Civilizations at the End of Time: The Big Rip

Current science and cosmology tell us the Universe will slowly die and ebb away countless trillions of trillions of years from now, but another model - the Big Rip - says that end may come far sooner, ripped apart by dark energy. Could civilizations survive the Universe itself being torn apart at the atomic scale?
The first 1,000 people to use this link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare: skl.sh/isaacar...
Join this channel to get access to perks:
/ @isaacarthursfia
Visit our Website: www.isaacarthur...
Join Nebula: go.nebula.tv/i...
Support us on Patreon: / isaacarthur
Support us on Subscribestar: www.subscribes...
Facebook Group: / 1583992725237264
Reddit: / isaacarthur
Twitter: / isaac_a_arthur on Twitter and RT our future content.
SFIA Discord Server: / discord
Credits:
Civilizations at the End of Time: The Big Rip
Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur
Episode 326; January 20, 2022
Produced, Written, and Narrated by Isaac Arthur
Editors:
Darius Said
Yamagishi
Cover Art:
Jakub Grygier www.artstation...
Graphics:
Jeremy Jozwik www.artstation...
Ken York of YD Visual / ydvisual
Udo Schroeter
Music Courtesy of:
Markus Junnikkala www.markusjunn...
Lombus lombus.bandcam...
AJ Prasad • Dark Future - Staring ...
Stellardrone stellardrone.b...

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Math Note/Correction: As of the moment I've got 4 different contradictory explanations of why some of my comments on adding infinity this or that way, or how many numbers are in between 1-2 compared to total integers, is wrong or badly phrased. Everyone seems content with the overall explanation where it's relevant to the video, thankfully - An infinite Universe can still expand and infinity isn't a number - but needless to say, take that infinity math with a grain of salt :) For everyone offering corrections on it though, please try to keep the explanations where someone who isn't a mathematician might have a chance to understand them or otherwise link to some page where someone does give such an explanation. And while you are welcome to call me an idiot, please do not call other commenters on the thread idiots just for saying your answer didn't make sense to them. Edit: Also, yes, I am kicking myself for not thinking to make a R.I.P. joke on the the Universe dying by the 'Big Rip' :) Can't think of every good pun.

[@sagarj5743]

How difficult is it for everyone to be civil while explaining things they understand but others don't? Just imagine how hellish your life would've been if all of your teachers yelled at you or called you names all the time while teaching?

[@popuptoaster]

Didn't somebody famous once say "If you can't explain it to a child you don't understand it well enough." (paraphrasing) ;)

[@junorus]

I can forgive you claiming that infinity+ number = infinity but, other infinity, while it is the same infinity (the same as when you will multiply it as well), which then would explain on it's own that you can expand or contract infinite things into still infinite things, BUT your discussion about energy conservation and problem with dark energy is worse. Energy is just a number. It is conserved in closed systems (or through the Noether's theorem due to symmetry to be precise). The universe does not need to be closed system. And the symmetry needed for the energy being constant is not valid. So energy is not constant in the universe. Just like that. It is constant (conserved) on small scale, or as long as some issues (dark energy) do not arise. Edit: After a moment it is getting better, as there is more info about energy from other places, so kind of open system approach. And this is only like 3rd of your episodes that I had issues with your explanation being false and unscientific. So just small percentage of quite specific field, while much, much more is just awesome!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

@@sagarj5743 Apparently fairly hard for some folks :) though I should emphasize most folks were polite, there were just a couple bad ones thus far, one that needed deleted, and I figured I should slap the reminder on there as for many that's all it takes.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

@@junorus I appreciate the forgiveness, but you seem to be saying I was claiming Energy is absolutely conserved when I flat out said that was probably not the case. I think you should re-watch that section, though here is the text of the transcript if you'd like to highlight what statement is false. "One of our laws in physics is conservation of energy, that it can be neither created nor destroyed, merely changed in form. However, spacetime itself takes energy to exist, so when new bits of it get added, that takes energy, energy that doesn’t seem to come from anywhere, hence why we call it Dark Energy, dark in the context of being mysterious in function and origin. Amusingly while Conservation of Energy is often stated as ironclad law I doubt anyone is still living who actually learned that law while physicists believed it was without exception, as its been about a century since the Big Bang and Hubble Expansion hit the scene"

[@JOhnDoe-nl4wj]

just when you thought you had enough existential crises to worry about Isaac: "time might drain out of the hourglass and leave the Universe in a frozen instant" nice

[@kantoros]

4:40 - 6:40 This segments has a lot of errors in it. It's true that there are different size infinities, but ∞+1 is still ∞. A good way to compare two sets by size is to try and match up their elements in pairs, you can match up ∞+1 and ∞ with (0,the additional element)(1,0)(2,1)(3,2)(4,3)... we say they're still the same size. The set of real numbers is indeed bigger than the set of naturals, but with a Hilbert curve you can map all points of a plane on a single line, ergo they're the same size of infinity again. iirc Hilbert curve works for 3d space as well, so again it's the same size of infinity. Most of this is just semantics, and not really relevant to the subject, so it doesn't invalidate the video or anything, but I don't want people to get the wrong idea.

[@jon_j__]

Glad to see that this section hurt someone else's brain enough to force a long comment :-)

[@atk05003]

If you want to understand infinity, your best bet is to take a Discrete Mathematics course, wait until your head stops hurting, then take the course again. :)

[@volodyanarchist]

I wanted to make that exact same comment, but luckily checked if somebody has made it already. Thanks.

[@aaronb1195]

For anyone interested, vsauce's "how to count past infinity" video is a much more accurate treatment of comparing different infinities.

[@Rumble-Tusk]

Thank you for confirming an idea I had in college was reasonable - namely that big rip + quark pairs would generate huge numbers of additional quarks. I brought it up to a professor of mine and he dismissed it saying that they would simply get redshifted into oblivion but that never really made sense to me. How could something get redshifted in its own reference frame?

[@MalcolmJones-bossjones]

I love Thursdays !!! Thanks issac, grabbing my popcorn now

[@00Athus1]

One of the best channels around, I have always an extremely hard time listening to any science based channel because it's A. Some talking in such simple terms that it feels like I am being talked down to by a "more enlightened individual." Or B. A PHD level course in video format with no explanation on anything not directly related to the topic no matter how important. Your videos fit neither, they are articulate in simplification of what I can assume are highly complex and difficult topics in a way that anyone can understand. All the while making the simplification of said topic have no trace of that talked down to feeling.

[@emilnenov4084]

that's what's called a teacher i think

[@lfelype.azevedo]

I think it varies from your own understanding level a lot, putting aside the quality, as some people goes along with some kinds of language more than others. I could recommend The Science Asylum or PBS Space Time as both are awesome channels about science to me, but someone else could easily put them in one of the 2 cited categories. Anyway, I enjoy a lot how Isaac expands to the science-fiction universe with very regards with the science in it.

[@PaulPaulPaulson]

When redshift was first discovered and explained, was there a discussion whether it's caused by time acceleration instead of the expansion of space?

[@innocentbystander3317]

Probably, but we are only now catching up to their questions... Sorry, I'll show myself out.

[@ajendrisak]

Expansion of space, known as Hubble's Law (en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble's_law)

[@ntrpk7296]

Brian Egan's book "Diaspora" has a fun take on this idea.

[@Jay_in_Japan]

Coincidentally, "Big Rip" is what I call my civilization-ending flatulence

[@12q8]

Ahahaha! Didn't take long before someone made a fart joke.

[@clearskycam]

Isaac Arthur just explained how we can prestige existence into a new game plus. If we break singularity in our lives, perhaps we will all be infant gods in our own universes. If that doesnt send a shiver down your spine, I dont know what would.

[@rhuiah]

Great episode. Weird to think that a time machine that could travel forward just a few seconds could potentially be such a game changer.

[@MichelleHell]

Being the most advanced civilization in the universe's history, maybe they can just create the beginning of the universe, answering the question of where it is we came from. I've been thinking lately what we know as black holes are more like boundaries of spacetime of differing densities. Our observable universe would be bound by the behaviors associated with black holes. For example, black holes have a formation period, followed by expansion and eventually slowly contracting. Hawking showed that black holes can absorb and emit radiation, which is how they grow and shrink. So if we live inside a spacetime bubble, a black hole, we could expect the universe to expand through hawking radiation. This radiation bleeds through the boundary and transforms into both space and time. A large black hole has a longer lifetime than a small black hole. A consuming black hole is increasing its lifetime, so it's possible we live inside a black hole that is consuming matter and expanding. The grand universe is comprised of cascading spacetime bubbles

[@DAG_42]

Maybe I'm not remembering correctly but I thought physicists worked out math which shows the possibility that a universe that's spread out enough (post-big-rip) would be equivalent to a microscopic space "coming into existence". This would mean a cocoon to wait out the rip would be futile, from your perspective matter would never "come back"

[@TheGargalon]

Great, another video I will watch literally hundreds of times while falling asleep. Cheers

[@Noname-zq8oo]

When dark energy pulls apart a quark and creates 2 quarks it might continue to pull on the new quarks and quickly create more quarks. So, you might get a whole new universe being created from a single quark with dark energy turning energy into mass. Now imagine that same reaction across the countless quarks in the universe.

[@tristanbackup2536]

Make sense. An infinite pull making infinite new particles. Thus a new universe.

[@Koplerio]

What if we think of time being the balloon? The larger the balloon gets, the further the points from each other are, the slower time "processes". Subjective time stays the same, but universal time (which would be required for this) would be affected and slowed... making the universes expansion seem to be increasing.

[@Koplerio]

and gravity, the effect of mass, is the thing that's the "equalizer" for the expansion of time itself. A necessity to reduce the effects of time-expansion. Like tiny holes on the balloon of time, the more mass, the deeper the hole.

[@Cythil]

I get why people get confused by how the universe can expand yet still be infinite in size. But I think it just a poor description that gets people confused. But in short of it. It is just that empty space between stuff is growing. Or is like all the stuff was shrinking while the empty space remains the same. It is an easy enough concept enough to understand. I actually do like the balloon dots on it analogy even if I know some scientist dislike it since it can give the idea that the balloon must expand it to something. Which maybe the universe is doing, but we do not know and should not assume so. But I think that even if they get this little misconception (which might not be a misconception at all, see previous sentence) it is better. Since the person now have a decently accurate picture of what is going on. All analogies will have limitations, or else they would not be analogies.

[@jayayerson8819]

That includes the most accessible explanation of Cantor's theorem I've heard in a while :D :D

[@annakeye]

I'm crazy about aviation and have a few favorite channels. e.g. Mentour Pilot and 74Gear. Both are made by professional pilots. The former is quite serious but full of great information and that latter, 74gear is hosted by a 747 pilot, who cracks me up laughing on a regular basis. So yeah, _Isaac Arthur_ I'd be super interested in your flying experiences. Thanks for a great episode.

[@chrisvb4387]

I love your accent around the E/O, L and R areas. I love your videos! This is my 2nd. *Subscribed.^_^*

[@philiprobey7694]

Actually there is perfectly good math where infinity is a number. Also infinity + infinity is the same size infinity as whichever is larger. The integers are the same size as the even numbers. The rationals are the same size as the integers too. The reals are bigger than the integers though. Infinity really isa weird thing. You might be thinking of the density of numbers, but I won't comment on that as I didn't study much measure theory.

[@philiprobey7694]

Sorry. Should have looked at earlier comments. I agree that these details on infinity shouldn't matter for the purposes of this video

[@Teboski78]

So oddly. The survivable cyclical big rip makes me a heck of a lot happier to think about as a course for the cosmos than black hole computers & heat death. Just the forever young cosmos recreating itself like a Phoenix & civilization getting to live fast, struggle, improve, & experience a vibrant & active universe forever. And continuity only preserved by sentient beings that know how to survive the rip. Where it would otherwise be erased. Gives further inherent purpose to humanity if true.

[@I.C.Weiner]

I wonder if controlling dark energy was possible could a super advanced civilization use it to split quarks and create an unlimited supply of mass and energy.

[@raidermaxx2324]

you just need fusion for the energy part .. why would you need unlimited mass tho?

[@I.C.Weiner]

@@raidermaxx2324 Get enough of it you got a star. Free fusion and heat. Or get the matter and use it for fusion.

[@DocWolph]

Long term storage of knowledge and information is going to be very important. Taking measurements of the universe say today, and comparing those measurement to new measurements made every 100 years for the next million years or more. Of course, you can just say make a fresh copy of the previous measurements, but you might not for one reason of another. But saying all that, only then could you start to really tell if model end times of the universe scenario would be the actual case.

[@afriendofafriend5766]

Several years ago you talked about mega earths. Could you build an O'Neill cylinder with more surface area than a birch world, in terms of it being physically possible, not practical?

[@raidermaxx2324]

i dont think so.. it would collapse under gravity but thats just a guess

[@cosmic_gate476]

Just yesterday I rewatched the Iron Stars video for fun, thinking if somehow even that could be continued. No coincidence, I'm sure?!

[@johnsorrelw849]

Fascinating episode. I love the notion of the INSIDE of a supermassive black hole being the last refuge thru the big rip and a liferaft into a remade universe. But Isaac, I do believe you are wrong about infinity. The set of all integers is not "bigger" than the set of all even numbers, as you were saying. Intuitively it seems twice as large, but logically it isn't. It doesn't really mean anything to say it's twice as large. Cantor demonstrated that each even number can be matched up with an integer. All sets that can be so ordered in one-to-one correspondence with integers are said to be DENUMERABLE, and this the class of infinity Cantor named Aleph Null. All your examples of infinity are this type, and they ARE functionally equivalent. There really is no greater-than sign to put between them. It's the magic of infinity... as a mathematical concept. Now there is an inifinity that you could describe as "bigger" than your run of the mill denumerable sets, and that's the set of all real numbers. I won't go into the proof (search Cantor and mathematics of infinity), but the point is that the totality is indenumerable. That's because there isn't an algorithm that can generate them all. It's impossible to say "how many" there are, so they can't be "numbered." Cantor named them an Aleph One set to distinguish them from denumerable infinities. That does make them seem "bigger", but even in this case it might be a misleading way to describe their relationship. It might be better to think of them as how the irrational numbers compare to rational numbers. It's more about their logical structure than the "quantity" they contain. Disclaimer: I am not a mathematician. I am just someone who was so entranced by infinity as an adolescent that I read a lot about it. If are reading and know it better, please correct me. P.S. Many logicians and philosophers doubted that physical infinities exist. It seems to me like something that could ever be known (living as we are within Godel's incompleteness theorem) and that all science would fall within the finite.

[@raidermaxx2324]

so you arent a mathematician? ill just forget about everything you just said then

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

10:00 Reality pixels, gonna remember that definition

[@wespeakyournames7227]

Wow super early. I loved the vidy about iron stars, hoping this will deliver the same punch. Deep time is mind melting

[@ProperLogicalDebate]

4:04 Can the expansion expand faster than the Speed of Light or is that the limit and we can never see beyond that?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

YEs, there's no problem with two galaxies moving apart at faster than light speed, it just means there's a ton of new space appearing between them, like two cities on a balloon planet that was expanding and them far enough apart people couldn't walk fast enough to walk between them.

[@purpledevilr7463]

There could be some continuity of the universe if you can predict how quarks would be ripped apart then set it up in a specific way. Extremely hard, but I think that’s technically a possibility.

[@harbl99]

The Big Rip: followed soon after by the Big Chucking in the Wastepaper Basket, the Big Sigh, and the Big Grabbing Another Sheet. "Let's see if we can't get the math to work out this time."

[@oldguyinstanton]

If the expansion of the universe is accelerating, and if the "budding" theory for the Big Bang is correct, that other parts of the Universe (that we can never see) budded off at different points, then could that accelerating expansion be due to increased gravitational attraction from those other parts of the Universe?

[@GrOuNdZeRo7777]

I'd love to see you fly, I'm a big aviation fan.

[@Shrubbist]

14:15 you have w = (energy density)/pressure but you wrote w=p/rho = rho_m C^2/rho_m c^2 which looks like pressure over energy density

[@virginiahansen320]

Desperately want to see you guys flying!

[@zawsrdtygbhjimokpl6998]

diving into a black hole to survive the universe's end is such a clutch play

[@josecuesta3852]

I love the Univorse!!

[@joz6683]

Thanks Isaac. 1 question could the big rip cause a new big bang. If the splitting of quark pairs produces new quark pairs could it produce enough material to start again, at a much larger scale 🤔. I asked this on the civilisations at the end of time. So glad it was kinda answered.

[@mastershake8018]

Yay, another banger for my favorite series!

[@LifeOnHoth]

Man. I watched SEA's "the final age of the solar system" and I got 5 minutes in and was just done thinking man this gets me a bit depressed today, I'd better go to Isaac to get some optimism, and the title I find in the list is "....the big rip". I'm trusting as I watch this tho it will have the usual optimism. Well. Wish me luck. 😂

[@JaniLassila]

I wonder that if something could survive big rip by diving slightly inside the supermassive black hole, how it would work in the new universe if it happens to be constituted from the form of matter that has gone extinct along with that universe it came from. Your physiology or equivalent of that would be quite literally alien!

[@vincentcleaver1925]

I just checked against older episodes and the volume is definitely too low on this one, it's not just me not being able to turn the volume up on my cell any farther 8-(

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Weird, I sometimes vary the compressor rates, which can certainly effect apparent volume, but I've been doing -4dB soft limiter as my last audio tweak on the narration for years. I'll have to check if I was messing with the mic setup at the time.

[@earthcoloredeyes5043]

Could we build a perpetual motion engine using a black holes gravity?

[@Truemann45]

"An accelerated increase in valium" God, if only

[@bricesmith102]

What if the big rip of quarks does = big bang but also since it's everywhere that is the moment of time which space separates into multiple but related universes sharing the same time.

[@mahyar305]

I recommend start your flying lessons with MS flight simulator, it will all make sense when you go for certification.

[@bagelman2634]

Is it possible for both heat death and a big rip to occur? If the value of w is something like -1.000000000000000000001 then the rip could eventually occur, but not until after decreasing entropy had already left the universe as nearly an empty husk. Maybe if that were true, civilizations around iron stars could bank on surviving just long enough to get to a big rip rather than just staying alive as long as possible.

[@sulljoh1]

October 2022 Update - looks like new estimates for dark energy show no big rip in the future

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

2:31 hmm did not realise that was just a random year, did seem a little short

[@a3van609]

The wrinkly part of my brain: Yes Arthur, precisely. The smooth part of my brain: Big rip of fart BAHAHA

[@joshuahansen5486]

The universe isn't expanding the material in it is exploding and astronomers can't tell the difference

[@brutalvous]

Fun with nukes that's my favorite creator on KZbin!

[@zvpunry1971]

I like to imagine the end of the universe a bit like what happened in The Last Question by Isaac Asimov. :)

[@dansiegel333]

I read that years ago. Stays with you.

[@Tw0DrunkGuys]

Going to need to make a "big rip" of my own before I properly understand this stuff!!

[@ProperLogicalDebate]

So deep and interesting that it won't take me 38:08 minutes to finish this. LoL

[@Skorpychan]

My brain hurts now.

[@cpasr8065]

You knew what you were doing when you titled the episode. The Big RIP?

[@bigfloppa2319]

Surviving big crunch when

[@tobbe7851]

Time does stand still at the event horizion, from an outside observers point of view.

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

allot of weird problems with infinity, infinite coastline is the only one I was taught in school.

[@alexandercross9081]

I always kind of thought that that experiment (the name of which escapes me at the moment) where they held 2 plates together and found there are tiny pockets of new matter and anti-mater being created similtaniously, was a potential "end scenario" in and of itself. Basically as the universe expands new matter fills the void. I'm assuming because I don't actually know how to do the math, and I've never heard it discussed before, that probably means this is not allowed by our current understanding of the universe.

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

Casimir effect is what your looking for.

[@alexandercross9081]

@@harmonyspaceagency1743 thank you

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

@@alexandercross9081 that's like the 2nd time I've ever had to use that knowledge so thank you.

[@Yezpahr]

@@alexandercross9081 Casimir effect is very interesting, but there is maybe something even more amazing. Nature learned to use Brownian Motion to make various "motors", the protein Kinesin is one of them (most likely). A Brownian **Motor** would require energy input to lock one way of motion, while allowing the other way to be pushed randomly. Brownian **Ratchets** (currently only theoretical) would require no energy input, while still having an energy cost which is drawn from Brownian Motion. A Brownian Ratchet would prevent one way of motion by laws of physics, but nudges into both directions would move the ratchet into the desired direction. I'm putting my money on the Brownian team, because I think the Casimir effect is actually for something else than power generation. The Casimir effect might allow oscillators but those are only useful if you want to make a clock. A randomly ticking one at best. Brownian Motors or Ratchets have the ability to be made from proteins, which can be spit out by properly coded DNA. Which you can power with photosynthesis of the creature hosting it. In short, nanobots will be Brownian Machines by definition. And nanobots can have near limitless usecases as they're only limited by what you program them to do. Casimir effect for mankind will be like what a quartz crystal was to an old ratchet radio. Useful in some ways, probably, but vastly superseded before the decade is out.

[@alexandercross9081]

@@Yezpahr I'm not sure about that, according to my admittedly sparse understanding of the topic, that sort of thing would either require so many of the ratchets to make it impractical, or it would take so long as to render energy gain moot, on top of that it's all operating at such a small scale engineering it would take a mint, and given your own thoughts about the longevity of the project it sounds like the investment would not be worth it.

[@literalvampirepotbellygobl5629]

What's even stranger, is that even though an infinite three dimensional space is, intuitively, much larger than an infinite one dimensional line, Cantor showed that, nonetheless, they both have the same cardinality. In fact, an infinite three dimensional space even has the same cardinality as a finite line. To quote Robert Kaplan, "there are just as many points in the infinite universe as on the horizontal bar of this T." Infinity is weird.

[@literalvampirepotbellygobl5629]

@Michael Bishop Power sets are not related to my point, but yes, 2^(aleph null) is a larger infinity than aleph null.

[@literalvampirepotbellygobl5629]

@Michael Bishop Yes it is. The notation is not related to exponents, but is used because the power set of X is bijective to the set of all functions from X to a given set of two elements. (A one-to-one correspondence.) We can just call it the "set of all subsets" if you prefer. Or just P(X). Any notation is fine.

[@sciencerscientifico310]

Yeah, like the infinite density of a black hole's singularity or the theoretical " Hilbert Hotel " with infinately many rooms, potentially infinite universes in the theoretical multiverse, etc.

[@justin_5631]

I believe when Cantor discovered it he is suppose to have said "I see it, but I can't believe it."

[@literalvampirepotbellygobl5629]

@@justin_5631 You are correct. "Je le vois, mais je ne le crois pas." In a letter to Dedekind. I think I'm inclined to agree with him.

[@DFX2KX]

I for one love the idea of seeing you learn to fly. I've always been an aviation nerd, so it'd be fun to watch. Also "A Brief Moment of Eternity" sounds like one hell of a science fiction book title. I'd use it, but I'm not a good enough writer to do it justice.

[@jakubiskra523]

This is my code "Spoffort", for a phone application that mining its own cryptocurrency, but they do it in such a way as not to use the processor or battery, it’s called pi NETWORK

[@p0xus]

Ive always wanted to learn to fly, so I would be very interested in watching him do it.

[@bbeen40]

You're not a good enough writer to do it justice YET.

[@DFX2KX]

@@bbeen40 lol I'll take the complement.

[@bobinthewest8559]

“The Moment of Infinity”, has a nice ring to it 🤔 Could be the very moment, frozen in time, at the singularity of a black hole... ? Of course, I reckon... you could never reach the singularity, without BECOMING the singularity... I wonder if you could observe “all” of the universe... for “all” of time from that vantage point... That is, if we can ignore the physical effects of actually getting there.

[@cyruspowers7355]

What a joy it is to return to this series. This was the series that got me hooked on your videos, and your signature style keeps me coming back for more. Stay awesome Isaac.

[@maverickloggins5470]

Same for me! Love these I think my first ever video of Isaac’s was Iron Stars a few years ago, now I listen all the time

[@vinzentreckling6084]

same here, i'm following since black hole farming that was such a lrvel up compared to the recycled documentaries about space i was listening to, to fall asleep back then

[@ulisirius9027]

All universa and all dimensions will be absorbed into one Empire! All will be connected! All will be inside! No outside anymore! All will be unifyed and connected to the machine, mother machine! All over is centre! All are Chi-Borgs! Alpha Omega Minorah Karma.

[@propcircles4082]

im never this early for an isaac arthur video and ive even already got a drink and a snack ready!

[@topogigio7031]

Gotta be a great feeling!

[@fredkelly6953]

Having trillions of years with nothing but the end of all things in front of you I'm pretty sure some of that time would be taken up on doing something about it. In fact I would say they will have the power to not only extend the universe's life but to extend it indefinitely.

[@lionelmessisburner7393]

The universe might not end. We really don’t know. Also other universes could exist. It could also be possible to make our own universes. There’s so many different possibilities of ways life can continue. None are facts yet, but neither is the end of the universe

[@Zeuswashington]

​@@lionelmessisburner7393Exactly 💯 👏 we have millions of years to see if this Big Rip is even true 😅

[@ericboom1712]

​@@Zeuswashingtontrillions upon trillions

[@ericgolightly8450]

I heard that with enough energy in a tiny place, we could open up a baby universe. We could become an actual type 5 civilization, trillions of years in the future.

[@merbst]

To what trade-offs?

[@renderproductions1032]

I love how you spend the time to add captions. I use them a lot for making sure I catch everything or know how to spell certain words or names for me to look up later. It’s also great for times when the area around me is noisy, which is often. Thank you!

[@freeamerican2708]

The funny thing is he puts in the closed captions because *he thinks* he has a really bad speech impediment and people have trouble understanding him. I thought it was just a local dialect. We have so many different regional dialects in the United States. Good to know somebody's benefiting from his self-consciousness.

[@doublethenun]

@@freeamerican2708 exactly!! let me tell you english is not my first language and over the years i’ve had to stop watching lots of videos because i could not understand a single word. isaac arthur to me is perfectly comprehensible i don’t think i’ve ever been confused listening to him even without captions!! (except when he throws in super scientific terms that i didn’t even know existed)

[@davecarsley8773]

@@doublethenun I definitely had a little bit of trouble understanding certain words when I first started watching him years ago. I'd have to pop the captions on, see what a word or two was, then turn them back off. But after probably like the 3rd or 4th video, I never needed them again.

[@ventusvindictus]

@@davecarsley8773 Ditto! I binged the old Upward Bound series while working on a pool and had to rewind a few times to make sure I heard him right, but by the end of the playlist I really stopped noticing.

[@boomsnapclap1332]

I use the captions because of my lackluster hearing. Whatever the reason, they are much appreciated Isaac!

[@tionen3810]

26:30 "Let's be honest, nobody really thinks of their civilizations in million year terms" And i took it personally x,)

[@EddyA1337]

How does this channel not have 1m subs yet? Been watching weekly since 2017, another great episode!

[@patrickanthony3632]

Now, if it was marketed as an ASMR channel I bet ya it would!

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

@@patrickanthony3632 now thats an idea

[@Giganfan2k1]

I think it get too far down the STEM hole. Combined with the fact the show is deeply rooted in facts. This show is for a neich subset of people that want granular details of a very plausible reality.

[@adarian]

Episode length is a big part. Lots of science channels have large subs but a lot of people will not watch and sub to a channel that always produces content that averages around 30+ minutes per video. People tend to watch in 10-15 minute chunks which this channel far exceeds so a fewer amount of people will stop and watch these videos and sub afterward.

[@achtsekundenfurz7876]

Episode length, absence of aggressive marketing, and the fact that many viewers (of _any_ content of YT) aren't that smart or even scientifically inclined. I'm not talking about the people that would ask "What's a big rip? never heard of it" - those are at least _interested_ and possibly able to catch up eventually - but those who are the intellectual equivalent of vacuum, without as much as quantum fluctuation. I'm talking the kind of people if you look into their eyes closely enough, you see the words "NO SIGNAL."

[@TheWeatherbuff]

I love these brain-stimulating videos, Isaac! Being buried in the world of meteorology, I sometimes forget to let some out-of-the-box thinking soak-in. Also, I once again must compliment you on the excellent lead-in your sponsor at the end. Perfectly executed! Thank you, as always.

[@francoislacombe9071]

A Zeno's paradox civilization, every time the remaining duration of the universe is cut by half, its computation speed doubles, which allows its simulated minds and virtual worlds to exist forever in subjective time.

[@philiprobey7694]

One thing other KZbin celebs could learn from Isaac is that of engaging with their fans. I've left about a dozen comments on his Patreon forum and I am pretty sure he responded to all of them. Part of the reason I upped my support.

[@freddyjosereginomontalvo4667]

As always say : Awesome channel with awesome content and great quality 🌍💯

[@Higgzboson]

Great video ..one of the best channel ever

[@dominicdoherty7208]

You should do a video on if we encounter a civilization that is technologically behind us, i think it would be very interesting to see the script flipped

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Primitive aliens, maybe?

[@wofuljac]

@@isaacarthurSFIA YES! Perhaps we could uplift them Stellaris style.

[@MrMikey808]

I've thought the same thing b4...nice to read it from someone else

[@DreamskyDance]

@@wofuljac uplift ? and then...umm...ill just say that mine and your Stellaris playthroughs are not the same. ;D

[@raidermaxx2324]

you mean like dolphins

[@dansiegel333]

I wonder if civilizations could exist over such immense timescales. The longer they are around, the longer the opportunity for bad actors to arise bent on destruction. Or for the unintended consequences of a decision to result in annihilation. I don’t think you could ever be certain a civilization has escaped the Fermi bottleneck.

[@user-lp7tx1fe6t]

For some reason, i love to watch these videos while working out. I dont know how many times I've heard you talk about space travel or speculative sociology while pushing my muscles to their limits. Thanks Isaac

[@fugslayernominee1397]

Amazing episode Isaac!!! Was waiting for this one for some time. And that last quote sent goosebumps to my body. Holy crap you never ceases to amaze me man!!! Absolutely wonderful work.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Awesome! Thank you!

[@juzoli]

There is an error at 22:19. The “time freezing on the event horizon “ is NOT a misconception. That’s the actual correct theory. That’s the result of GR equations. Not at the center, but at the event horizon. That’s where escape velocity is c, which is associated with frozen time. Of course it is not literally frozen, it is just infinitely slow for an outside observer, but these are the same in practice.

[@jamchiroptera4258]

Holy crap, a recent vid! I love your channel dude, and all the end of time stuff has been really helpful for brainstorming on my sci fi book. Keep being awesome :) Also seeing some flying lessons sounds very cool, please do!

[@toriknorth3324]

12:40 the law of conservation of energy can be derived from the assumption (based on observation) that the laws of physics are constant through time. If that assumption is violated then we can't necessarily say that energy must be conserved.

[@wjm4elements]

The discussion of infinite around 5:00 differs from current mathematics. We compare the size of infinites by proving whether there are or cannot be one-to-one functions between them. We've proven the countable infinites to be less than the uncountable ones (see Cantor's diagonalization), and certain categories are equal. In particular, the sum of irrationals between 0 and 1 is equal to the sum of irrationals between 1 and 2; even though one would seem to be twice the size, doubling an infinite does not change its cardinality.

[@qc8302]

I started learning to fly last year, and would be thrilled to see some one else go through it. Too few people take advantage of the fact you can just go to an airport, and learn to fly. It changes your perspective on things in so many ways. You never see the world the same way again.

[@christophererato2354]

Very true the firsttime i took a small plane up into the air and saw my town from above . Mind blowing

[@Robert-ry6xe]

I understand almost none of the science or logic and yet I love watching videos like this.

[@sciencerscientifico310]

Maybe by the time the Big Rip is fixing to happen, we ( or our descendants ) will have achieved Kartashev type 4 status and have control over the fabric of spacetime itself.

[@riley3051]

I'm so glad this series came back

[@7lllll]

series don't end here, there's always more topics on any of them

[@JasonPurkiss]

Interestingly that they came up with a random guess of how long the universe has to exist of 20 billion years as also the element with the longest half life is Bismuth which also has a half life of 20 billion years. so i would guess that the answer would be more when energy stops producing mass plus 20 billion years :)

[@katakana1]

Doesn't Hydrogen have a half life of like ∞ though

[@u92element4]

wouldnt it be longer because the decay products of bismuth will still be around

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

23:00 that would be a crazy possibility, ducking into a black hole to escape the end of reality

[@yazaniragi6591]

Hi love your vids keep em coming. id like your take on "post univers civilizations" as in civilizations that wander from universe to universe in the multivers theory.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Maybe "Civilizations After the End of time"? :)

[@adammyers3453]

Minor correction. The notion of different ordinalities (where infinity + 1 is not infinity) is not the same as the concept of cardinality (where infinity + 1 is infinity). These are very different properties of sets and they require different assumptions. In standard definitions of the real numbers and the extended real numbers, there is no such concept that differentiates infinity + 1 from infinity in any way. To have a meaningful distinction between the two you either have to use a nonstandard definition like the surreal numbers or you need to restrict your discussion to natural numbers (nonnegative integers). In that circumstance, if you have a certain kind of ordering (definition of something being “greater than” another thing) then you might be able to make sense of the concept of infinity + 1 being distinct from infinity. This usually done using what is called the successor function on numbers represented as sets. Usually the empty set (the set of nothing in it, or the set of even primes greater than 7, etc.) is defined to be 0 and we define the successor function to be the function that takes a set and adds the set itself as an element. We end up calling that output the next number. For example, 1 is defined to be the set that contains 0 as the successor function takes the contents of the empty set (all 0 of those elements) and adds the empty set itself as an element. This means that 0={} and 1={0}. Likewise, 2 is defined to be the set 1 along with the set 1 itself as an element. Meaning that 2={0,1} (the set of the first two natural numbers). These are called ordinal numbers, the finite ordinal numbers. This process continues ad infinitum. However, we have a notion of greater than built into this definition. We can say that a number (a set) is greater than another if the latter is an lament of the former. 0

[@maxkronader5225]

"Infinity is not a number." "Infinities can be vastly different in size." "The universe at the Big Bang was already infinite in size, we're just expanding into a bigger infinity." Isaac, I'm just an engineer; you're making my brain hurt! Can't we talk about tensile strength of nanotubes?😁

[@pauljthacker]

I'd be interested in hearing more about using dark energy for power production. In principle, could that work even at current dark energy levels? If conservation of energy isn't exactly true, maybe perpetual motion isn't exactly impossible.

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

30:00 Could you concentrate the mass of several galaxies into 1 structure, a giant network of stars and blackholes much tighter packed than a natural galaxy to resist this expansion?

[@IdgaradLyracant]

The tipping point of gravity vs dark energy isn't something that can be localized as we know it so far. However if we could find a way to convert dark energy\matter into conventional matter, we could for the lack of a better term, go to war against dark energy\matter and possibly tip the scale but the problem is if the universe is in fact infinite, we'd need a infinite amount of weapons to tip the scales, making that impossible.

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

@@IdgaradLyracant I suppose I'm not talking so much about stopping it but lasting longer. if you concentrate the mass of galaxies into somthing only a couple hundred light years across they'll be more gravity and less dark energy being produced as there's less space for it to come out of. If I understood it correctly.

[@harmonyspaceagency1743]

@@garetclaborn I mean yeah I'm out of my depth too. My project are all like in the next 50 years with the physics we have now, not 20 billion years combining galaxy worths of mass

[@DanielBeaver]

Interesting idea to think of time as being a quantity of stuff poured into our universe

[@cannonfodder4376]

Yet another informative video. Learned quite a bit for this topic is not something I looked at that much.

[@whirledpeas3477]

I love the graphics this is a great channel, thanks for closed captions my phone got wet and I can't afford to fix it for a while.

[@michaelstjohn4665]

I think the idea that energy cannot be created not destroyed is a large assumption considering how little we really know.

[@weare7043]

Thanks again for all your content. I like that we agree on fantasy/sci-fi stuff, and quality when it comes to screen adaptations

[@mitchh3092]

Sometimes I wish I had a head for math so I could join in these interesting debates, and sometimes I'm glad that when the math gets complicated, it's like what Santa's Little Helper hears when Bart's talking to him. I'm not stupid by any means, but math has NEVER been my strong suit (made worse by dyscalculia), so I just enjoy the pretty images and pleasant narration for a minute. :D I like your channel because you come across and an extremely reasonable person who is aware of his own fallibility and can SERIOUSLY discuss and critique sci-fi and futuristic concepts while actually maintaining a sense of optimistic good humor about them. That's why I generally take it as given that you've made a good-faith effort to be honest and fair in those moments when the math gets heavy. Thanks for these videos. They inspire me every time I watch them! (I really enjoy the extended ones on Nebula, by the way!)