Bombardment adding to these little worlds' atmospheres after the initial blow out by the developing star?

[@Andy_from_de]

Are we actually able to detect planets in systems we are observing from either above or below their ecliptic plane? Planets wouldn't be moving in front of their star in this case, I assume.

[@Habs2802]

As far as I know Mars doenst have an atmosphere (anymore) because it lacks a protective magnetic field (which it could have once). How important is the magnetic field for the Trappist goldy lock planets?

[@armandomercado2248]

Mars lacks the gravity and volatiles to hang on to and replace an atmosphere lost to solar wind. Venus has a huge atmosphere without a magnetic field because of its gravity and active volcanism. Earth is also losing atmosphere even with a magnetic field but can easily replace it.

[@enadegheeghaghe6369]

I believe Mars still has an atmosphere. But it's very thin compared to earth

[@therealpbristow]

@@enadegheeghaghe6369 Mars definitely has an atmosphere. They've successfully flown a tiny robot helicopter around up there (but it needs much bigger rotors than it would need on Earth!)

[@MCsCreations]

As an old and wise man once said, dr. Becky... Sh*t happens. 😬 If we need to wait, we're going to wait. Anyway, stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

[@Alondro77]

Well, the new mass measurements of Trappist-e, -f, and -g kinda mean they must contain a significant amount of volatiles, and they're far too warm for it to be any other volatiles than CO2, water, and/or nitrogen. Even if the original atmospheres were stripped when the star was active, the formation models suggest these outer planets in the system would have formed with HUGE amounts of water and other volatiles. In fact, it might be crucial that some of this gets stripped away so that most of them don't end up with runaway greenhouse steam atmospheres. It's hard to compare this to our system, because these planets are all roughly Earth-sized, and we only have two such planets as examples: Venus and Earth. Both have atmospheres. Venus, despite being closer to the Sun, has a vastly denser atmosphere of CO2. CO2 doesn't ionize as easily. It's not as subject to photodissociation. Earth-like planets closer to their stars, so long as they don't end up in the 'scorching' zone too close to the star, where the sheer heat will puff out the atmosphere and increase solar stripping until it's gone and very likely to have very thick CO2-rich atmospheres. Trappist-b is a perfect example. Any trace of an atmosphere it has is generated by volcanism before being roasted off. Trppist-b is also likely very like Jupiter's moon Io, subject to immense gravitational tugging from the tightness of the planetary system. Trappist-c is likely similar, losing its atmosphere a bit more slowly slowly, but has a significant remnant left, possibly replenished quickly enough by volcanism. You can't compare Mercury, because it's too tiny. It's gravitational field is a small fraction of Earth's, so naturally it's easy for the solar wind to rip all the atmosphere away.

[@marcusdirk]

"Let's imagine Trappist 1e formed with something similar to what Earth has now." We don't think Earth formed with an atmosphere anything like what it has now: it took many different events, including the development of life, to produce our current atmosphere. Is there any reason to think Trappist 1e might have formed that way?

[@nutsandy7183]

What is it with intelligent northerners and space? Your passion and enthusiasm is brilliant and im amazed that a thicky like me understood everything! You're clearly a great educator. Also, your cats are so cute! I do love how when a Red Dwarf is mentioned, the RD possee come out quoting in full force! "Dwayne Dibley?!?!?"

[@DrReverendJ]

One thing you had made my chemistry teacher eye twitch was when you showed the graphic of the NASA spectrogram they had H20 and not H2O.

[@esaelle01]

I would recommend putting different music and all throughout the video. More cinematic, like Interstellar, sunshine etc. So that the music complements the topic which is astronomy.

[@theorixlux]

Love the little animations

[@chalesnu]

Is there a link to a the figure 1 from Gaudi et al. (2021)? How about the data behind it?

[@DrBecky]

Yep, that paper is linked in the description. Data sources will be listed in the paper.

[@rogerstone3068]

Does using the transit method to detect exo-planets mean that we can only detect them if we are in line with the plane of rotation of the system? Presumably this can only be a few degrees out of the 360?

[@voidagent]

Yes, the view has to be edge-on. It also only works for gas giants. A small rocky world wouldn't block enough light to register. The other thing going on is there is a long waiting list for every major telescope and there aren't any large telescopes that can view a single target for something like an Earth-year to happen to catch it transiting the star.

[@mashallah4907]

Slight correction: the letters for planets like b, c, d, e, etc. aren't just assigned in order of distance from the star. They are assigned in order of discovery, and if they were discovered at the same time (as in, in the same announcement/publication), then the distance from the star is the tie-breaker. In a lot of star systems, all the planets were discovered at the same time, and so it seems like they are just named in order of distance from the star, but this isn't always the case.

[@VidskiF20]

They're ordered in terms of distance first, as stated in the video. In the rare case they discover another planet at a later date, they will deviate from this rule as they're not exactly going to rename a planet that's already been named. I can understand why you'd think that though 👍

[@fedfraud.protection.servic2557]

​@@VidskiF20Perhaps they should be ordered by discovery. If discovered through parallax or z variance the heavier planets will likely be discovered first and if solar system is the standard model they will not be the closest in. This will create the situation where planet designation will be constantly changing as newer and closer planets are discovered later causing constant updating of planet designations. Doesn't seem like a very stable system.

[@davidashby1850]

Do these models take into account any magnetosphere these planets may have. Or the protection any magnetic field would give an atmosphere on these planets? Is it the case that an iron core spinning faster creates stronger magnetic fields. Would the core be spinning faster to start with and slow due to friction?

[@Gunni1972]

Dark horses confirmed in the trappist system🥳 Now if we could harness these X-rays and turn them into usable energy. It might support an A.I.

[@ahcapella]

I consulted Mr. Internet, and an AI thingy said, “Solar cells that can convert X-rays into electricity are often referred to as ‘X-ray photodetectors’ and are currently being researched using materials like perovskites, which can absorb high-energy radiation like X-rays and generate an electrical current, similar to how they convert visible light in traditional solar cells.” Maybe the Trappistian scientists are way ahead of us, lol.

[@PhilRable]

What would the light that hit the planet surface (in the habitable zone) look like? Would it be darker than our light, would it be coloured? I guess that would have a huge influence on the evolution of life on these planets.

[@Novarcharesk]

‘Goldilocks zone’ refers to liquid water, not just ‘life’. And even then, that ignores the requirement for atmospheric pressure to maintain the liquidity of the water.

[@hyperhybrid7230]

Each planet goes through a cycle or stage, considering earth hot volcanic, then cooling stage and water. From a chemical structure to bio organic life ? How many are out there is fascinating.

[@richardschorel6578]

Dr Becky super Cape,be so precious to hug

[@Zbezt]

And alot of radiowaves to harness beautiful

[@doublepinger]

We should be looking for near-miss systems. Allen water seems the necessary ingredient for good atmosphere formation

[@doublepinger]

Also, sun metal poisoning

[@artemkras]

Spinning pizza dough above my head... Yeah, I totally do this every day.

[@johntailby74]

If gas giants firm in the outer system and then migrate inwards why didn’t that happen in our solar system? I remember some theories suggesting our gas giants formed close to the sun and moved outwards? I think many of the planets in our system orbit in 3:2 harmonics. Does this hold true in other systems? Could it provide a guide to the location of other exoplanets?

[@ElitePhotobox]

Then there are Comet collisions, and You have to take a look at planets that have a large Moon as it will help to generate an Atmosphere, if You think about Venus its Atmosphere is being blown away and earth absorbs it, and the Earths is also being slowly blown away !

[@Bob_just_Bob]

For us on Earth our distance from our Sun gives us a view of it as a relatively small burning ball in the sky. I mean it only spans about a half of a degree in the sky. Given the Proximity of the Trappist-1 planets to their Sun Trappist-1, what would the view of their sky look like? Would the star take up the entire day sky?

[@djchristian82]

So trappist-e if does have life in some form might have dark almost black forests or black moss?

[@amelioravictoriadionyssia3323]

My hope is that the Trappist planets are actually inhabited by cheese and wine-making Trappist Monks and that also i can go there and eat their space cheese and drink their space wine

[@johnnamorton6744]

Even if we find water and oxygen atmosphere around Trapist one, It would take 1000's of years to send a probe there... by the time we have any data from the probe (if we get data at all) we probably would be able to send a manned mission there much faster.

[@christophercampbell7295]

Am I the only one that almost choked when she said "Hot Jupiters"? I have no idea why but that just sounds dirty in the funniest way. XXXtronomy. Maybe it's just me.

[@SteveIgnat]

On your final thought: Time only matters to those on a deadline.

[@Erevos85]

Something I've been wondering: A planet gets its atmosphere stripped from its star. A portion of that stripped atmosphere won't get caught by the planets that are next in line?

[@charlottesimonin2551]

What happens with the rate of rotation of planets orbiting close to a star in a complex system?

[@kiltedjohn1000]

If a Planet is found to have life would they change its name from a kelper9b675 to something like Anura Cassius or Jahoo?

[@frankshailes3205]

Red dwarfs tend to be older, not younger, than the Sun. Also, if planets are receiving less heat, they're generally receiving less radiation, period.

[@randar1969]

Just wondering since space dust clouds making stars and planets have different elements in them in what way that could influene planetary evolution different from the solar system since obvious most of our models we have are based upon the only sample we could study for most of astronomical history.

[@joyl7842]

Imagine if we discover life on the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn. We're going to need a whole new space telescope looking for exomoons.

[@craigmacdougal9111]

When I'm in the back yard with my telescope, my cat likes to lie down leaning against the telescope mount. That's OK until he decides it's time for a full-body grooming session. 🙂

[@tiago.alegria.315]

Thanks for sharing

[@kmiller0402]

How can we really know if a distant group of planets, circling a star, dice roll on the atmosphere, how close is it to 9.8 m/s^2, possibly have an foreign type of radiation. As above, so below. ❤