The Future of Fission

[@anthonycavallaro9941]

You know the trope how you always think someone is smart, until they talk about something you know a lot about? As a nuclear scientist, Isaac, this is done amazingly! Essentially everything was correct and presented in a succinct way; this would be a high-quality intro lecture at a top university :)

[@naveenarora6467]

Hey Mr. Cavallaro. I have a question. What are the reasons for certain coolants and moderators in Breeder reactors like why is Sodium used in currently developing Breeder reactors and why is Molten Salt being pursued for Breeder reactors if we can use molten Salt which is easier then why do Sodium that is dangerous anyway?

[@JonathanSchattke]

Oh? since when can you run any reactor on U238?

[@anthonycavallaro9941]

@@naveenarora6467 I'm actually a fusion person, so am not intimately familiar with fission tech. If I understand correctly you're asking why sodium is being used compared to another molten salt? Firstly, salts are used because they are molten over a wider (and hotter! good for electrical efficiency) range of temperatures, making them more stable. They also don't moderate neutrons nearly as well as lighter elements like Hydrogen, this enables fast-neutron reactions, like those used in breeder reactors. Sodium in particular is chosen for a few reasons (there may be more, it's not my field): 1 - It's cheap and simple, compared to other salts. I'm just assuming this, but Na seems simpler than LiNaK or FLiBe etc. 2 - Good neutronics. Sodium is irradiated by neutrons, but with a half-life of less than a day. Disadvantages would be that it has chemical reactivity issues, obviously, and that it does boil at cooler temperatures than other materials, so you can't get quite as hot. The main thing is simplicity, though; nuclear power plants that are too complex and expensive don't get built.

[@anthonycavallaro9941]

@@JonathanSchattke You hit it with some neutrons and it becomes fissionable Pu-239.

[@naveenarora6467]

@@JonathanSchattke since always. U cannot run current reactors without U 238 there is not enough U 235 to produce energy. LWRs breed and fission Pu 239 from U 238. Plus let's not forget breeder reactors they can solely run on U 238 with just a little bit of plutonium just to get started after that they produce more fuel than they consume. Also I think in Fast reactors the majority of the energy is produced by U 238.

[@QuestionEverythingButWHY]

“The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom.” ― Isaac Asimov

[@ahumandoing6813]

Murphy's law implies that no amount of wisdom can save you.

[@alonelyperson6031]

@@ahumandoing6813 But having more is better than having little.

[@whackydumdum]

@@ahumandoing6813 I would think that Murphy's law would imply that no amount of knowledge can save you. Having wisdom would work against Murphy's law - because you would try to outsmart it using your knowledge.

[@cheddar2648]

@@whackydumdum It's like the guy who digs a bunker in his vain quest to survive any mishap, but dies in a cave-in.

[@whackydumdum]

@@cheddar2648 that's just sad...

[@JoanWhack]

Your voice and your content is what I look forward to. You're absolutely killing it, and I think you're one of the most unapologetically insightful and forward thinking educational channels around. Congrats on all you've achieved in the past 6 years, and here's to 6 more!

[@riderknight5805]

6 years of science was great cheers for the next 6

[@DamnSpiders666]

I'd drink and snack to that!

[@cosmic_gate476]

Cheers everyone, for this awesome community

[@kintsugiezo6539]

Here here

[@ajm2872]

60

[@Baigle1]

...Don't forget the third set of 6 years! Stay woke!

[@colonelgraff9198]

Thorium Thursday

[@vHindenburg]

Thursday literally day of Thor how fitting.

[@DugganSean]

Well in New Zealand it's Fusion/Fission Friday

[@colonelgraff9198]

Sean Duggan it’s almost like New Zealand exists a day in the future...

[@vikiai4241]

@@colonelgraff9198 Nah, the rest of the world is just really behind (Aussie here :-) )

[@PennyAfNorberg]

Torium as it was named is from Tor which he is called.

[@admiralsquatbar127]

6 years of furthering my understanding of science, and helping me dream of a better future.

[@georgsgrants9925]

I remember i was optimistic about the future even when i was little. I remember when i was talking with my mother about death i said something like “don’t worry, scientists will figure out a way to make everyone live forever by the time you are old”.

[@UNSCPILOT]

How we learned to stop worrying and love the future. Serious though, this is my favorite channel, not just on KZbin but anywhere, and it's appealing to my childhood love of Sci-fi while also teaching the hard science that makes some seemingly crazy stuff possible, it makes watching groups like SpaceX far my exciting than any sport as we watch a bold new future build right before our eyes

[@eagle___shadow]

Good

[@whiskeySe7en]

Couldn't have said it better.

[@Arrynek01]

The first 13minutes are THE best explanation of nuclear fission I've seen in my life. No joke.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

I'm very glad to hear that, it's what I aim for but never know if I managed to hit :)

[@fabianothulu2712]

like wise....

[@bimblinghill]

It is really good. You should check out Scott Manley's 'Going Nuclear' series too.

[@kukulroukul4698]

well...Isaac is a crafter ;) also...it does NOT to be ''the best'' for people to UNDERSTAND that nuke ovewhelm us with advandages. I wonder how public opinion stands ''still'' in front of that xD Im .. optimistic about that...there is plenty of time to rethink

[@cyclingnerddelux698]

You hit...trust me...nice job!!!!

[@timpoint0]

Learn so much over the years from you Isaac. Keep killing it brother.

[@LambdaTheory]

Your voice is what makes the channel special

[@Zarcondeegrissom]

agreed, and I wouldn't want it any other way.

[@neototem4110]

I concur, when my playlist rolls while working and I'm listening to audio, it's a cue to stop what I'm doing and my break will be however long his vid happens to be at the moment

[@winfehler]

Hey Isaac - professional Radiographer here: The contrast agents used in MRI and CAT-Scan are stable isotopes, not radioactive. Radioactive substances are only used for nuclear imaging procedures and certain forms of radiotherapy. MRI uses gadoliniumoxide-based contrast media, which accumulate in the extracellular medium and contribute to the signal (MRI operates basically like a radio; electromagnetic radiation in the gamma-wavelength wouldn’t contribute to the imaging process) For CAT-Scan, Iodine hexane is applied to alter the specific energy absorption of the patient’s blood pool and hence, any perfused tissue. While x-ray is used for imaging purposes here, the addition of radioisotopes would - at best - only negatively affect the signal-to-noise ratio here.) Cheers !

[@dunning-kruger551]

I had a Gadolinium contrast today. Sadly it’s shown Brain Tumour progression.

[@GrimSleepy]

@@dunning-kruger551 Stay positive, kill it with kindness! :D

[@dunning-kruger551]

@@GrimSleepy all clear after FET PET scan.

[@UpperDarbyDetailing]

@@dunning-kruger551 congratulations. I hope you're still clear!

[@UpperDarbyDetailing]

Thank you!

[@oliviamaynard9372]

I am so glad you didn't get a narrator. You have a great voice. I love this channel. It's so positive. There is just not nearly enough positive visions of anything on social media. I really appreciate the channel

[@adamspencer3702]

you know, as a Canadian I like the sound of heated sidewalks. Also this show wouldn't be the same without you doing the narration.

[@wouterdebois7958]

If you like the sound of that than consider visiting Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland. Geothermally heated sidewalks and streets for the center of the city.

[@TonboIV]

For those who live in more hospitable climates, we have poles with electric outlets in our parking lots, and the cars normally come with a plug hidden someplace in the front grill or bumper. When you park, you plug this in and it powers a little heater in the engine block, because it gets so cold in winter that the car won't start if you let the engine cool down to the outside temperature.

[@carlosandleon]

How do they sound like? I have never heard of heated sidewalks

[@daniellenelsen4641]

@@TonboIV I have one I installed in my Jetta TDi 👍🏻

[@brotheralaric7177]

@@TonboIV thanks for explaining

[@yeezus5226]

I don’t hear your speech impediment you sound perfectly fine and easy for me to understand for the past 3 days I’ve been watching your vids and obsessing with your topics

[@patrician1082]

I remember It made stuff difficult for me at first but I understand perfectly fine now.

[@A_Casual_NPC]

I honestly thought it was an accent or smth. Has never bothered me in the slightest

[@ddis29]

@@A_Casual_NPC i thought that at first to. "what accent is that?" then the close caption notice popped up and i laughed. good on him for taking it so well.

[@krissisk4163]

Issac's speech impediment is barely noticeable these days. Back in 2015 when I started watching, it was pretty hard to miss. I don't think he was ever hard to understand, at least for me, but in those early days I always had a mental image of Elmer Fudd giving physics lectures when watching one of his videos.

[@Sir_Budginton]

I barely notice it either. The only time I was truly confused as to what he said was when he said “volume”.

[@justinwhite7183]

Stop apologising for your speech, its the reason I love this show.

[@experiment506]

justin white The speech lessons from ages ago have made it extremely easily understandable and now it's jsut a distinct voice pattern. Is good.

[@mattkim5077]

It really bugged me for the first couple of videos, but now I kinda like it. Besides, it’s the content that matters, and Issac Arthur has plenty of that.

[@DeltafangEX]

Yup. I feel ashamed that I didn't originally listen as much due to his accent. But coming back with a clear mindset and ready to learn was the best decision I've ever made when it comea to following science-based content creators. I find myself watching his videos over and over again nowadays - they're just that good.

[@vikiai4241]

I'm Aussie. Most of KZbin sounds as weird to me as I would sound to most of you*, and I honestly wouldn't have noticed (even early on, pre-speech-training) if he hadn't pointed it out: Just would have assumed it was a regional accent. * Heck, I even got some (friendly) flack for my East-Aussie accent from some West-Aussies once when I ended up as the only Easterner on an overseas worksite (but I don't referr to 'Speedos' as 'Trunks' so I am claiming the linguistic high ground on that one!) :-P

[@justinwhite7183]

Its authentic, better than that canned media bullshit voice. And its an inspiration to others

[@cannonfodder4376]

Another fantastic and informative video, I hope Fission Power makes a comeback once more and more people come around to it in the face of climate change. And Happy 6th Anniversary of the first video, this channel has come a long way and gets better and better. Great work Isaac and team.

[@Mikaboshiff]

Not just climate change but interstellar travel and energy factories on other planeta

[@Alexander_Kale]

Fission is not a good idea because it produces comparably fewer CO2, it is a good idea period, because it produces lots of energy. If Fission produced lots of CO2 along with that, it would STILL be a good idea, because climate change or not, we need. That. Energy. I really wish people would stop evaluating whether or not something was good or bad primarily based on whether it impacts ACC. The notion is ridiculous...

[@NickPoeschek]

I’ve been watching for a long time now and I’m glad we were able to talk you out of getting a narrator. No matter how skilled a narrator is, I don’t think anything can replace someone speaking from the heart about topics they are passionate about. Your self-depreciating humour is also great, I still love the things like the Wascally Wabbit graphic and the occasional “Orth” joke you’d throw in. Over just a few years, we’ve watched you make great strides with your speech therapy, get married, and get mainstream recognition through things like the NSS award for your channel. It’s been great to watch this channel and community grow, here’s to many more successful years!

[@oblivionsa7973]

I completely agree. If he were to get a narrator he would just become "Generic Science Channel #372" instead of Isaac. We had the same discussion with Thoisoi, who wanted to have his videos use a professional English translator, but thankfully didn't. Things like Isaac's speech and Thoisoi's accent are what make them instantly recognizable.

[@AnthOny-gl7lj]

Never change!! I find your voice so soothing and comforting. It really makes your channel special, and I love it. The highest quality stuff on KZbin, seriously.

[@fredwupkensoppel8949]

Turning on subtitles because you can't understand his speech impediment: ❌ Turning on subtitles because you're snacking something crunchy: ✅

[@fishPointer]

real shit

[@slowburntm3584]

A thick accent is way harder than his so called speech impediment.

[@sorcikator993]

I can literally see the meme

[@Netanya-q4b]

What speech impediment?

[@fredwupkensoppel8949]

​@@Netanya-q4b He mentions it every now and then and in his older videos he used to put up a disclaimer. He has found a way around it, but he still has problems pronouncing the "r", like in "wascally wabbits".

[@levigriffin5553]

My morning alarm went off just in time. Now I get to listen to my favorite KZbin channel while I cook breakfast and make coffee. Good timing, Isaac!

[@bombfog1]

I’ll always love hearing “Valium” when you say “volume.” Happy Birthday to your most excellent program!

[@rvaughan74]

Pump up the Valium. Edit: God I'm old...

[@nickkorkodylas5005]

Yeah, it's so relaxing.

[@wolfvale7863]

@@rvaughan74 "Dance Dance Dance!" Right there with ya bud :)

[@lst1nwndrlnd]

This is the most accessible rundown on this topic I've seen in a good while

[@davidweikle9538]

Thank you for inspiring all of us for the past six years! I’m so glad I found this channel three years ago. This channel and the topics it covers gives me hope for the future of humanity.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

You are so welcome!

[@tranquilitybase8100]

Congratulations on six years! It's actually kinda weird when I listen other people talk on futurism now, as I now associate all these topics with your voice.

[@chrismidyette1098]

One of my favorite channels. You kept everything in such great detail with good humor. I'm glad you never got a narrator. One of the main reasons why I stuck with this channel was The Bravery of you using your own voice with your speech impediment. It made you unique and it made you stand out. And the fact that you're willing to joke about it shows you have a great personality and a good sense of humor. I'm looking forward to another six years thank you very much for expanding my mind. Oh and Happy Birthday !

[@Hession0Drasha]

Still convinced you are the paperclip maximiser from the future, here to convince us that such an outcome is humorous. Luring us into a false sense of security :p

[@TheMrCougarful]

Capitalism has been doing that to us for about 100 years.

[@bryanbarnard4094]

I wouldnt consider a stable climate, healthy oceans, and clean air, soil, and water humourous. Definitely something to rejoice over, however, and angry that we dont already have that.

[@friendlyone2706]

@@bryanbarnard4094 infinite., really study a 5 million year history of earth's average temperature. Do your own homework. Have fun asking yourself what happened 2.5 million years ago.

[@bryanbarnard4094]

Fran Tabor if you care about earth history so much, maybe actually study a bit more on it. Humanity is currently pumping roughly 100x more co2 into the atmosphere every year then all the worlds volcanoes combined. We’ve been doing so for decades. At the time we’ve chopped down a substantial portion of the world old growth forest in just the last several centuries. The oceans are suffering. Our planet is suffering. We’re suffering, to the tune of over 10 thousand deaths every day from air pollution, and even more are born with respiratory and cognitive deficiencies due to pollution caused from burning fossil fuels.

[@_Muzolf]

@@TheMrCougarful Lol, look up what the Soviet Union did with its industrialization, or what China does now. This is the same bullshit like with democracy, yeah, it is worst as everything else, except all the other systems that were tried.

[@ambsemlay]

been having a crap day today and isaac arthur uploads? FINE, I’ll have a good day 😄😄

[@DeanStephen]

I want to ask you to do something, Isaac. Go back and listen to the start of your first episode and then listen to the start of this one. This series, this process, has been the best speech therapy you could have asked for and you gave it to yourself. You should be incredibly proud of that, and of the great science you have made reachable to all of us. Thank you. Don’t ever doubt yourself.

[@aussieausbourne1]

Happy birthday Isaac and happy anniversary as well I have enjoyed hearing your vision of the future for several years now and hope we get many more!!!

[@littlegravitas9898]

Ah, no fission in my fridge - but I'm about to fuse with a drink and a snack

[@JohnDoe_1237]

drink and snack sounds good, i hope you have enough for all of us? :)

[@littlegravitas9898]

@@JohnDoe_1237 if you can get here before it's been fully assimilated, I'm willing to share :)

[@TonboIV]

There's definitely fission in your fridge. Trace amounts of radioisotopes are everywhere. We eat them all the time, and people are actually radioactive enough to be detectable if you use the right equipment.

[@littlegravitas9898]

@@TonboIV you are right, I should have said useful or useable fission maybe.

[@vitaliyp1988]

I can't imagine all these being done with a narrator. Wouldn't be the same!

[@alexiordache4835]

Exactly! The best part is your passion and your tone of voice. I ce hee from Fraser Cain, when you did that episode together. I was instantly hooked by the details and the pleasant tone.

[@danhaworth6967]

Absolutely! I have to admit years ago I did have a bit of an issue following along occasionally.. but now, Isaac is one of the best known voices in the scene.. it just wouldn't be the same at all!!

[@smileyp4535]

A Different narrator* 👌

[@PaulsGarage]

Totally agree. I want to hear the man/artificial intelligence himself do the talking!

[@brianbob7514]

Happy anniversary , thank you for the amazing content.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you too!

[@72APTU72E]

I live about 10 miles from Hanford WA (WPPSS), on the really cold days I love the look of the steam output actually mushrooming out as it hits the upper reaches of the troposphere. Imagination can make it look pretty foreboding.

[@nibblrrr7124]

30:17 While public fears often come from a place of misunderstanding basic science, we do have to consider the difference between the levels of safety we'd get from actually following the scientific advice, and what energy megacorporations & nation states actually (will) do in practice. Our existing political & economic structures barely incentivize caring about public safety within timeframes of a decade, let alone over centuries. I don't distrust nuclear engineers, but I do distrust the heck out of the managers & politicians above them who ultimately set the constraints for what gets done and how.

[@nathanbrown8680]

In business that's caused by the perverse financial incentives of non-dividend stocks, which cause investors to seek risky and even unprofitable but growing companies over stably profitable companies. The problems in politics are more controversial to diagnose and have less obvious solutions even if you can accept a diagnosis. They are likely soluble, but you may not like the solution. Monarchy can work with the right kind of monarch and immortal monarchy might work more consistently, but what is the right kind of monarch may change with the international political situation so even that's dicey.

[@JRexRegis]

Also, even if the waste products are lesser in volume and solid, they are much, much more poisonous and will remain so for _many, many thousands of years_ . While yeah, they're better for the planet right now than coal plants, but in the long run we're creating waste we literally can't get rid of. The waste is so long-lasting that thought is being put towards marking disposal areas in ways that a humanity deveolved back to the stone age would understand. That's insane. We shouldn't be messing with stuff that sticks around causing harm for millennia afterwards.

[@nathanbrown8680]

@@JRexRegis Nuclear waste, if you don't bury perfectly good plutonium like a fucking idiot instead of reprocessing it so it can be used as fuel again, is less radioactive that the original pitchblende that was dug out of the ground. Those really long half lives mean there's almost no radiation in any given time period. Reprocessing is why France doesn't have a nuclear waste problem in spite of being one of the most prolific users of nuclear power.

[@nibblrrr7124]

​@@nathanbrown8680 I'm not familiar with such details of financial trading, but my expectation would be that the problem of negative externalities on the environment runs a lot deeper? Companies (or individual CEOs) that don't take every opportunity to externalize expected costs on society will get outcompeted by those who do. There's no inherent cost to poisoning other people's drinking water, short- or long-term. Artificially relaying those costs back to compensate for this and align their incentive structure with the public good, without leaving loopholes or overshooting massively, is hard - doubly so if the companies to be regulated already have a strong say in how they get regulated... As for the political side, empirically, the rule any given individual monarch or dynasty is quite unstable, since the only mechanism of regime change is disruptive violence - terrible for the economy, terrible for civilizational stability, and both are preconditions for e.g. safe fuel chain management. Also, there is no good mechanism (again, outside of violence) to hold a monarch accountable to the public good. Unless we would succeed in literally building God in the form of superintelligent well-aligned AI to put on the throne, instead of some fellow naked ape, monarchy seems like a non-starter.

[@nibblrrr7124]

​@@JRexRegis My impression is that most people underestimate the damages we are causing with climate change. Forget about "the planet" - there will be droughts, hunger crises, more extreme storms & floods, and violent conflicts caused by the displacement of millions of people from their homes, causing lasting harm for centuries to come. Even if some badly secured nuclear waste sites would e.g. leak into the groundwater and each kill a couple of thousands through radiation sickness or cancer (which is in the ballpark for estimates of the Chernobyl disaster) - I doubt that will come anywhere the millions to billions of people we are currently condemning to equally gruesome early deaths by continuing to burn fossil fuels. Plus, burning coal literally blows unspeakable amounts of radioactive isotopes straight into the air, causing cancer deaths here & now. As Nathan pointed out, _if_ we wanted, we _could_ actually re-process most of the waste into fuel, and keep burning it down until basically nothing too dangerous is left. (Though I'd be surprised if France was anywhere near closing the fuel chain into anything worth calling a cycle?) However, like I said, due to current political & economic incentives, the world largely runs on the "once-through """cycle"""": Mining & enriching new Uranium ore, using it once in fresh fuel rods, then shoving the depleted waste around on train tracks between temporary waste facilities while not a single final storage site is actually in operation yet, is currently apparently cheaper.

[@FerrowTheFox]

Happy 6th anniversary, Isaac! Time surely flies when you're having fun! Thank you so much for all the entertainment, education and interesting topics over the years. Also, let me just tell you, while I think your so called speech impediment was never an issue to begin with, comparing recent videos to the first ones, I'd say it's pretty much gone. You have a great and easy to follow narrating voice and I'm happy we get to hear it instead of a hired narrator. So congrats and I'm looking forward to the next years of content! On todays topic: Another great episode, especially for me as I love anything nuclear. I really wish the endless anti-nuclear moaning would subside and we could move on to build newer and more efficient reactor designs. It really would be a game changer to have cheap, abundant and carbon neutral energy.

[@atk05003]

I agree. The speech therapy was a much better investment than a narrator. He would have needed a narrator with the same type of passion and energy. Also, the speech therapy can help him in his life outside of these videos, too.

[@gyrateful]

As an American that lived in Australia, I tried to lose my hard "R" American accent. On my return, I had a weird accent. Those years of people asking me were I was from in both countries, made me feel all ways of communication are good. The way you speak is easy for me to understand, especially for science and technology, as you are concise and clear. Thank you for want you do.

[@TheRainHarvester]

NIMBY > safe design education, unfortunately.

[@shorewall]

I mean, if the French are ok with it, then I don't think it should be a problem.

[@primachpepe8597]

@@shorewall sadly everyones too scared about the boogeyman regarding it. Most i have spoken to have also love the idea of green energy yet want that done where it doesnt interfere with them and their lives.. NIMBY is the prevailing thought sadly.. also bloody frenchmen getting the up on the rest of us

[@atk05003]

I agree. I've had people pull that while I was arguing in favor of nuclear power. Them: "But would you want one in your neighborhood?" Me: "YES! That would be awesome!"

[@TheRainHarvester]

@@atk05003 nuclear would help the ozone layer. Maybe world leaders would rather skim money from carbon credits!?!

[@shorewall]

"The problem that nuclear poses to the Malthusians who want to control society and restrict growth and do all the things that we know the people that call themselves environmentalists want to do; it’s threatened by nuclear energy. Because then you have infinite energy, infinite fresh water, infinite fertilizer. That means you have infinite food. So nuclear eliminates resource scarcity." -Michael Shellenberger.

[@afinafina]

Watched all your videos at least once. It s been over 4 years since I found the channel and it's hard for me to find words to thank you for your work and amazing insight. SFIA till the heat death of the Universe!!!

[@jamesbligh6607]

Thanks for all your hard work mate. Looking forward to another great 6 years!

[@dustinb6190]

Your uploads always make the work commute much more bearable. I look forward to the next 6 years. Thank you and happy birthday!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you very much!

[@jgr7487]

Happy anniversary! have a great Arthursday! Happy birthday, Isaac!!!

[@Busshanta]

Long time Subscriber since 2017. This Channel is one of its Kind. The ideas protrait here where revolutenary for me. Biggest mindblow was the Video of Computerscenters on Titan, using liquid Methan as a natural coolant. May this channel enlighten even more people , than just me.

[@RobertResearchRadios]

Happy early birthday! Keep up the great work. I love your content on nuclear propulsion and nuclear energy.

[@TonboIV]

I've been listening to your voice for years, so maybe I'm biased, but honestly I think you have a golden voice, impediment and all. It's definitely gotten clearer over the years, so the speech therapy is worthwhile effort, but you've kept the character of your voice intact, and it's very expressive and just downright pleasant to listen to.

[@AnimeShinigami13]

Isaac: Mentions Strontium 90 as nuclear waste... Me: you mean it can't be used to give soda a patented blue glow? #Fallout

[@MCPicoli]

Yes, you may, but add 1/4 RadAway before drinking just to be sure.

[@Animefan162alpha]

That end bit where you finally camera'd yourself, man that smile of yours is contagious. Congratulations on your recent marriage, and for surviving this crazy world for 40 years, may you continue to prosper; I am also glad you opted to continue narrating your episodes yourself, it just wouldn't be the same without your voice. I've been thoroughly enjoying your content (I actually came here on John Michael Godier's recommendation) and I eagerly await what you've got planned for the future.

[@TheRukisama]

Thanks for the great 6 years! Here's to many more!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Our pleasure!

[@ThePowermountain]

Happy anniversary sir! You are the best educator and content creator I have ever encountered! You have given me hope for my both my daughters futures! Much love from Minneapolis,MN!

[@DD8842]

Keep it up sir! Don't let them give you guff about your voice just keep doing what you do.

[@ritual64]

So glad that you never replaced yourself with a narrator. I’m not American but I have never struggled with your voice. Thanks for your content over the last 6 years, omg that’s a long time for a KZbin channel, and I hope that you can continue not just for another 6 years but for as long as you have a passion for this excellent channel

[@maan7715]

Oh that's an exciting, relevant topic! and I just sat down with my food, perfect timing Mr. Arthur!

[@fernandogiongo]

Congratulations Isaac. There is nothing quite like your channel on youtube. It's a nerd's paradise. I've been following your videos from the very first ones I came across a few years ago. I was immediately hooked, quickly watched all of your backlog, which wasn't yet very large, and have seldom missed a video you published since. I think you represent the best this platform has to offer and give me hope for the future of the internet.

[@sebastiankruse1009]

simply love that man. all the best isaac

[@kirbywankenobi]

I really appreciate your videos. Is anyone else noticing a skip in the video? It's seems like, throughout the video, every 5 seconds the video, but not audio, Jump ahead a few frames and freezes for a fraction, then continues on.

[@PalkkiTT]

When I was 11 I did not know the difrence between fusion and fision.

[@bananajoe8980]

ok

[@farrglehorn8216]

That's ok many people are 40 and don't know the difference you see them protesting nuclear energy all the time.

[@xplosionslite6439]

When I was 11 fusion was a type of Yu-Gi-Oh card

[@CrystalStearOfTheCas]

ok

[@ChrisSchaff]

are you 12 now?

[@sauron7839]

Your personal narration is part of the personal charm of the show. It's great. Don't change it. I just don't know what I'd do without your voice explaining these topics.

[@rjhacker]

The episode on starlifting utterly changed my perspective on the meaning of life, as dumb as that might sound. I always heard it lamented that in 700 million years, the oceans would boil away and life would end. But it doesn't have to be that way. That possibility changed my perspective for the better.

[@nonofyabeeswax9955]

For me it was the episode on civilizations at the end of time. When I was very little I heard about the sun burning up one day. As I had no real concept of time, I was actually afraid it would happen in my lifetime. (And in a way I still think it might.^^) It always put such a definitive end to things, as if there is no way of escaping. No way to go on after. That episode rekindled my hope for the future.

[@musafawundu6718]

There is no one that I know of prominence who kindles hope for betterment of humanity than Isaac Arthur. I've heard so much Doom and gloom about climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions and the greatly debilitating effects of what will probably occur. But, watching Isaac Arthur, I have come to realize that even the worse predictions of the Cassandras are reversible and we definitely as a species possess both the technological and financial wherewithal to even reverse the effects of climate change and bring about a global society of much less scarcity and much greater abundance than presently prevails. Years ago, I came to realize that we can even have over a hundred billion inhabitants on Earth all well fed and with less carbon footprint than presently exists with a global economy based on MSR and other advanced types of nuclear reactor, as well as renewables, most notably solar. If we master controlled nuclear fusion, we can have over a trillion well fed, with enough personal space, and with less carbon footprint than presently exists today.

[@rjhacker]

@@musafawundu6718 Exactly, there is hope, we can live good lives on a clean planet with enough resources for all

[@dustinking2965]

Happy Birthday and show anniversary! I've learned a lot from this channel. The future looks bright.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you so much!

[@cubicghost3802]

I really enjoy you. At first you were incredibly interesting to listen to. I couldn't binge hours, but as as this channel progressed your production and talent has increased. I now find it easy and even relaxing to listen to You have kept up on being incredibly interesting, while becoming more educational as well. Thank you for being you.

[@MM-ds4lk]

I've been binging your videos for some time now, what a channel to discover! I've loved the stars, and science since I was a child dreaming of being a physicist. I ended up studying Chemistry at university and for personal and familial reasons I came out with a grade that while not terrible, permanently excludes me from higher study. Every day for five years I've looked back and hated myself for losing what I wanted most, and your videos offer a bittersweet peek at a child's dream once more. Thank you!

[@Lukegear]

NUCLEAR TIME!

[@geoffread2707]

Happy channel birthday! Happy real birthday! Thank you for six years of solid brilliance Isaac!

[@nickkorkodylas5005]

33:00 Dunno man... that's *exactly* what an AI with a CGI avatar would say...

[@henrycordero8265]

Hands down one of the best science channels on KZbin!!! I listen to this all the time, and who cares about your speech impediment. The content and you narrating is what makes this show!!! We need more humans like you Isaac! You’re a gem

[@firstnamelastname7299]

Norway: Holds a shit ton of oil & natural gas with a population of 5 million Also Norway: Holds 15% of all the Thorium IN THE ENTIRE WORLD

[@SFFRN19]

India holds around 25% of thorium. The Indian nuclear establishment estimates that the country could produce 500 GWe for at least four centuries using just the country's economically extractable thorium reserves. And yet We are obliged to import oil and burn coal & fossils for energy Nuclear energy in India is behind the curtains, and Major oil & gas companies won't let their energy monopoly just go off to clean nuclear Plans and construction for 3 Stage Fast Breeder Thorium Reactor are on though

[@jimmywrangles]

Australia holds another 25% so between Norway India and Australia we have 65% of the worlds thorium horded.

[@MonMalthias]

@@jimmywrangles Australia is also profoundly antinuclear, partly as a result of Maralinga weapons testing (which alienated Indigenous Australians), LNP being at least partially funded by fossil fuel interests, and Labor featuring the CFMEU that stands to lose a lot of jobs if coal mines and coal power plants get closed down. Notice also how Norway has no nuclear power plants - due to massive hydroelectricity and a massive oil industry as well as a sovereign wealth fund built up by oil and gas sales. Politics is not about what's ideal, or what mineral reserves there are, it's about the material interests of the most fundamental industry of modern civilisation: energy. And if those interests are fossil based, expect nuclear to be the black sheep forever.

[@reporeport]

DUDE you are the only thing getting me through a rough 2 years. Im not sure what I would've done without this channel

[@deathslayer4600]

Well I was fishin for vids till I saw this fission in my vision.

[@bearowl962]

I Realy loveee ur voice as just is now. it adds alot more interest then other more typical science person voices. I can and have listen to ur vids on a play list for hrs on end back to back. Something I cant do with a other low energy, humourless ones. hehe

[@vincentcleaver1925]

"Just a helium ion" Sure, a really pissed off helium! 8-P

[@jonowack]

not very dangerous. stopped by paper or the skin.

[@jonowack]

you just don't want to ingest the source emitter.

[@kukulroukul4698]

@@jonowack masks work well :))))

[@marshallsuber3346]

Being a social studies teacher it's hard to explain just how useful I find your volgs! They allow the possibilitys --very useful in these times. They also allow me to push them off to other teachers for research! Others teachers are not amused, but my students love the question process!! It also forces my own reading and research. Blessings.

[@timezone5259]

Me binge watches a bunch of Issac Aurther videos Also me: how did I gain weight

[@GravisTKD]

All those drinks and snacks, I suppose ;)

[@codyaimes4354]

Lol, Too many snacks 😜

[@NucleAri]

Congrats on 6 years of great videos, and Happy (early) Birthday!

[@normoloid]

Newest turbine plants can achieve pretty impressive efficiency rates in my opinion.

[@namewastaken360]

Congratulations on your success! I've been watching for a while and gone back to a lot of old episodes, your speech impediment has never been a barrier to understanding you and gives this channel a unique character.

[@annoyed707]

The last time I was this early I didn't make an early joke because I had gone fission.

[@segflaunt]

I'm so glad you still narrate the videos. Thank you for the content, and for your personal involvement in their creation!

[@Baigle1]

:-( Nothing about electronuclear reactors and their superior efficiency, or anything about adjustable accelerator moderated reactors?

[@steverodgers4366]

.

[@harryrissik3310]

Congratulations on 6 years of truly brilliant content! Thank you for uploading such amazing videos on such a regular basis :) Much respect from South Africa

[@QuestionEverythingButWHY]

“The nuclear arms race is like two sworn enemies standing waist deep in gasoline, one with three matches, the other with five.” ― Carl Sagan

[@pamelal7487]

Happy Anniversary and Happy Birthday. I love this channel. I have not met anyone locally that I can talk to about the future, science, space, engineering, or any combination there of so your channel is more than welcome in that it pushes my brain and excites it at the same time. I know I don't make comments often at all but please know how grateful I am. Keep up the good work, stay safe, and be happy in all things. Thank you.

[@1987CRER]

I wish Isaac Arthur could replace people like Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Bill Nye and other PopSci luminaries, he's so much less influenced by politics and far more informative.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

:) I've no desire to replace them, as there's no surplus of folks with a knack for explaining science to folks in a way that's accurate and entertaining, but yeah I could wish they and many others could do a better job resisting the temptation to opine on political topics, at least while wearing their educator hat.

[@bryanbarnard4094]

@@isaacarthurSFIA You're both brilliant and humble. Thank you so much more making this video.

[@naes6843]

Isaac, my friend, I have learned so much from the ways in which presenting physics is really much simpler than I thought. Actually seeing you and matching your prodigious background, is a real treat. I’m soon to be 77 and can’t wait to learn more. I have always wanted to learn, so combining Brilliant and you makes sense. I cannot thank you enough. Dave in Phoenix

[@RazorbackPT]

Here's to six more years!

[@zen1647]

I'm really glad you never got a narrator - no one could every convey your passion and fascination. I loved how you were yo front about your speech impediment and I'm impressed with the progress you have made. Congrats on 6 years and looking to more in the "future". 😀

[@mrkokolore6187]

Yes nuclear energy!

[@CR3271]

I couldn't imagine this channel with a narrator. Your delivery of the content is just as integral to this channel as your knowledge and research...and great background music selections, too! Here's to another 6 years and more!

[@QuestionEverythingButWHY]

“There are no nations! There is only humanity. And if we don’t come to understand that right soon, there will be no nations, because there will be no humanity.” ― Isaac Asimov

[@NoFunNoHope]

"Borders & separations, nations, they aren't just genetic tide pools left behind by a wash of humanity flowing over a landscape; Political & power collectives aren't just isolated puddles waiting to dry up and rejoin the cycle but the memetic arm of human evolution. They're islands of thoughts and ideology that layer upon that amorphous ocean our ancestors scraped themselves out of, crumble those islands down into the sea and all you're left with is water and if that's the preferred run of things than you may as well wish yourself a jellyfish"

[@NoFunNoHope]

Thats me after 4 hours of watching marine biology videos; I just put it in quotes so you read it to yourself in an authoritative voice

[@ThugShakers4Christ]

Sir, you are a reminder that once in a while this platform can still bring hope. I'm proud of you. Congratulations.

[@styxdragoncharon4003]

I made my first dutirium ice cube when I was 13... my dad asked me why the the cube didn't float....I tried to explain it... and well.... he didn't understand. I was praised as a child for being smart... but being smarter than a narcisist that can choose what you can and cannot do, gets you nothing (nothing good anyway)... so now I'm a jack of all trades.... who has been in therapy for 20 years.

[@coffeetablesex]

you just said it got you praise...is that not good? maybe you meant abuse...at least that's what i received...in the form of neglect...so...technically it was still nothing? ...i think i need to consult my psychologist about this

[@styxdragoncharon4003]

@@coffeetablesex I know I wrote my rant as a rambly bit... I do not want to get into the BS I dealt with... so I left it in parentheses [the part that says "(nothing good anyways)"]. So to be clear ... I got praise for being smart enough to show off to others when I was a kid. Is *that* better? :S I am sorry for what you went through...I hope you found something to build off of.

[@PreacherwithoutaPulpit]

Happy Birthday young man. Thank you for this channel and all the knowledge you share. I'm so glad you never hired a narrator as I find your voice and speaking to be easy to listen to and learn from. Only six more years, oh no far to short a time I truly hope you're doing these at least that long and beyond...

[@tehbonehead]

🥤🍿🤓

[@tclards4349]

Congratulations on 6 years and happy birthday, Isaac! I discovered your channel about a year ago through a recommendation from my father, and have since watched every episode you've made. I wait every week for a new one with excitement! Thank you, very sincerely, for the love your content has inspired in me for science, and for your partners, Brilliant and CuriosityStream. You've opened my mind to a whole world of possibility I had never conceived of before. Today I am 24 years old watching your videos and thinking of the future. In a few decades I very well may be working in an field advancing our march towards space. I'll always thank Isaac Arthur for getting me started on a different path and bringing so much joy to learning.

[@tclards4349]

And thank you to the team as well!

[@jaysnehpandey7089]

Firssssssssttttttttt

[@coffeetablesex]

wow, what an original comment... i bet no one has ever thought to make that comment on every comment section on every website that ever existed...congratulations on being a genius

[@Teddy143Fresa]

Each Thursday the first thing to do is watch this channel. This is the only show I watch more than once per episode to make sure I catch it all. Easily my favorite channel, favorite host, favorite topics. Love, luv,

[@chrispal1651]

I have been listening to you for at least 6 years now. The sound of your voice is soothing,rela4xing and friendly.0 thank you for always providing high-quality content. You have truly been a role model and an inspiration to me. Thank you for making my life better just by existing on your part. God bless you and keep up the good work. Sincerely .....

[@canwenot573]

I am so grateful for this channel. Isaac, your explanations are excellent. The speech impediment does not impeded the quality of your content at all. Thank you for covering nuclear honestly. It is so important that the general public is able to access digestible information on the subject, and this video is one of the best I have ever seen to that end. The eloquence of this video should hopefully sway some hearts and minds in the years ahead. By the way: congratulations on getting married, and happy birthday! I'm so happy for you and I'm looking forward to many more years of your content!

[@orioni]

A very happy 6th birthday to SFIA and 40th to you! I'm very glad you never did hire a narrator. Thanks also to Brilliant and all Patreons for keeping the engine running. Sticking with the theme of the episode, I sincerely hope SFIA also enjoys a long half-life.

[@justinbiggs1005]

I haven't commented on one of these videos in a while but the beginning was one of the best descriptions of nuclear decay by far. Such a complicated process broken down into a simple yet very informative description. Keep up the great work

[@HSMAdvisor]

Your voice has an additional benefit nobody seems to have mentioned. It has soothing properties that help me fall asleep! I sometimes have to listen to the show more than once for that reason!

[@steventodd7280]

Don't you dare get a narrator!! I love listening to your unique voice talking about science and futurism.

[@ponkla]

Best channel on YT, great calm narrator voice! Keeps you engaged! Thanks Isaac! ❤

[@johnmurray3834]

Love your accent. When I think of anything science I hear your voice. The information comes hard and fast and smooth and clear at the same time. Love it