Western Togoland | Ghana’s Ewe independence movement

[@nicodemeassignontv1362]

I'm EWE from Togo 🇹🇬 my mother is also EWE from Volta region aber i want unification of my country TOGO ,EWE people must stay together..🙏 sorry for my english i speak french 😊

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you for the comment!

[@dennis771]

Dumbest comment ever….so you want to dismantle your neighbor to strengthen you and you think you will be fine?!

[@TheTennesseeGeek]

One of my teachers is from Togo and has taught me about alot of the political issues of the country. I need to send this to him. Thanks!

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks, please do. I’d be really fascinated to hear any reactions from the region. It is such an interesting and complex story, and yet it has received next to no attention; both in terms of the historical background and the current situation. It was probably the most challenging video I’ve undertaken so far.

[@aliimran9796]

@@JamesKerLindsay Yo James, shouldn't Palestine be accepted as a UN member as more than 2/3 of the countries recognize it.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

@@aliimran9796 No. it needs 2/3 of General Assembly. But before that can happen, there needs to be a recommendation from the security Council. This is blocked by the USA. I cover the membership process (and mention Palestine) here kzbin.info/www/bejne/jnrOi6OGlryth7M

[@aliimran9796]

@@JamesKerLindsay Thanks James

[@TheTennesseeGeek]

@@JamesKerLindsay I spoke with him today. He said that the issue comes from how the German territory of Togoland was partioned and the Ewe people of Ghana don't feel connected to Ghana or Togo. If they try to secede, they will be crushed by the Ghanian military.

[@yirimeah2978]

This is a beautifully explained video. I'm Ghanaian, originally from the North of the country and prior to 2020, I had no knowledge of Western Togoland. In primary school social studies, we were taught the land of the Ewes, which is the Volta region called for a referendum where they voted YES to join Ghana during independence. Today, people from all the tribes in the country are scattered among all the regions and live peacefully together. Should a referendum be called on the matter of separating from or staying with the country, I'm certain 95% would vote STAY. This is no Palestine-Israel, Biafra-Nigeria, or Anglophone Cameroon-Francophone Cameroon situation.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much! I am so glad that it made sense. It is actually my favourite video. (I’m not meant to have favourites. I should love them all equally, but this one is special because of the amount of research that went into it. There was very little information available.) And thanks so much for the thoughts on the current situation. That is really interesting to hear. I’d be keen to hear what you think about my other videos. I have been looking at a number of the key conflicts you mentioned.

[@yeremyahneuhart]

Let me kindly correct you. Erhverhs are not tribal people. Erhverh people are a nation that comprises of Togo, Benin and some part of Nigeria. Some are in Liberia, Siera Leone, Timbuktu etc. You really don't compare the Erhverh speaking nation to other people or tribes. We are unique people who have lost our true identity. But we are getting closer to the finish line. No other tribe in Ghana should take Erhverhs for granted. What is happening now in Ghana between the government and Western Togolanders is a prophecy which will soon come to pass. But before it ends I pray you stay alive to see who this tonal speaking people's called the Erhverhs are. No arguments please. Let's wait, the end will justify it.

[@yirimeah2978]

@@yeremyahneuhart Same way other "tribes" in the country are present in other African countries; the Akans in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire, the Moshies in Ghana and Burkina Faso. No other tribe should take another for granted. It's only supremacists who think their group is better than others. Besides, the old Western Togoland was a German colony that had other tribes in it, all of which are presently in Ghana. Not just the Ewes. Where are you from though? Your name kinda spells like mine.

[@yeremyahneuhart]

@@yirimeah2978 so you will not understand. Don't compare the Erhverhs to those people you just mentioned. You don't know anything about the Erhverhs. Even some elderly people who are Erhverhs, don't know their true identity. And for your information I'm a king as well as a traditional priest. The very White people who splited Africa, changed our ancestral home names, took our ancestors into slavery, they (slave masters) can't teach us. A new era has arrived whereby we will invoke the dieties to lead and guide us just as we did in MU through to KEME to present day West of Africa. Thanks

[@yirimeah2978]

@@yeremyahneuhart what do you know about the other tribes?

[@ReubenKudzo]

We wants our freedom now

[@alphonsineabbey3664]

The United nations has said at that time , Togo land can joint Togo once they decide to do so.Now we face corruption everywhere, but Togo land needs to be free.

[@VIC-hx2ny]

very interesting video James! thanks

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks, VIC. I hope you are well.

[@kieranmackayblake9107]

I was in the Volta Region for 8 months having just left in June 2022. I was teaching just outside of Akatsi and I never noticed any separative movements and I believe the Ewe people were greatly patriotic to Ghana. Nobody ever talked about independence.

[@nathanekbotchway4314]

exactly, the ewes are not talking about independence

[@WaybackHistoryChannel]

Phenomenal video, ever since the declaration of independence I have been planning to do a segment on this in the next update video for the Apolitical World Map, coming up in November. However in the weeks that have followed I have yet to find really good evidence of what (if any) territory they actually control, they put up signs but there’s no proof they actually have control of the areas beyond the signs, at least not yet. This is a rare conflict in the world where this is the case, the lack of any type of information of almost stunning, given how well the frontlines of much more remote conflicts, such as the rebellions in South Sudan, or the Islamist wars in the Sehel, can be traced easily by public. Thanks for doing a video on this topic!

[@xmanykl4400]

This guy's videos are extremely superb in knowledge and excellently explained. A true work of art in spreading culture. Keep up the good work.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much!

[@xmanykl4400]

@@JamesKerLindsay Thank you instead.

[@agnesbonsu8149]

This is pure education, factual, analytic,and food for thought, thanks!

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much. This is actually one of my favourite videos. (I know we're not meant to have favourites, but we do!) There was so little written about it. I really had to spend a lot of time researching it. I really do hope that it can be a useful reference source.

[@theconqueringram5295]

2020 seems like a big year for social unrest. It's amazing how this is a long standing problem, but this could be the first time that many people have heard Western Togoland. The rebellion is recent, but the problem existed for much longer.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Indeed. This is what makes it so interesting. There is actually a far deeper history at play here than many realise. But, as I tried to show, it's not quite a clearcut as other places, such as Somaliland or South Yemen that retain their earlier borders. In this case, there is no claim by the Western Togoland campaigners to include the north. In truth, this seems to be all about Ewe self-determination. It was such a fascinating case to take a look at.

[@peacefulworld1717]

@@JamesKerLindsay actually. The issue is not all ewe affairs but it includes all the northern section. The reason it seems like all ewe affairs is because dated back in history all political activities started from the south before reaching the North.

[@peacefulworld1717]

@@JamesKerLindsay actually. The issue is not all ewe affairs but it includes all the northern section. The reason it seems like all ewe affairs is because dated back in history all political activities started from the south before reaching the North.

[@kalomboC]

Social unrest usually follows hot on the heels of economic difficulty

[@joshuafrimpong244]

issues with the western togoland dispute: 1. The anlo ewe south of them do not support the rebellion, as when colonialism of Ghana took place most, if not all of them, were under british control until independence 2. North of the oti region, the independence of western togoland would actually hurt them, cutting the kingdom of dagbon off from their capital of yendi and from where they are a majority in the north 3. The oti region itself succeeded from the volta region recently, where the dispute started, and they are not eager to rejoin 4. In the volta region, the traditional leaders and their states have denounced the movement 5. Even togo may not want this, as the northerners there, despite being a minority, dominate the politics in Togo, and for more of the ewes to join could ruin their own chances of continued dominance

[@JamesKerLindsay]

This issue is really not getting very much attention, even in West Africa, but it could be one to watch. I want to say a big thank you to everyone who suggested that I tackle it. It was really fascinating story. One of the little known stories of British colonial history. So, what is really going on in Western Togoland? Is this a serious uprising?

[@JamesKerLindsay]

@roger darthwell Thanks, Roger. It really isn’t getting much attention, but a couple of viewers wanted me to look into it. It was such an interesting video to research and try to piece together the various bits of the issue. (Such as the change in Togo’s position and why it isn’t behind current developments, despite past claims to the region.)

[@torgbuiwonyigba5703]

Western Togoland (UN Trust Territory Togoland) under British administration was not a British colony. That should be crystal clear to anybody who wants to delve into this issue. Further more, it was NOT the UN that suggested the integration of the Trust territory into British colony Gold Coast. I was rather Great Britain that, under false pretence, proposed the integration of a territory, that did no belong to her, into her colony. The conflict of interest was clear here. The UN of which Great Britain and France were the major powers acquiesced to the British suggestion but demanded that GB take the necessary steps to establish the union between her Colony Gold Coast and the UN Trust territory Togoland. GB NEVER fulfilled that requirement. Instead she granted independence to her own colony, denied the same rights to Western Togoland, and rubbed salt in Western Togolanders' wounds by offering their territory to Ghana on the day of the latter's independence (a birthday gift of sort). We, of PLC of Western Togoland, are demanding that Great Britain and Ghana do the right thing, and that the union between the two countries be established. Failure to do this will reinforce the conviction of the citizens of Western Togoland that Great Britain had used her dominant position in the League of Nations and the UN to disregard the principles of the World Organisation in order to conquer territories through war. Finally, it is wrong to suggest that only the Ewe people wanted the reunification of Togoland under British administration and Togoland under French administration. Evidence abounds that both the French administration and the British administration were against the reunification of the two territories of the divided Togoland.

[@peacefulworld1717]

Please James kindly check your email.

[@sonofnok2153]

There are so many Post-colonial Independence movements going in Africa right now: Biafrans, Western Togoland, Ambazonians, Tigrey peoples of Ethiopia. All these couched on ethnicity. And it will never stop until people truly feel free among their own kind.

[@yeremyahneuhart]

@@torgbuiwonyigba5703 right on track. Akpe.

[@hassanabdikarimmohamed2505]

Free western Togoland, they deserve their independence

[@mawuliavumetsoro3472]

I gree with You

[@hassanabdikarimmohamed2505]

@@mawuliavumetsoro3472 I said this because I also, like 30 million other Somalis, want to free Somali Galbeed (Western Somalia) also known to the international community as the Somali State Ethiopia (historically famously known In the western world as the Ogaden Region) and known locally as Dowlad Deegaanka Somalida Ethiopia....it is a huge land with over 14 million staunchly pro Somalia ethnic Somalis whose land was illegally given to Abyssinia (Christian habesha of Ethiopia) by the machiavellian evil mass murdering genocide perpetrating resource pilfering British empire...we Somalis will free our land in occupied Ogaden Region come what may, however long it takes we will liberate this land

[@EmmanuelBediako-yg8ne]

You can cross the broader and join Togo, very simple

[@wombat3455]

Very interesting! First rate channel, comprehensive analysis in 15 minutes

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much. I really appreciate it. This was a particularly interesting case to explore. It is so little known, and yet has such a fascinating back story that required a bit of historical rummaging around to piece together. It really appealed to my research side. Actually one my personal favourite videos.

[@wombat3455]

@@JamesKerLindsay Thank you for a very well presented independent evaluation!

[@nanaaraj]

I’m of Ghanaian decent but born in the UK. I’m so interested to learn about this history as my mum and dad never taught me about Western Togoland/ Ghana (what is known as today). I am learning now. It’s likely because my parents don’t know the history. I have been learning my home country’s history with Togo and I learnt that we are so similar in cultures.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you. I am glad it may have helped. It is still one of my favourite videos because it was such a difficult topic to research. There is almost nothing available on it.

[@takyiyaw4483]

@@JamesKerLindsay There is nothing beautiful about this, you guys should stop these negative propagandas before we support Putin and china, since when did you care about Africa?

[@finbarrnolan7676]

Interestingly, there was actually 2 other separatist movements in Ghana just prior to its decolonisation, the National Liberation Front in the Ashanti region and the Northern Peoples Party in the Northern Territories. During the 50s, their aims shifted from seeking autonomy in a federal Ghana to even demanding outright independence in November 20 1956 from Secretary for the Colonies when the Legislative Assembly of the Gold Coast voted in favour of Kwame Nukrumah's unitary system. In response, the Colonial Office stated its opposition to any division of the Gold Coast. Just goes to show that the decolonisation process could sometimes get a bit more complicated than simply giving a colony independence. Also, I think the independence movements in Western Australia and Barotseland could make good topics for another video, especially the former since the region almost seceded from Australia in 1933 as the creatively named Dominion of Westralia after yes victory in an independence referendum, only to be rejected by the British parliament. www.sro.wa.gov.au/blogs/westralia-shall-be-free-western-australian-secession-referendum-1933 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Western_Australian_secession_referendum en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessionism_in_Western_Australia Some further reading on the NPP and the NLP books.google.ie/books?id=_8gSIo3bpv4C&pg=PA351&dq=northern+territories+independence+ashanti&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq3M_33MvsAhWtXRUIHZC5B1QQ6AEwAXoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=northern%20territories%20independence%20ashanti&f=false books.google.ie/books?id=RBv2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR52&dq=asante+independence+northern+territories+november+20&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig3Kuu3cvsAhVmURUIHSecBYcQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks so much. There are so many fascinating and little known cases out there, many of which have now been completely forgotten. To be honest, I was really interested to look into this case as Western Togoland has become one of the more obscure parts of British colonial history. But it would also be good to perhaps look at other independence movements that once existed by (seemingly) appear to have disappeared. In a different timeline, I wonder what sort of world we'd have to today if there was a Kingdom of Ashanti in it!? And I love the name Westralia! Interestingly, there seems to be some discussion of this again recently. On a related note, the question of the dominions is actually rather fascinating. I'm hoping to actually return to this soon.

[@motorpurrinc.229]

Thank you. Very interesting, and clearly you have a deep knowledge base of the region.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much. I keep meaning to do an update.

[@motorpurrinc.229]

I spent 6 months as a 20-something traveling solo overland from Cairo to Harrare--North, East, Central, and Southern Africa, but never further west than central Congo. It's fascinating.@@JamesKerLindsay

[@senyogoiho3339]

The good people of WESTERN TOGOLAND ARE peace loving people who never voted for integration with Ghana the then Gold Coast, But rather voted for Union. A Union which which till date is not legally established and documented. They people have been marginalized in terms of development and they are labeled as foreigners by senior citizens of Ghana. Over 60years now the area can not boasts of even one factory or any production company. Joblessness has made many of them flee from their homes for greener pastures.

[@user-po1np7zy8d]

@Adu poku Most NDC voters are Northerns and Ewes with an inferiority complex against Akans

[@sonofnok2153]

Voting or not voting is not the issue. Self determination is an inalienable right. If they insist, you must let them decide through a Referendum, whether to leave Ghana or stay with Ghana. We Africans are own worst enemies. U.K just voted peacefully to leave the EU, why can't we allow our brothers and sisters to do same? Because these countries as currently composed are the product of Western corporations who created them. Africans wise up. We are ethnic in nature. Let the Ewe people decide their future. Why can't the Ewe in Ghana and the Ewe in Togo be the same country? Why can't the Yoruba in Benin Republic, in Togo, in Ghana, in Nigeria be the same country? The Europeans deny you what they given to themselves. The English is in England. He is not partly in England, and partly in France.

[@trudykeziaabayirenkyi8424]

@@sonofnok2153 shut up we the ewes don't want to leave ghana for togo.. that hell hole never

[@Kingoftheimmigrants4646]

Kwasia, u have voted for one party for 60 years and how do u expect development

[@ekowhanson9268]

What of Juapon textiles built by Nkrumah.

[@hassanm4489]

This situation is complex great explanation.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you. I really found this a fascinating video to put together. There was so little information available on it. I really had to dig around!

[@kevinrwhooley9439]

One of my charity shop coworkers is from Togo. I'd ask him what he thinks of the situation if Ireland hadn't just restarted a period of 6 more weeks of hard lockdown.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. I’d be keen to know what he’d think. The Togo angle to the story was so interesting. At first it didn’t seem to make a lot of sense. Why did it once want Togoland, but now seems against the idea. It was only when I started to look into the interval political situation in Togo that it all made sense. I suppose your colleague’s reaction would probably depend on whether he comes from the north or south. It’s be really interesting if he turned out to be Ewe!

[@JamesKerLindsay]

In the meantime, good luck with the lockdown! Things tightening up here as well.

[@kevinrwhooley9439]

@@JamesKerLindsay thanks for the reply and heart.

[@peacefulworld1717]

Please feel free to write me a message for more information [e-mail] Or call 0243570828

[@MegaAtOh]

is Ireland going to fight for its independence from England anytime soon?

[@tendeivo6021]

Your videos are very interesting and educating. I have watched all the old once and learned a lot.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you very much indeed. I am so glad you found them useful. Do let me know if there are any topics you would like to see me cover. I am always pleased to hear suggestions.

[@hajjsaidu1046]

Hypocrite you are waiting for White man to tell you who you are

[@publicrelations695]

Good report but I feel the need to correct some fact that you may not have. Togoland was not a German colony as you stated. Togoland was a German protectorate. The German tried to colonized Togoland but failed. The British also tried and failed. The final conflict opposed the ewe and the British where the final British forced were defeated in 1858. The British were forced to sign anpeaxe treaty and withdraw and the British governor of Gold coast now Ghana was killed in the battle. It is an unionized territory that signed an protectorate agreement with the German after lear ing German first in order to k ow what was being signed. The people of Togoland have the only protectorate treaty in Africa that was signed instead of the colonial treaties that were X marked. When the German left, the nation was supposed remain sovereign but the British and the French took over after pushing the German out. As of today The original country known as Togoland is the only sovereign uncolored sovereign nation in Ll of west Africa.

[@fabriceizzo2922]

Thank you!

[@yutakago1736]

Most of the Africa problem is due to borderlines drawn during the colonization period. Redraw the border lines will bring peace and prosperity to Africa.

[@sandraramani9119]

Tnx sir Very insightful

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you!

[@eppiphankedey5030]

please I really need this answer.Ok🤔is there anyway that the Togo-land can become an independent country in the future I mean Legally🤷‍♂

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. Usually, it would require the permission of the state that it is trying to leave. There are very few cases where unilateral secession has succeeded. In fact, the only one in modern international relations was Bangladesh in 1971, although Kosovo is now widely recognised.

[@eppiphankedey5030]

what do you mean by 10 states@@JamesKerLindsay

[@JamesKerLindsay]

@@eppiphankedey5030 ‘the’ not ten. Sorry, my idiot autocorrect seems to do this a lot.

[@onecertainesquire486]

Didn't know ewes could declare independence! Will they be allowing lambs and rams to join them as well?

[@koffisilverakoumani5126]

This is very great video because I have been looking for history or any news about my ethnic ewe group I'm from Togo my family hometown is in between Ghana and Togo boundary so half my family live and born in Ghana while I was born in Togo I was surprise I did not know about this issue, if thing turn really bad I'm afraid my family will be force to get involved.

[@gabrieldel3505]

IF THE PLEBISCITE WAS IN 1956, THEN HOW CAN A GROUP ASK FOR UNION WITH TOGO WHEN THE NATION OF TOGO WASN'T IN PLACE. PLEASE CAN I GET SOME CLARIFICATION ON THE POSITION OF THAT GROUP WHICH WANTED TO JOIN TOGO ACCORDING TO YOUR VIDEO. THANKS IN ANTICIPATION OF A CLARIFICATION. BLESSED BE GOD FOREVER

[@yellowplate4539]

African separatist movements are always interesting

[@christonngoveni8438]

Instead Togo should be merging with Ghana, to form a new state because they share a lot in common. That will even boost the economy

[@rasmuss8324]

that wouldn't boost the economy in anyway this will just fck up ghana's already bad gdp per capita

[@rasmuss8324]

@Greener please tell me why

[@nathanekbotchway4314]

see somebody oo

[@bambybuckle597]

Hello sir, I doff my hut to you n I really appreciate your efforts on bringing the togaland issues to the limelight once again. I would be much grateful if you could get the leader of the homeland study group to also speak on this matter. I learnt He has documents approved by UN that guarantee the restoration of the togaland

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much for your very kind and interesting comment. It was such a fascinating case to look into. Hardly anyone outside of the region knows about Western Togoland and the events leading up to the issue. I had to do a lot of research for this video. It would certainly be very interesting to hear more about it.

[@bambybuckle597]

@@JamesKerLindsay Am actually from the supposed western togaland If I may ask, is UN a fair organization My reason of asking this question is ever since the leader of Homeland study group petition UN, little attention has been paid to the issue on the side of both UN and the ghanaian government but rather the ghanaian government turn to intimidate the Leader of HLSG and anybody that seems to agree with call for the restoration of Western Togaland as a nation. This is just unfortunate.

[@yeremyahneuhart]

@@bambybuckle597 you know why the body of UN and Ghana is playing a blind game with the Togolanders? The British and it White allies knows who the Western Togolanders are including Eastern Togo, Benin and Biafra if I may add. The head force of Togo, Benin and Biafra is Slave Coast (Volta Region). They find means and ways to prevent them but know that there is time for everything. The Erhverhs as a nation will wake up from it slumber. The whole world must pay homage to the Great Kingdom of the Erhverhs whose throne is Sri at Anloga. Since they don't want such to happen, they device treacherous means to prevent their togetherness. But the Erhverhs will surely come together again just as it was in MU, KEME and present day West Africa before splited into pieces.

[@lucas_bye]

I am Cameroonian and it's the same shit with my country and its Anglophone separatist movement. Just like Togo, Cameroon was originally a German protectorate invaded by French and British troops during WWI, then they divided it between themselves. France took most of Cameroon to the east and the UK took a sliver to the west next to its Nigerian colony creating a French Cameroon on one side and British Cameroon on another. Then during the period of decolonization, the French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon, then in 1961 a plebiscite was held in the British Cameroon that let two choices to the people : Union with Nigeria or Union with Cameroon. The north part of British Cameroon joined Nigeria and the south part joined Cameroon. Since then, the relation between the former southern part of the British Cameroon and former French Cameroon deteriorated and ended up in an armed conflict. So sad, to see how European colonization messed up Africa and created numerous conflicts.

[@Thecyborg-97]

Im from Ghana...i was amassed when i saw this video

[@Crafty_Spirit]

9:44 I'm confused. Was their leader eight or eighty years old? 😅

[@harrisonakiti5505]

I think he meant he led for eight years

[@rockaddassy6869]

I'm grateful of the good work done on behalf of western Togoland . Is a country on its own. Thank you.

[@laithalabri8456]

Finally got around to watching this, and I'm glad I did. Your videos are always so well-researched and unbiased, which is refreshing. As others have noted, the balkinazation of African states would be extraordinarily detrimental to the continent's development, which is a dismaying prospect. I hope the distinct ethnicities, religions, languages, and cultures of the continent can be transcended by the idea that together, people are stronger.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much as ever for the really kind comment. I find the disputes in Africa especially interesting. Needless to say, I hope to continue to do more on them.

[@catalinmarius3985]

Hi James, I have a question related to this topic: Was UN's post World War II decolonization a failure? This is my opinion on the matter - Woodrow Wilson's self-determination principle meant that every people (ethnicity) have the right to their own country. This was a brilliant idea. But then the great powers realised that this leads to a lot of problems - themselves losing territory. So the self-determination principle was twisted into internal self-determination and external self-determination. Its meaning was changed from independence to various people (ethnicities) to autonomy. I don't think every independence movement is in the right, for example, what if: A lot of Germans come to Flordia and now it's a region with German majority although it was originally American. Is it fair to ask for independence? I think not. Or USSR colonize conquered regions with Russians. Now they are mostly Russian although originally they were mostly non-Russian. USSR breaks and the colonized Russians become part of another state. Is it right to ask for independence? I think not. So this is by no means a bullet-proof principle, it has many questions to be discussed. But in a better world, I think the general idea should have been that the same people (ethnicity) need independence in places where they were the original population and the mother country should be compensated financially for the loss of territory. When there are minor disputes on the borders, they should be solved in favor of the mother country as compensation. Borders should be fair and people should avoid making borders that would lead to holding grudges forever, because one of the two sides thinks the deal is deeply unfair. Borders won't change back and forth, because it doesn't only matter who is the majoritary population, but also who was the original population in those lands, to avoid replacement by colonialism or other means. Anyway, that was my personal take on what self-determination should have been. The UN's post World War II decolonization was an absolute failure in my opinion, and the current state of Africa shows. It was independence for states/regions, not independence for people (ethnicities). As a ressult, many people of different ethnicties found themselves in the same countries, and many people of the same ethnicities found themselves in different countries. That never leads to stability, and the ressult can be called an 'artificial state'. Beside the lack of care for the ethnic problem. They also didn't care at all for previous borders and history, they didn't care which ethnicity was first in what region so that they in theory should have a right to rule there. They didn't care what kingdom or state was there previously. In ending colonialism, ethnicity should be the soul of self-determination, not sub-regions, as in arbitrary run lines by the mother state. It's not just Africa, look at Yugoslavia. And soon after at the reversed case: Serbian separatist movements in Bosnia and Croatia. People need to have a country that they feel is theirs. This is why I think the UN's post World War II decolonization a complete failure, because they didn't care about ethnicity, who was the majority where, who was first where, what states and borders used to be there. They didn't care about giving these people a functional and stable state when they leave where its people would get along and can be considered fair. And it all starts from a flawed variation of the self-determination principle. Also, what constitues the difference between a colony and not a colony? A different ethnicity ruled by another one? Not always the best principle. There are 11,000,000 Mexicans and 2.000.000 Indians in USA. What if they would all move together in a US region, would that make them a colony? I think not. They are the ethnic majority in for example Pennsylvania now, but they were not there the first, they are the immigrants, not the natives, therefore Pennsylvania cannot be regarded as a colony, despite being a case of one ethnicity ruled by another one. Anyway, that's it, 2 questions: UN's post World War II decolonization a failure? & What makes a colony a colony? and some personal food for thought.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you for such an interesting and considered comment. I completely agree about Wilsonian self-determination. It is a nice idea in theory, but impossible to put into practice precisely because different ethnic communities don't tend to live in distinct territories. Putting it into practice would almost certainly lead to perpetual conflict. This leads nicely to your second question. If it isn't possible to give every community its own homeland, then how should territories be decided. Sadly, and very honestly, in a world made of states, it was probably easiest in many cases to just keep to the colonial boundaries that had been established. Obviously, there were a number of cases where an attempt was made to rationalise the situation by uniting different territories, but as I've shown in a number of videos now, this led to many unhappy unions. In fact, many secessionist movements seem to be based on unhappiness with a previous union, rather than a wish to create an entirely new territory. (An interesting idea to perhaps explore.) On the question of territory and population, this is a hugely complex and controversial debate. It comes up in many cases and there is obviously a balance that arises between the issue of territorial integrity and also recognising 'settlers' as an established community. I often think of this through the Cyprus lens - a situation I know particularly well. There has been a Greek presence on the island for thousands of years. The Turkish Cypriots starting arriving in the late sixteenth century. Their community is far newer, but they have still been there for four hundred years. Some Greek Cypriots, though far from all, regard the island as essentially Greek and regard the Turkish Cypriots as not having a legitimate claim to the island. Is this right? To my mind, the Turkish Cypriots have an equal right to be seen as Cypriots, without for one moment diminishing the Greek heritage and history of the island. Again, it is a subject that naturally sparks a lot of debate and very often one's view will be shaped on one's personal and national circumstances. I suppose the Celtic parts of me could regard the English as invaders on the island of Britain! The again, my Saxon English ancestors would no doubt have taken deep offence at the arrival of my Norman ancestors. (Interestingly, although my surname is actually Scottish, if you look into it, it is in fact of Norman descent - just to confuse matters even further!) I like to think of Britain, and many other countries, as being made up a layers of communities that all make a people who they are today. These things are fascinatingly complex.

[@catalinmarius3985]

@@JamesKerLindsay Thank you for the deep and comprehensive reply! Through the Cyprus lens - I agree with the Greek Cypriots but with an asterisk. Who is in the right when it comes to self-determination has to be established, otherwise we risk a frozen conflict, that while not as bad as an open conflict, it's the next worst thing, such as Armenia and Azerbaijan's arms race. Not to mention the fear ordinary Armenian and Azerbaijani citizens have to live with. In my opinion, the difference between a colony (occupied territory) and a territory that rightfully belongs to the mother nation is - which ethnicity was first? who are the natives and who are the immigrants? who was the original population? but there will be an asterisk. The second most important question should be: which ethnicity is the majoritary population? Although important, this should not be the definitive question because of the "Germans come to Flordia" and "USSR colonization" loopholes explained previously. And in general, again this is just my personal opinion, UN's approach to independence movements should be more focused on ethnicity than legal state, where possible, every independence case is different so that won't be a hard rule by any means, but it is a better principle to focus on independence for ethnicity, that an ethnicity has the right to their own country, than focus on the sub-region as the new state. Since people need to have a country that they feel is theirs, as such, the ethnicities a newly independent state does and doesn't contain can make or break the stability of that state. There is an intuitive human understanding that those who were first have the legitimate claim to the land. Most Americans today agree that the Native Indians were the rightfull owners of America. This is, in my opinion, the difference between a colony and not a colony. A colony is a case of natives being occupied by the immigrants, or natives forcefully relocated by the immigrants who colonized the region with their own people. They no longer have the ethnic majority in that region now, but they nonetheless have the same legitimate claim to the region. That being said, on the Cyprus issue. The Greeks have clearly natives status while the Turks have immigrant status. Which is why, an independent Cyprus needs to be a "Greek state", based on granting independence to the ethnically Greek people in the region. However. While the Turks have immigrant status, that doesn't mean their rights in the new Cyprus state shouldn't be respected. They should be noted as a "significant minority" in the constitution of the new state, have the same rights as ethnically Greeks, plus a few special privileges due to their "significant minority" status: education in their own language, to promote their own culture and speak in their own language, cities with significant Turk people should have streets, parks and boards in both languages. Personally, I'm not a fan of autonomy special administrative areas, it's a compromise between independence and not independence that in my opinion more often than not, only makes things worse by keeping the heat up and conflict active. With one side dragging for more autonomy while the other side dragging for less autonomy. Either an ethnicity are the natives and they should be granted full independence with minor disputes on the borders solved in favor of the mother country as compensation, and with financial compensation to the mother country for the loss of territory. Or an ethnicity are the immigrants and their rights as a people and as a culture different from that of the mother country should be respected, while not granting them special administrative privileges. An important mention, the native and immigrant status only works in regard to the people involved in the conflict, as we cannot go back to the history of time to see who were really the first. Imagine the Yugoslav conflict, Italy wins because the Romans came before all the Slavs. Only the parts involved: Croats - Serbs - Bosniaks should be given native and immigrant status in regard to that particular conflict. Another important note, is that when determining native and immigrant status, the presence of that certain ethnicity in the territory should be concerned, not necessarly a form of statehood. Take for example the Kurdish people, they never had a state of their own, that doesn't meant they don't have the moral right to those regions were they are the native population of, as the Kurdish people existed as an ethnic group in that region for centuries. Should the conflict be between your Celtic and Saxon ancestors, the Celts would have native status. Should the conflict be between your Saxon and Norman ancestors, the Saxons would have native status. Should the conflict be between all 3, the Celts would have native status. But they will of course have to respect the rights and the culture of the Saxons and Normans. At least that's how my personal interpretation on how self-determination should have worked is like. What are your thoughts about it? please, consider making a video discussing this issue, the morality and usefulness of the current interpretation of self-determination, as I believe this international law is at the heart of all secessionist movements disputes. Sometimes a bad law can lead to bad ressults. The current law, in my opinion, is more like a frozen conflict, it doesn't have a clear stance on anything, it's a form of "unless both sides made a deal, let's keep things in a state of frozen conflict".

[@peacefulworld1717]

Thank you for this write-up, focusing on the Western Togoland case study. The Togoland was a perfect nation on her own and was in a Peaceful Relationship with Germany until the first world war after the land got divided for a wrong the inhabitants were not responsible, the one time one nation got separated between two aggressive nations. The League of Nations clearly stated that NON OF THE DIVIDED TOGOLAND should be added or ceded to any of the colonies of the captors, in this case, France and Britain. The original intension of the two was to add the "war booties" to their already acquired colonies of Dahomey and Gold Coast. This was disallowed as beautiful as the condition of the Trusteeship agreements were, the UN rather failed in her responsibilities. UN shouldn't have Commission Britain who was so much eager to add a Western portion of the Togoland to her Gold Coast to become the referee and the match Commissioner of the referendum which metamorphosed to a plebiscite. Again once there is a strong opposition to the organisation of the plebiscite UN should have quickly appointed a new country to administer the entire voting process. This was not done. Now another wrongful act was Gold Coast political party the CPP and its head was allowed to enter Togoland and campaign for a YES TO UNION WITH GOLD COAST ON HER ATTAINMENT OF INDEPENDENCE. This is another wrongful act which the visiting and the observer mission if we're selected from a neutral zone should have abhorred! Be it as it may the voting was done the entire southern Section was denial the right to vote the reason was they already knew their side of voting because the southern Section was housed with politically inclined people and was campaigning vigorously for an independent state. many other areas in the middle belts refused to vote and boycotted the election with the excuse that the southern Section should be allowed to vote. Their resistance in Kpando, Alavanyo, Hordzo and Ayoma all these are prime areas. The plebiscite war took place between the soldiers drawn from the West Africa Frontier Force and the Gold Coast constabulary on one side against the Kpando and Alavanyo because the town's had refused to vote and allow the gold coast flag on the land. With all this, the best UN should have done was to exercise restraint and investigate more! This wasn't done a kind of voting exercise was conducted and a kind of results was produced. Now realising the vote margin was barely 16% rationally a new vote should have been done until over 50% at least will vote for or against the decision. Now the purpose of the plebiscite which was to form a union was not done but the Western Togoland is pushed into gold coast now Ghana. After several years when the citizens keep crying the best was to hold another referendum at least for the people is over 50 years now and if this issue is still going on it mean something was wrong somewhere and I don't think guns and arrestation are going the solve it!

[@omaralkayal7598]

Thank you as always professor Sorry am a bit late to your video this week 😅😅😅😅

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks Omar, always really nice to see your comments! I hope you’ve had a good week!

[@paulinaowiredu6932]

Very educationali.

[@fahadazmi3998]

great job impressive

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you very much. It is such a fascinating issue and one that has really not been looked into internationally.

[@fahadazmi3998]

@@JamesKerLindsay I hope you will continue your great work ....its not a KZbin channels which you running you are spreading awesomeness knowledge which is the noble job

[@omaralkayal7598]

I think it would be cool if you do a video about UNPO And explain about them and their history , they have 46 members currently

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks, Omar. That’s a great suggestion. I’ll certainly look into it. It’s a really interesting body.

[@omaralkayal7598]

True I honestly love the work they do Are they an ineffective organization ? maybe because I don’t really see any impacts from them but yeah would be interesting to see

[@FelcoAndy]

so in the future there would/could be a country name western Togoland or will it merge with the already country of Togo?

[@JamesKerLindsay]

From what I can understand, the aim is to create an independent (effectively Ewe) state in what is now the south east of Ghana. They don’t actually claim all of former Western Togoland, much of which accepts its position in Ghana, or want union with Togo.

[@davidaboagye8239]

There is never going to be any western togoland

[@Kya1942]

From what i know the separatist are a small population and do not represent the larger majority of Ewes. The separatist are also able to incite the youth of Ewe who are tribalistic. The fact that history is not encouraged in Ghana leads to mis- understanding among the new generation of Ghanaians. I for one studied history of Ghana, West Africa and the continent. And studied all Governments in Gold coast since it foundation till 1980. It may interest you to know that some Ewe's are actually Akans and Guans who migrated there but overtime adopted Ewe customs. Ghanaians tribes overtime have married into others. We are very much related to each other than most people think. It has also contributed to peace in our country unlike other areas. All this confusion could be stopped if we had a dedicated history channel in Ghana teaching the populace about our foundations. It is pretty much the story of Africa. Due to poor emphasis on history most do not know and allow themselves to be deceived by politicians.

[@XMan-qu5kl]

The British drawing maps without any care is behind every conflict

[@yeremyahneuhart]

Good point there. Stay bless.

[@ludwigvanbeethoven158]

This situation is very similar to Cameroon with its 'Ambazonia' separatist movement.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. Indeed. There are some interesting similarities. In fact, I have covered Ambazonia in another video. kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJS7iapoqbV5mbc

[@518liam]

If anything I'd think it would be better for Togo to join Ghana! It is to my understanding that there are Ewe in Ghana also. So why not unite them under one strong country GHANA?

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. Well, that certainly turns the discussion on its head! :-)

[@tsaliakplormada1077]

You surly came into this World with your leggs first and Not your head!

[@richodulio7550]

I hope you discuss also the Bangsa Moro region of The Philippines and the Cordillera Administrative Region

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks a lot for the great suggestions. I will look into them.

[@richodulio7550]

@@JamesKerLindsay thank you O will wait for that

[@jaychikochibuike2305]

Almost the same with the Anglo Cameroon

[@FairyCRat]

It's surprising that Ghana would arrest people supposedly for "speaking French", given that in the meantime their president has made talks about possibly making French a second official language and increasing its presence in schools.

[@montannamontanna4408]

Do you have problem with your ears or you don’t understand English? Why did he say they were arrested because they speak French? Nonsense

[@FlagArmadaProductions]

I wish people would desire to form independent states based on ethnicity rather than based on colonial borders

[@daman1999]

Thanks

[@jonjon-wv2iv]

I know this video is old, but you mispronounced kwame nkrumah. You pronounced his first name right, but his last name is actually pronounced “en kroom uh”

[@nathanekbotchway4314]

why not Ghana join togo?

[@nanaofori3116]

Those 200 people can leave.

[@khadarmohamed6505]

African leaders should know by now that the colonial influence which each country inherit from their colonizers are different with that, it's impossible to run the country smoothly.

[@ayo9703]

Will be looking forward to your analysis of the very recent self determination effort by the Yourba people (Oduduwa) of SW Nigeria. Due to the terrorist enabling Fulani government.

[@stephenreggio42]

if your aim is to divide ghana ,you will fail because this not the first time western world has been doing,i came form volta region and we are at peace.the fact that a small people are making noise dosent mean that majority do support and the way majority voted for be part of ghana

[@JamesKerLindsay]

My aim is simply to explain international relations and conflict.

[@hoffkingsarpking1960]

@@JamesKerLindsay who asked for that? This is time for Ghana to shine anything u try to make the country look bad in the world will never work

[@jhonkhan8153]

👍👍👍❤☝

[@janetbawuah2172]

Loool so people can't talk about what goes on?

[@Tu51ndBl4d3]

Fascinating I have never heard anyone from Britain ever give reports on anything positive happening in Africa, but have a million videos about things like this. Must just be a coincidence

[@kennedyawunyo5592]

Independent of Western Togoland now

[@princeishere1693]

never

[@emmanuelankomah6343]

Don't forget we wish u were not part of us, northern n oti will not join u for sure

[@seyrame]

une vidéo qui explique bien les faits

[@celestinehonu946]

Please can you do something to help it's independent

[@KossiseyramAffatsao]

The apprehensive independent they are lying we will take the land back for Togo

[@adjoawodome4849]

Interesting

[@biblerap2042]

They can leave Ghana , but i will keep my ewe girl.

[@bogadjikson8818]

Que le Ghana le veulent ou non! Tôt ou tard le togoland reviendra au Togo par ce c’est sa fille , ont ne peut jamais séparer une mère et ces enfants, c’est injuste

[@mawuliavumetsoro3472]

Merci beaucoup

[@olivierabloukoutou5926]

@@bogadjikson8818 merci mon frère. Togoland aux togolais

[@ReubenKudzo]

The Ewes knows who they are not to be in Ghana because of UK bad attitude towards the Ewes

[@dankulafan6905]

I also noticed that people in Western Togoland speak French too.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. It would interesting to know the cultural links that exist between the Ewe on the two sides of the border. It seems that one of the factors that has caused resentment is opposition amongst Anglophones to people speaking French.

[@dankulafan6905]

@@JamesKerLindsay This is like the Cameroon conflict.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

@@dankulafan6905 Yes. There are some very clear parallels. I haven’t done the Cameroon case yet as a stand-alone video. (I did cover it briefly in one of my two videos on the world’s leading independence movements.) But I do hope to look at it in a future video.

[@dankulafan6905]

@@JamesKerLindsay Maybe a follow up video will mention Western Togoland is a Francophone area. In summer of this year, the police in Ghana arrested 17 Togolese people in Oti Region just because they speak the French language.

[@nanaawuahdankwa6165]

They don't speak French

[@awetd.batista2315]

I like your videos they are very informative. But I'm in love with maps you need to add more maps and pictures and reduces your too many appearance on the screen. Thanks again

[@GeographyWorld]

It's crazy how you never hear about this issue yet it's been going on for so long. Good job compiling what little information is available into an informative video. Also, now Sudan is normalizing relations with Israel. Another win for Trump just before the election.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. This was probably the most difficult video I have done to date. You’re right, there’s almost nothing on this. And there were so many bits of the puzzle that needed to be pieced together. (Togo’s role was a particular enigma. Why did it move from irredentist claims to quite the opposite? Of course, the answer was obvious when I started to look into it, but it was certainly not apparent unless one knows Togolese history and politics! 🙂) But it was really fascinating to delve into the UN documents on this. Yes, the Sudan-Israel announcement is fascinating, isn’t it. I’d heard someone say a few days ago that this was one to keep an eye on. I wonder if we might see just one more before the election. I hope all else is well with you. Looking forward, as always, to your next video.

[@alfred4831]

It feels weird when people say it's their first time hearing western togoland I live in Ghana and there's already enough news here

[@davidlandsnes326]

As always, excellent treatment of a current topic of which little is covered in the press. Now to keep an eye out for those Cinderella Western Togoland postage stamps produced by unscrupulous entrepreneurs who have neither the authority nor legitimacy to produce them.;)

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. This really isn't getting a lot of coverage. But you're right, I can see the merch coming. :-) To be fair, though, the flag is one of the more interesting ones out there.

[@meiriongwril9696]

Ghana didn't become a republic until 1960; it was a dominion on indepedence

[@dnealriggah1934]

There is no rebellion, stop it.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Stop what?

[@nathanekbotchway4314]

@@JamesKerLindsay stop lying to ignorant people

[@nathanekbotchway4314]

you're right

[@michaelmics6195]

Don't bring ur so call evil plans to Ghana u will lose big time

[@jhonkhan8153]

Stop the division. It is history done with they are one people is not your issue bla bla bla as if you care shame Africa never a colony.

[@alberttenkorang8119]

All people in Africa are a unique people lets learn to live together. One vision one mind

[@ivandinsmore6217]

Your accent suggests you are British. Why do you have a European and not British flag behind you? Is your channel based in Europe?

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Yes, I am British and based in Britain. I have the European flag because I believe that Brexit is a horrific mistake. I campaigned against leaving and I hope and believe that we will one day fix the mess it has made!

[@ivandinsmore6217]

@@JamesKerLindsay I am an outsider looking in and therefore perhaps not as qualified as you but it always seems very strange to me that when a majority votes for something in a referendum that so many people refuse to accept the result and get on with life. To me this seems profoundly anti democratic. If the people of England had voted to stay in the EU, you would have been happy but you wouldn't have liked it if those who wanted out kept trying to overturn the result. Why do so many English people still want to overturn the result of the referendum? As a foreigner I think that is bizarre.

[@ReubenKudzo]

The British to paid the price for delaying our Freedom by Nature Forces

[@attawhisly7034]

No where in the world will western togoland will compromis,and in any institutions in Ghana.

[@stuyvesantrockwell7070]

It is not a new issue there was a vote to amalgamate the Gold Coast colony with German Togoland after the Great War when Britain ceased the German colonial territory as a spoil of WW1. The people of the two territories voted in a majority to join. The Ewe tribe lost the vote and have never accepted the result because the wanted to join Togo where Ewes are the majority ethnic group. Ewe overwhelmingly vote for the NDC party started by JJ Rawlings (an ethnic Ewe) when ever there is an NDC government they are happy and fall silent. When ever there is a NPP ( the other ethnic groups) the Ewes start making secessionist noises.

[@joketime5995]

It feels like Somaliland

[@futuretyrant]

i belive they should unite being name sakes

[@rahsaanofori]

I don’t how to feel some people told me it’s a terrorist group

[@rahsaanofori]

BTW im Ghanaian 🇬🇭🇬🇭🇬🇭🇬🇭🇬🇭

[@zakariaadoung4767]

I want you said but shullik kingdom land they'll like to divide from South Sudan and this is the information shullik kingdom

[@TeyiLAWSON-x2h]

Nous voulions récupérer notre terre

[@amilissah4091]

“THE PEOPLE OF TRANS-VOLTA-TOGOLAND WERE ASKED TO VOTE WETHER THEY WANT TO JOIN GHANA OR TO JOIN TOGO AND THEY VOTED AND THEY JOIN GHANA” -SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHER (MR.ANDTHEYDWENGHANA) SAINT LAWRENCE PREPARATORY ISCHOOL 1999 THANKS BROTHER

[@michaeltekpor]

🤥🤥 volta is for Togo 🇹🇬 ok so no vote and time is coming Togo would come for his land one day

[@bnetq4952]

There will never be any kind of rebellion in Ghana, now or in the future, that idea disgust Ghanaians.. all tribes, religions, lived and will forever live in peace. STOP trying to stir up things making the country look bad.. colonialism has hurt Africa badly, but we will sort our own issues peacefully, particularly in Ghana we have common sense to solve any kind of conflict peacefully. You have NO Right to sit on a video camera predicting there could be an uprising of conflict in Ghana. “TogoLand”

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Interesting. I haven’t had a comment in this video in a while. And then suddenly I get two very negative ones in quick succession. Has it been posted somewhere? And it is not about stirring anything up. It was a news story and people wanted to know the background. I am perfectly entitled to take a look at the history. I assume you like to know the background to news stories in countries that you don’t know much about?

[@upendo.3570]

@Bnet q Yoo do u live in Ghana , there used to be but right now , the government has decided to improve.

[@kN-nh5nj]

We know they are being sponsored by Togo.

[@TGDCChannel]

Togo is too skinny, they need to gain some weight lol.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

😀 Yes, but you also need to be careful what you eat?

[@TGDCChannel]

@@JamesKerLindsay true to that

[@dennis771]

Liver Cameroon and some many others in Africa unless they are truly ready to fight they won’t be successful. Waste of time

[@edamable492]

Olimpio should have agreed with Nkrumah to merge the French Togoland with Ghana. Ghana needs bigger land. lol

[@seyrame]

l unification du Togo👌

[@sowutuomtv8704]

This is Africa, we are indivisible by all forms of discrimination, all territories conquered by Asante empire before colonial times are considered part of Ghana, Togo and Volta were names along Kotoko which makes them part of Ghana, western colonies can’t determine how we mark our territory. # Ghana forever. I hope I’m president one day I shall restore Asante. This video should be taken off week more info, all the chiefs of Volta still form part of the national house of chiefs this is an agenda by France to create war in Ghana because they don’t understand why we are so peaceful. We just want to live and be equal that’s was what Asante was about, and it was formed by an Ewe and Asante

[@manuelleytonbesoain1140]

West togoland unification with Togo called togoland

[@fakunle233]

So what ,

[@JamesKerLindsay]

And your point?

[@EgbertRoosevelt]

Togoland: Kamerun, Nigeria, Ghana Togo 🛑💋💋😜🚹🏤🏤👠👠👟🗝️🗝️🗝️🗝️🏫👟

[@f.b.a5463]

For all you, black American's want to move to ghana you, better hear this!

[@hoffkingsarpking1960]

This is the reason for this video but u failed

[@sonofnok2153]

@Adu poku We can only know the truth through a transparent Referendum. If you truly love them, let them go. The same thing is happening in Nigeria, in Cameroon. We should respect peoples will to rule themselves.

[@trudykeziaabayirenkyi8424]

@@sonofnok2153 i see you commenting everywhere what is your problem and i know youre nigerian for your information Ghanaians live in peace with each other find somewhere elso to spread your hate.

[@betovenmoza6726]

Are you working for Rothschild and Bernard Henri Levy? We don't need Togoland, we need panafricanism.

[@wisdomtv8063]

Wasteful video, we want unity we dont want separation

[@JamesKerLindsay]

You may not want it. But it is an issue. It is therefore worth trying to explain it to those who are unfamiliar with the situation. This is the essence of learning.

[@awetd.batista2315]

I like your videos they are very informative. But I'm in love with maps you need to add more maps and pictures and reduces your too many appearance on the screen. Thanks again