PYROMETALLURGY - Understanding The Thermodynamics Of Pyrometallurgy

Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy that deals with the extraction and purification of metals by heat-based methods.
Pyrometallurgy is a high-temperature technique that is used to extract and purify valuable metals through physical and chemical transformation.
Pyrometallurgical processes are generally grouped into the following categories.
1. Calcining.
2. Roasting.
3. Smelting.
4. Refining.
Calcining.
Calcining also known as calcination is the process in which the ore of the metal is heated to a high temperature in the absence or limited supply of air or oxygen to remove volatile substances, oxidizing a portion of mass, or rendering them friable.
A typical example of calcining is the manufacture of lime from limestone.
Roasting.
Roasting is a metallurgical process used to extract metal oxides from sulfide ores.
In roasting, the ore is heated in a regular supply of air in a furnace at a temperature below the melting point of the metal. This transforms the sulfide ores into oxides, while the sulfur escapes as sulfur dioxide.
The different types of roasting include: Oxidizing roast, sulfatizing roast, reducing roast, chloridizing roast, and volatilizing roast.
Smelting.
Smelting is a pyro-metallurgical process that extracts metal from ores, by heating them to high temperatures under the influence of a reducing agent such as carbon or coke.
Smelting is a heat-driven method whose main goal is to separate the metal from unwanted materials like oxides and silicates in the ore.
Refining.
Refining is the process of reducing the impurities of the metals.
It is the final procedure for removing the last small amount of impurities left after the major extraction steps have been completed.
There are several methods used in the purification of metals they are Liquation, Poling, Distillation, electrolytic refining, chromatography, and zone refining.
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[@ynalalkhalil6326]

thanks for these information and the subtitles ....