Is this the BEST Voltage Converter? Trying to build a Synchronous Converter!

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In this video I will be showing you how I created a synchronous buck converter. Such a synchronous design comes with one big advantage and that is a better efficiency. Datasheets claim an efficiency of 95% and above which I wanted to confirm by myself. That is why I will not only show you how a normal buck converter functions, but also how to transform it into a synchronous buck converter. Let's get started!
Useful websites which were shown/mentioned in the video:
www.we-online.com/web/en/inde...
www.ti.com/seclit/ug/slyu036/...
www.maximintegrated.com/en/de...
techweb.rohm.com/knowledge/ac...
www.monolithicpower.com/en/th...
www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/to...
www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lmq...
www.ti.com/lit/an/snva038b/sn...
fscdn.rohm.com/en/products/da...
www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm6...
Thanks to JLCPCB for sponsoring this video.
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Music:
2011 Lookalike by Bartlebeats
0:00 Why a "Synchronous" Voltage Converter?
1:15 Intro
1:54 Buck Converter Theory
4:09 DIY Buck Converter
5:25 Improving The Buck Converter (Synchronous Design Theory)
6:59 DIY Synchronous Buck Converter
8:16 DCM Problem with the Synchronous Design
9:40 Power/Efficiency Tests

[@generalzugs6017]

That: "Stay creative, and I will see you next time!" goes crazier every time. I love it!

[@greatscottlab]

😁

[@jojo-fp1zv]

Haha yeah

[@1DR31N]

Keep it, otherwise I'm gonna miss it.

[@my6914]

so am i

[@dannycoria1995]

Really interesting project. I am doing a PhD on power electronics and I have previously studied how to improve buck converters. There is a topology called "active clamp ZVS buck Converter" that besides using synchronous rectification with mosfets allows to have ZVS in the switching of the mosfets, which greatly reduces the switching losses. In addition, due to its behavior, it allows placing several modules in parallel to increase the total power without additional control, since it distributes the current automatically.

[@paugasolina5048]

noone cares no lifer

[@taton5]

Electronics aren’t real dude

[@nickdaves3467]

that's awesome! Would be great to read the research you write about this.

[@sabrysm]

Interesting

[@bryanakers9354]

@@paugasolina5048 its funny you call someone a no lifer when you are on this thread chugging haterade. Must just be self reflecting or something. At least his post relates to the video.

[@markday3145]

FYI, many STM32 MCUs have a PWM mode with complimentary outputs and dead state insertion -- specifically for switched mode power supplies and brushless DC motors. I didn't really understand the connection until watching this video. Thanks!

[@batugunduz3950]

Ooooh makes a lot of sense! I always wondered why every timer had 2 output pins

[@PerchEagle]

If you and Batu Gunduz meaning the 2 output units for each timer then the ATmega328p has the same scheme.

[@markday3145]

@@PerchEagle If I understand correctly, the STM32 can generate the complimentary outputs using a single output compare channel (the 328P seems to need two, with the same compare value, but opposite output polarity). Also, the STM32 can insert dead time (neither output enabled) automatically. I think the 328P would need two timers with different TOP/BOTTOM values (or just different initial counter values?) to produce dead time.

[@PerchEagle]

@@markday3145 ok, let me check the stm32 datasheet for this point.

[@felipeyoshino6951]

Yes, you do. For example, the STM32G474RE available on evaluation kits has a peripheral called HRTIM. A timer capable of generate a pwm with 4GHz clock. It has multiple outputs and features that makes a synchronous buck converter easy to implement. There's also some APIs sponsored by a ST's partner called BIRICHA with professional tools used for design a 2p2z digital controller using this peripheral. Yes, z transforms and transfer functions simulated and measured all in the ecosystem. Have fun.

[@AVNGwebdev]

Your videos refreshed my 4 years of Electronic study in 2 hours. Thank you very much

[@omniyambot9876]

Great scott, sir. I know it's less likely that you read this. But I love how much clearer you explain everything steps/components now. When I was first year hs, I can't understand a thing in your videos, it's full of maths and very fast. It's just great to look at but nothing to learn from. Only your same level could understand. But since they are your same level, they couldn't also learn anything. Now that I'm getting college that I understand those videos, but still they are very fast and unclear functions of components. Now you are very much more interactive. Much more clear in explaination. And much longer videos but still direct and great written videos. I actually learn many things now. Thank you so much!

[@aks8403]

Your explanations are getting even better! I am amazed

[@cvspvr]

man, i love the drawings that you do. they're so... precise

[@trishanustech281]

I dont have a more new ideas for you but I can totally say that ur are the most detailed videos I have ever seen. I keep trying to learn from ur videos.. thx for encouraging everyone.

[@farizfadillah7557]

Sounds like How your GPUs/VGAs' Chipset and VRAM module voltage are supplied. A mosfet driver, Low and High Side Mosfets, A Capacitor, and an inductor/Coil. Interesting!

[@BRUXXUS]

Oh, you're right!

[@farizfadillah7557]

@@maxhouseman3129 yeah, i saw modern GPUs like 20 series use some kind integrated mosfet-driver because tons of Vcore phases they use and they don't use much space like older GPUs.

[@alouisschafer7212]

Yeh most efficient way to convert power. There are powerstages that reach like 95% efficiency under normal operation.

[@alouisschafer7212]

@@farizfadillah7557 they call those powerstages. Crazy beefy chips. One of them can easily suppy 20-30 amps without overheating and the high end ones rated for very high currents can push 50 amps. If a GPU pulls 300W at roughly 1V you have 300 amps going trough the VRM. The VRMs on modern GPUs are really the most advanced dc to dc converters out there. They convert 12V to something as low as a single volt while retaining 90+ percent efficient and delivering a few hundred watts.

[@hakimyusuf5370]

I will say this too. But you already say it

[@QuanrumPresence]

Thank you! Really love power supply projects, explains the basics very well.

[@greatscottlab]

Glad it was helpful!

[@daveb7999]

Thanks Scott! Now I'm 'very glad' I picked a 'Synchronous Converter' for supplying my 150W pure sine inverter with the correct voltage when using two of my EGO (56VDC) batteries ... Makes for a nice, small, emergency backup and camping power unit. 10AH@56V ... 560WH. 5VDC, 12VDC and 120VAC as needed.🙂 Nice job on making one!

[@RicardoPenders]

Very good information on the synchronous rectifier part, it helped me to understand how it works a little bit better. Thanks for sharing.

[@trumpeteerTralala]

I love all your videos. Thanks so much for doing these!

[@juhasaario5446]

Your calming tone and drawing prowess is Bob Ross lvl. And that is rare.

[@96Lauriz]

I love that GreatScott finally uses ferrules in his projects! Upgrade due to last video :D

[@j--xe3ke]

Nothing special to do on a sunday evening: new video from GreatScott! ❤️

[@power-max]

Also a neat observation you might like, if you look at the generalized/abstract schematics for buck and boost converters (using switch symbols instead of practical implementations, you will see that they are in fact the same. Just the port where power input and output are flipped around. You can make a buck converter, feed the voltage into the output, and use the input of the buck converter as the output to turn it into a boost converter! This does not take into account any practical aspects of the controller or MOSFET drive but it should be possible!

[@VladGoro25]

Scott, this is one of the best videos about DC-DC converters i've seen!!! Such a good explanation with graphs and examples. I Appreciate your great work put in this video! Will be interested in next topic: efficient BOOST converters and are they possible?

[@yashrajshinde1085]

I am following this channel for long time but first time I saw the GreatScott!

[@madytinjorj]

After adding a feedback system. I hope you can go forward and talk about isolated dc to dc converters. The bridge configurations. Zvs. Zcs and phase shifted pwm are very interesting topics and I would love to see what you come up with as a real circuit because I could only get the design due to lack of a workshop of any sort. But yes please a feedback system first. You have a way of making these topics simple to understand to start out

[@MrJugsstein]

Relay like you explanations and the written diagrams you do that go with them. I'm out of the mechanical space and you make this so clear Tks Will

[@greatscottlab]

Glad to help

[@avejst]

Great video as always 👍😀 One little trick when soldering SMDs: put the required amount of tin on the pad, and 'cut it off with the solding-tip' and then drive it with solding tip to both the pad and the compont-lead. It is faster this way, and you have more control of the amount of solder on the compont/pad. And do the same on the first pad too. You can adjust the amount of tin, by cutting the length of the tin, or using a thinner tin on SMD😀 Thanks for sharing your great walkthrough of the electronic wonders of the world 👍😀

[@innomkr]

Another great video from Great Scott!

[@greatscottlab]

Glad you enjoyed it

[@nerdsmith_uk]

Thanks for explaining! I've done a few integrated buck conversion designs in my circuits, and I'm really only familiar with the diode type topology, that explanation opened my eyes

[@greatscottlab]

Glad it was helpful!

[@t.nitheesh5898]

Wanted few of this. 🙏 Nice video bro learnt many.

[@nithishwarm880]

U are the best electronics youtube i have ever seen. learnt alot , i really have an intrest in electronic components, like i open every electronic devices that are not in use and extract pcb. after i complete my high school in 5 months i am gonna do Electronics and Communication Engineering(ECE), then after than i want to build, invent, create things that can potentially change our lives ;)

[@kriskizlyk]

Beautiful design!

[@jlucasound]

Wow. Just Wow. The signal on your Silly Scope is fascinating! And it is not what you wanted? Oh, man! It is so colorful! BTW, Merry Christmas and Happy New Year, Everyone! One Day I will get it, Scott. With your help. Thanks!

[@reedsebastiyan3808]

Wew, thats pretty high efficiency. Im amazed. Great video 😊👍

[@greatscottlab]

Thanks for watching!

[@jafinch78]

Awesome SMPS chart. Love the quantitative data charts with graphical (schematic) information condensed well. About all I can see is having some scope graphs to further enhance. :-) Great information and details as always, thanks for sharing!

[@jafinch78]

Neglect-able = Negligible?

[@greatscottlab]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@cjonam]

Where can we download the chart?

www.kynixsemiconductor.com/upload/image/20180523/SMPSChart_20180523.pdf

[@acenio654]

Always looking for higher efficiency. This video is great, Scott.

[@greatscottlab]

Glad it was helpful!

[@josefonseca9178]

Thank you for that amazing chart btw!

[@greatscottlab]

No problem!

[@ranger175a2w]

Thanks from Texas Scott.

[@user-gr5qb2iv8w]

Great video,Scott.hello from Belarus

[@DanielsGameVault]

7:32....oh right, I've seen that setup before in laptop power supplies, but never really understood how they worked without a diode - this makes sense now. They're also susceptible to killing the load if the top FET shorts and sends VCC to the load directly.....

[@hulkgqnissanpatrol6121]

I'm self taught and when I seen your soldering it just made me smile 😆😁

[@UpinkProduction]

I love it good Keep uploading videos like this 👍

[@edvardfranke]

Mega gut! Danke für den tollen Content

[@greatscottlab]

Gerne :-)

[@acestudioscouk-Ace-G0ACE]

I love these videos, I learn so much.

[@fransmurati2370]

What I enjoyed the most, was the fact that you thought off and catered for the "new to electronics audience" thank you for it and akthough this is is a bit afvanced for me at this stage, I will definately tune back into this video.

[@pauljackson2126]

Damn that's some great efficiency numbers I saw today from a DC to Dc converters. Yesterday in my viva, I was asked what can be the efficiency of a DC to DC Buck Converter and books said about 80%. I think this can improve power draw of many project that are about portability. Great Video as always!

[@greatscottlab]

Thanks mate :-)

[@JjMn1000]

Ok

[@LightningHelix101]

Efficiency is largely a function of size, load, and conversion factor. If you can make a switching converter larger, you can use a lower loss inductor. If the load is lower than all the magnetic and conduction losses are lower, and if the conversion is a small step than the converter can act more like a wire.

[@power-max]

Oh yeah these days you can quite easily build DC converters that operated well above 90%. The part that is hard is when you need to balance other design aspects such as size, cost, EMI, and if you want high efficiency at a specific operating point versus across a wide range of input and output voltage and current range.

[@rubabmubarrat]

well explained, Mr. Scott

[@nickwallette6201]

Great series! I would really love to see how to implement an isolated switching converter. The magnetics can be a bit intimidating.

[@xslr]

Great video as always. I’d love to see you explain an isolated dc-dc topology.

[@NeedleBender785]

This is awesome timing. I am actually building this same circuit this week, except for the controller I am using a UC3843 IC and with either type II compensation network around it for current mode control. I am building this circuit primarily to test my new Picoscope 5444D and it’s frequency response analyzer tool to actually plot the bode plot and measure phase margin.

[@youneshamache3314]

I was just about to build my synchronous buck converter, but after watching your video i think i'd have to make some adjustements like adding some decoupling capacitors and diodes to discharge mosfet's gate capacitor ! Your videos are always GREAT Scott thanks !

[@youneshamache3314]

Btw adding a proper heatsink will for sure increase the effeciency as it will dessipate heat off of the mosfets !

[@memejeff]

awesome video. I was building a boost converter a few days ago and actually wondered how to avoid the power loss from the diode.

[@MCsCreations]

Pretty interesting project! Fantastic work, dude! 😃 I don't know why, but I never had much luck with step up converters... Go figure. But step downs always worked flawlessly! Anyway, stay safe and creative there! 🖖😊

[@ardhifarhan4821]

another great video, as always

[@nithishvg8699]

Really helpful video, my final year project is based on this synchronous converter this video made me feel good as I was losing hope In my project thanks sir

[@Leroys_Stuff]

A bad day in electronics nothing happens a good day works as expected, an epic day the smoke comes out of Fred. Great video as always.

[@jimmy_jamesjams_a_lot4171]

Years ago, a very determined man by the name of Walt Jung was on the rampage to innovate a voltage regulator that could do its job and handle higher currents that’s the typical 0.8 amps that we are familiar with. He wrote some great articles and he produced some schematics that are just as valuable!! I suggest that you would be interested in playing with his designs, or else looking at them if you already haven’t. I believe you would probably take away much more meaning and valuable info than I did. Thanks for sharing again!!

[@edwardfletcher7790]

You explained this so clearly that even a theory dunderhead like me understood it ! Thank you 👍

[@jackwilliams2010]

What a treasure. Great video!

[@TheParamotorGuy]

Very nice tutorial about synchronous vs asynchronous switching power supplies.

[@greatscottlab]

Glad you liked it!

[@amrishhirani6096]

Good video Thanks 👍 Happy Diwali

[@allthegearnoidea6752]

Great video and interesting thanks for sharing. The black art of switch mode power supplies. Back in the day we had a lot of small explosions.

[@kwinzman]

How to increase the efficiency of most circuits 101: Replace bipolar transistor with a FET and some complicated logic that emulates the bipolar.

[@rusle]

Know the strength and weakness of the different technologies and select accordingly. Easy to say but development can be quite fast so the correct answer might change. Bipolar transistors might be the best choice sometimes and got it strengths.

[@power-max]

I recommend using a bootstrap IC driver for your MOSFETs, particularly where you have a high-side FET. I like the IRS2186 but the stupid thing is out of stock because of the silicon shortage. You could make your own but the tricky bit is how to control a high side driver with low-side logic. Internally these ICs might use an optocoupler (at the cost of propagation delay), others use a high voltage emitter follower (also limited in propagation and bandwidth due to miller effects). The fastest ones appear to use a transformer akin to a GDT or capacitive coupling into the inputs of a SR latch on the high side. It might make a good video topic!

[@Vilvaran]

A mechanism I'm experimenting with involves a flyback with two feedbacks... One for the switcher, one for the Ideal Diode - I mean Synchronous Switch

[@69iqtutorial]

Gotta stick to these as well :) Great video !

[@greatscottlab]

Thanks :-)

[@nithikasandinu5843]

I am looking forward to learn how to add feedback system for this supper simple converter. That would be perfect. 👍

[@greatscottlab]

Fingers crossed!

[@juanmontes8905]

I think a tl431 could be a good and cheap option, but I'm not sure if it will oscillate by itself

[@LightningHelix101]

@@juanmontes8905 How would you use the reference as a controller? Yeah, if you don’t compensate the Buck it will oscillate depending on the ESR of the inductor and output capacitor.

[@dedamarsovac]

I'm voting for a software-implemented feedback loop here. Much more cool. Much more hackable. Much more programmable. In fact, if he solders just another halfbridge module, he can get a complete pure sinewave DC-AC with just a software mod :D Or just a multichannel DC supply that can both charge and discharge a battery :)

[@juanmontes8905]

@@dedamarsovac the Rp2040 can be a good option, but you will need a independent power supply for the uc

[@electrorush7754]

Like this video, nice work GS.

[@greatscottlab]

Glad you enjoyed

[@savedwretch]

Ok i get :D Great Scott! is what Doc always says in "Back to the Future" ...nice ! :D

[@MacEvoyING]

Nicely done! Thanks for your videos! ;)

[@greatscottlab]

Glad you like them!

[@erangaranasinghe8800]

A good research. love it

[@AitoLaikoSamoMoaCawfy]

He really puts a lot of effort in vids

[@greatscottlab]

Thank you :-)

[@relvintageelectro2425]

Very nice explanation sir from phillipines

[@HouseDadLife]

In terms of electrical, you are on a whole other level, I was left in the dust.

[@allezvenga7617]

Thanks for your sharing

[@nortenhardenberg1598]

Next level explanation.

[@pastahajianpour5607]

I wish you talked about ground bounce too, at least a bit. It's quite an important thing when it comes to making compliant products that have switchmode converters. Great video though!

[@greatscottlab]

I can put the topic on my to do list :-)

[@wernerviehhauser94]

@@greatscottlab Please do. Ground bounce is a real pain in the ass - especially in mixed-signal designs.

[@David_11111]

yay .. new favourite channel :)

[@JjMn1000]

Super cool!

[@lohikarhu734]

Sometimes, the AC resistance of the inductor can be a tricky bit, as, at short duty cycles, the apparent frequency content of the inductor current can be high enough to cause several % loss. And, of course, PCB layout can affect performance due to parasitics that reduce switching performance ....and so on, as I'm almost sicher that you know. Nice video. BTW, the ripple frequency and amplitude when in DCM, lets you do some calculations of parasitic capacitance and ACR. "Left as a proof by the student" ;-)

[@rahuljathar4430]

Cheers🍷

[@danieldusentrieb4082]

Yea

[@greatscottlab]

Those are all the fine details. Maybe one day I can get to such detailed topics :-)

[@ablebaker99]

About the inductor, I tried some experiments with switch mode chips, and found I could not just wing it with the inductor. I had some ferrite toroids and wound them up. The uH was good but if you have the wrong core material - not so good. So anyone attempting this sort of project, look into the recommended toroid for the circuit.

[@JoelLandivar]

Dude, how can I get to know so much? Any books you would recommend on power electronics or courses?

[@allenh.7373]

A left handed engineer is a dangerous weapon indeed! Left handed people think differently and are typically more holistic thinkers and creative types. This is a generalization of course, but left handed people tend to be more creative and not have the tendency of falling into STEM fields. So when we see a left handed engineer, it is truly something special because they bring a unique and different approach to problem solving. Again, this is a generalization but there is something to it. I have a friend who is a great programmer and who is also left handed. He always has a different and unique way of approaching problem solving that is different but also efficient and elegant. I really enjoyed this video!

[@moonmatthew]

Nice, another video. But im still waiting for The 3d printer diy or buy :D, but keep up The great work!

[@greatscottlab]

Maybe one day!

[@moonmatthew]

@@greatscottlab I still hope :D

[@androiduberalles]

That's easy. Diy if you want the most bang for the buck, buy if you want it to just work. Diy requires a bunch of trial and error to get everything working good. Plus, you have to be extremely comfortable with tearing a lot of stuff apart if you get a clog/jam, etc. That goes for both diy and buy though. For context, I built a modified version of the HevORT for about $600-$700. There's nothing even close to how good and fast it is if you wanted to buy something at the same price.

[@moonmatthew]

@@androiduberalles thats true

[@ShahZahid]

@@androiduberalles not exactly the kind of budget 3d printers u can buy theses, days totally defeat the purpose of diy-ing a budget one, but for larger or complex printers diy-ing makes a lot of sense, imo just but a decent printer like the ender 3 and then u can diy a very decent 3d printer cuz u can easily print most of the parts

[@user-ii6vb8ho8p]

So much great explain Thanks for this video

[@jlucasound]

Oh. PS. Love the visual (drawings) on the schematics. You are a great (Scott) teacher..uh, Scott. ;-)

[@DoctorX17]

Those purple PCBs are always so pretty

[@etch_lime]

Ya just took electronics in bifocal in 11th and your videos help me in the electronics

[@electronic7979]

Excellent 👏👏

[@kayzrx8]

awesome video

[@khyarularham2855]

FET Gate Driver chip always save the day 😁. Happened to me while designing MPPT based interleaved buck converter

[@PeregrineBF]

It'd be interesting to see a basic buck converter topology with an "ideal diode" (MOSFET + Current Mirror) in place of the normal diode.

[@ammoniahuffers]

Hello Scott! Can you make a video about how GFCI (or RCCB) circuit breakers work? Also thanks for the super great video! I watch the entirety of it! HAPPY HALLOWEEN GREAT SCOTT! ALMOST FORGET ABOUT THIS! I also try to build your flickering light bulb from your old video!

[@prathamkalgutkar7538]

Well he does have a video on RCCB, but it's not like teardown style tho... :( kzbin.info/www/bejne/eojWh6mamZ2EgJY

[@bruno-qk8od]

As Always, amazing video6

[@tuttik]

Vielen Dank für die bereitgestellten Informationen, ich werde etwas Ähnliches machen

[@psmbclass]

Nice video thanks

[@Kuro-ik3qn]

Thanks, doc.

[@Drxxx]

Cool video, super channel! I like it

[@greatscottlab]

Thank you very much!

[@sir.burbonburg7008]

Your older intro music is still the best, it was timeless

[@PhG1961]

Great video from GreatScott, what else... ?!

[@zoegingrich5273]

I would be very interested if you could talk about synchronous Boost Converter design... Especially with variable load and/or output voltage... Not sure if that's outside your scope but I love the way you explain things

[@rashidak7821]

Good video bro I am from Kerala India 🇮🇳 I waiting for next video 🙏

[@greatscottlab]

Thanks :-)

[@melplishka5978]

Nice. Pretty good.

[@moiplov]

Next stop is LLC! Thank you for the video!

[@plemli]

Yes, we'd like to see him suffer.

[@greatscottlab]

Thanks for watching!

[@jlucasound]

Let's Get Started and I Will See You NEXT Time! (I so love that; You are awesome, Scott). :-) YES! I am Learning. I just wish you were my teacher, when I was in school...in the 1970's. I really have learned a lot from you. I only watch quality videos about electronics. Also, in my day, even teachers didn't know the future. They could speculate but the technology was just not there yet. Now that I am old, am trying to catch up but...I can make an LED ring light up in a spectacular manner, with arduino and that is cool. I am learning about Mosfets, too. Hard to believe I built all the iRobot B21R and CoWorker Robots. I didn't design them, I just built them (I designed much of the wiring in the B21R). Anyway. Thank You, Scott. You are so good. (And I worked with MANY awesome MIT Grads!)

[@Overclocked2300]

You know, I know Ive looked into using software to control a buck converter because dedicated ICs are just getting so small and its hard to troubleshoot a QFN package. I did it successfully once with a PIC18F but now I wonder if I can "upgrade" the design by using a STM32. So its nice to see that someone else attempted such a circuit successfully :) I know other people have reservations about using software to control a buck loop (what if it fails, etc) but with packages getting smaller and more expensive, using a micro makes more sense to me. Just recently, Ive been looking at designs for a 22-12V IN, 5V out, 5A out (or more) buck converter. Most are out of stock, super expensive ($7+!) or super small. So its nice to have this method as a "backup". Thanks for reigniting my interest a bit in this :)

[@bakedpotato4755]

I am doing this for my senior design project with more control applications we had a peak efficiency of about 95.5%

[@steveshu5817]

cool video, now I understand why the mosfet are in pairs on the PC motherboard