Jerry Saltz: The Art World Problem

“The art world is an all-volunteer army, and we all come here naked.”
Or so says Jerry Saltz, who has made a life-and won a Pulitzer-as an art critic. Saltz, a Chicago native known for his irreverent humor and sweeping, iconoclastic perspective on what the art world can and cannot be, do, and provide, joins us to offer a public intervention about key issues in contemporary visual art, and the increasingly visual-though perhaps not artistic-nature of our world.
This program is presented in partnership with the Art Institute of Chicago.
This program is funded by the Terra Foundation for American Art and The Richard H. Driehaus Foundation.
This program was recorded on October 27, 2018.
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[@williamstevens506]

He's wonderful. For artists he is a gift. Shares very brave and meaningful ideas and experiences. Thank you Mr Saltz.

[@chloeartstudio]

Amazing! This is what Artists need to hear. Cynicism, self doubt and surrender are some things I, and many other artists I know struggle with. Inspiring talk. It has given me the fuel to change my inner mind. Plus strength and power to push on, as an artist, in the art world and plowing through my Masters Degree painting program! Will share. Thank you Jerry + Chicago Humanities Festival!

[@spFOX-pz3fx]

As a POC artist I disagree. I don’t need someone virtue signaling to me to know that I am good.

[@chorvat6656]

As a POC artist I agree. It takes the agency of an influential white male to give the door a push. Otherwise, it simply will not budge. Agency is what it is.

[@markcelentano6414]

He's nothing but a gatekeeper to the truth and sincerity to the openness of the Artworld. don't be fooled if he doesn't like you whether your art is good or not you get blackballed over the slightest opinion. In Jerry's eye's you are not allowed an opinion unless it go's along with his.

[@wilfriedw7540]

Thx!

[@seviregis7441]

Fabulous.

[@brianlindy3175]

Thanks Jerry. Love your work, keep it up! Inspiring not just for art but for all fields. Stay up late, work hard in your field, doubt doubt doubt, but then confirm you are a genius!! Like everyone else.

[@emrysciaran]

Its funny how he starts out saying how we love art history and then talks to us like we don't know it. Examples: Diego Rivera was Latino. Van Gogh sold next to nothing.

[@paulinawaas9204]

You are down to earth and incredible intelligent as you speak to the public on their level and that takes smarts and courage! 🥳

[@spFOX-pz3fx]

If you say so

[@bobgoodnoe4583]

If you need a fellow like this to explain art to you - you’ll never comprehend it.

[@TheScreamingFrog916]

As an artist, I found this very inspiring, and motivating. I like his speaking style, and point of view. Enjoyed hearing about his personal journey.Thought he had some good suggestions. A little surprised by some of the negative comments, but as The Dude would say "That's just your opinion man"

[@darkoacimovic1713]

Thank you Jerry! You are big heart :)

[@garyreams8123]

How about this for the most radical idea,...The best quality art irregardless of anybodies gender, ethnic or educational background? No breaks or shows because "it's their turn". Let the chips fall where they may. How about the art that people want to put down their money for. How about not identifying anybodies gender, sexual preference or ethnicity etc?

[@markcelentano6414]

That's what he's about. That's his idea of who should make it. He does not care how good the art is or the range of the Artist. If you don't agree with every little thing saltz say's he will utilize his platform to make sure you don't get a chance, despite how good the vibrance of the Art is.

[@annangel4828]

Love you JS! Now I really have a reason to go to the Gagosian galleries!

[@keltyk]

wasn't paying full attention but at one point he seems to say "white males suck". Maybe that sounded cutting edge 4 years ago, but unsurprisingly, it's proving very divisive now. Identity Politics. Critical Theory. The art world is saturated with it and has no room for dissenters

[@blinkinglightbeacon7704]

I feel like he thinks the most interesting thing about himself is that he was a truck driver. He mentions it in every talk and interview I've seen. Something about that bugs me. Are we supposed to be so thrown by a loop that an art critic had a prior existence rather than being bred in the art world test tube? He's exoticizing it because he thinks it's not exotic.

[@kuboproyectomusical6181]

Sincero, directo, impactante, un discurso difícil de igualar pero muy fácil de recordar

[@jujubecarver3435]

Brilliant, funny and so true! Thank you!

[@nazz0007]

Dizzying camerawork. You don't need to track his every foot step. Just keep it positioned on the stage

[@maxabeles]

lol

[@themsrics]

😂

[@SuzyChapsticksArmy]

for real wth

[@innocentgray7918]

You are an inspiration to me thank you

[@billtinquery251]

He says everything with an exclamation point!

[@Heitorsexy]

He seems to be sure of a lot of things for someone that believes that art is paradox... maybe it's for the better he stopped doing art as he calls it.

[@sydene54]

please come and see the new art museum in Lausanne.

[@lephilistin]

Great speech but the camera work is kind of distracting. 😄

[@DriesMark]

Critics are a dying influence because people think for themselves in a digital culture and are given a equalled voice, critics however get power by leading you, not you leading yourself. They are the old gatekeepers. You don't need critics they need you. Paradoxically speaking.

[@psychomike86]

Beautifully put.

[@markcelentano6414]

And saltz embodies that notion. He's nothing but a gatekeeper that will destroy you if you don't kiss his opinions. He works with the old regimes of the artworld who have control of it. And if you get caught with an opinion of your own that doesn't go along with theirs, then your outed

[@DriesMark]

@@markcelentano6414 he plays the I’m for the artist card.. but I agree he’s all in for the old art world. He’s proven it so many times..

[@hrnekbezucha]

There's some interesting thoughts buried deep in the verbal diarrhea. Just because you hate yourself doesn't mean everybody else does too, Jerry.

[@peggymanfredi22]

Old lady in Montana. Brought my paints and brushes…I paint and and then I stop and then I got a yellow cat . Very active and plays with her shadow and I laugh. and I am happy. She is my next subject. Peggy

[@joshuaryan1924]

I've spent the last two hours watching this man talk, going back and forth on how I feel about him. In the end he's brought me to tears and left me with an immense amount of respect. I've never felt so stupid and respected as an artists without even meeting a person.

[@peterpaterna]

That's EXACTLY what I'm feeling now. Wow.

[@halinatomaszczyk3254]

Good orator and communicator, loves art. I wish I could be as likeable

[@DJSTOEK]

🖤

[@ambiguousagentofchange]

Epic talk! I fell in love with this guy!!!

[@gonzogil123]

36:30min "Vampires" he just told them not to be producers, but thieves, and sellers of other people´s work. This is very systematic I have seen this kind of approach to art before.

[@jtwilight6182]

I was there lol

[@DazzleQuality]

lol

[@AmilnePls]

He is amazing!

[@quailbend]

Such a blatant example of groupthink. Is he nervous for his job? John T is totally correct regarding the current overwhelming influence of left leaning individuals. Ultra left leaning women are downright scary. Finally, as a woman who thinks for herself and works hard for herself this idea of only women for five years in the art establishment is beyond condescending.

[@BielichDai]

@johnny walker that's not going to happen. we won't give up our ambitions to appease some pseudo feminist movement. Why doesn't jerry give up his microphone to a woman. Hypocrite

[@BloodWired]

The sentiment behind the moratorium is genuine, if not misguided. Being told that all great artistic works are from men, that women only emulate what men create, is definitely a demotivating factor for many women. Knowing women were at the vanguard of such important movements is encouraging. Only showing female artists or black artists or etc. is an attempt to give such people their due. However, their significance can only be properly understood through art education. Today, the only significance of X doing something first is that they weren’t a white male. In the future, if such people were given their proper significance in context from the start, they could be appreciated for their ideas rather than their identity.

[@paulinawaas9204]

👏👏👏👏👏

[@guyporter6105]

Thankyou for your humility and personal power

[@medianexchanges]

your getting over your ski's

[@jonasktew6857]

this man is AMAZING

[@robsmith588]

Jerry likes to portray himself at every opportunity as a anti establishment figure. A a former truck driver with no education, but a champion of Artists. After following him on Instagram I found him to be quite different than he appears. I thought his comment section was a place to discuss Art, and theories about Art. However if you engage with him to discuss Art he lashes out at you in what can only be described as a petty vindictive tirade. Out of the blue He said I will go to my grave never having made a real work of Art. Yes this is the real Jerry Saltz don't be fooled.

[@markcelentano6414]

He's a total phony. He just blocked me on Instagram for having an opinion

[@ibberman]

Perhaps he said it because he figured out you are not Jewish or gay, or even better, both. Am I cynical?

[@LoweredCongress]

OMG JERRY

[@ladylo-fi6979]

His schtick gets old after a while. I agree with him about the damaging effects of envy, but that's about it. Not all academic criticism is useless or pretentious.

[@bootcornpolo6803]

It’s that academic criticism has been pressured to be a copy of all other criticism. To the point where it’s not a true criticism of the work. Nothing sucks anymore it’s all good because someone will like it, and that no critic has their own opinion.

[@JOSEPHCHARLESCOLIN2024]

He Owns my #1/10 Critic Painting....Take a look

[@spFOX-pz3fx]

Really... this guy who keeps screaming about diversity... waht 🙃

[@quercus8833]

Art is what fashion dictates.

[@chasityhernandez705]

God, you know that I needed to hear this!

[@melaniereeder2349]

I actually really liked his artwork. I hope he still makes art just for himself

[@magicknight13]

Hmm. Not sure how to feel about all of this but not a giant fan

[@Americansikkunt]

I thought I might learn something from this guy, but e advocates discrimination, so I ind that difficult to do.

[@gonzogil123]

11:18min As a political-economist I am glad that what he said fell f-ing flat. His invitation they join him in his fantasy world with material resources are meaningless. A writer like Huxley has rightly disagreed.

[@Jack.Strait]

OMG what a baddie slay girlboss activist ally queen!! he's so diversity equity and inclusion!!!! a true gift to personkind!!!1!1!

[@llift54]

This guy is like the Leo Buscaglia of art critics. He has a lot of good things to say. I wonder if he would step aside himself for his 5 year moratorium.

[@Isaac2001Ike]

I’m not an artist but I could listen to this guy talk for days

[@bebirianart]

so what is the problem?

[@cardguy2000]

Saltz :)

[@jackaction23]

53" is a little low

[@kevinarnold4007]

Jerry says "he reads ALL the comments on his posts". I believe that. He's about as needy and self absorbed as an Instagram model pandering for "Likes". I hope you're reading this Jerry. Because your truck driving stories are such a pathetic attempt to amass blue collar street cred, that at this point they've become sad and played out.

[@markloubser]

You are a fokken genius!

[@tanofinearts]

We are living in sad times. Racist remarks and propaganda are celebrated. Welcome to the new middle ages.

[@D0sch1]

Hey Jerry, in case you will ever read this i want to thank you. I know you probably dont need it but i am still saying it. Now most of the critiques here in the comment section really close their eyes to the unbelievable advice and support you give to the art community. Most of them are very selfish and butthurt because they probably do not have the balls to speak their mind publicly. And yes please be offended by this.

[@tusevolandu7422]

True

[@artrobot-productions8084]

splendid/../././././././././././

[@nmedown3139]

Didn't have to count the words 🙏

[@metaparcel]

What an honest man.

[@cravis123]

probably playing with honesty...

[@guppy0112]

Unheard of for a media businessman! He is unique!

[@markcelentano6414]

@@cravis123 100%. Nothing genuine about the guy. He plays with people in a certain role and if you give the slightest notion of disagreement or otherwise you will be blackballed from even attempting to be noticed in the artworld. He's nothing but a gatekeeper

[@r.roddick7585]

Saltzian hyper-self stand-up.

[@elisabethseeger5837]

I am underwhelmed by his product/ sales approach

[@byronrhodes1659]

Best way to do the Jerry Saltz moratorium: don’t do the Jerry Saltz moratorium. Meritocracy all the way. I don’t care what gender you are, what skin color you have, where you come from…if your art is good let’s go baby!

[@gonzogil123]

5:59min It is interesting how strands of postmodernism think in very Friedmanite (Milton) ways. "There is no such thing as a free lunch" variety of solutions to address women's issues. Neoliberal feminism as an answer to avoid the issue of confronting the Pentagon, and taking money from that budget to invest in art education, and museums. They are willing to deprive someone, and that someone will not be the dudes (men) at the pentagon.

[@teagang6492]

I loved what he said about the abortion, in fact I feel as though these sorts of lovely inspections in terms of a women’s minds’ control by ways of abortion may it not be but exciting and it may be everything that is too much for this love that it is too much to be in love with the idea of art Cristian and love of babies,, I think it’s a way of conception, the deceptive abilitative forward moving cultures; there is in fact an ease and the finalities of love and self confidence with control, it’s easy to analyse and explain but healthy to relate

[@christianstewart1795]

This should be renamed "The Soft Bigotry of Low Expectations." The least interesting reason to look at any art work is the race or gender of the artist.

[@stevenhanson6057]

Amen. This guy keeps virtue signaling and it wasn’t even in fashion. YET!

[@julesd3645]

Art history's mom's spaghetti

[@DriesMark]

Want a better art world stop listening to the cynical old critics who know stuff.. (like maintaining power or influence) you know nothing mind you.. does anyone feel like an abused partner in a bad relationship?

[@spFOX-pz3fx]

You’re right, I stopped listening after 7 minutes

[@kaivrock]

Really impossible to believe he used to be a trucker. It's got to be an inside joke or something. He'd get beat up at his first diner stop.

[@betalingsringen]

His call name was 'The Jewish Cowboy'

[@chorvat6656]

There is significant division between people that make art, and people that make good art. What is created is often determined by the people that teach artists how to do "Art" (Verb). My greatest teachers did not produce great volumes of work because they were focused entirely on learning how to expertly recreate the magic of empirical subjection by dismantling the artwork of others. It is better to be judged by a person who has seen everything, then it is to be understood by a person who has seen only what they make or what is surrounding only them. In life, one can only be the master of a few things. I value all of Jerry's time driving a truck, meditating one-pointedly on the nuances of critical theory, and bringing the fruit of that contemplation to the small portion of the creative population that actually pay attention to what he offers. We don't have the time to spend, because we are busy making. Jerry gives us his expensive experience at very little cost to us. This is a magnificent lecture, and it aged very well. 🎯

[@Tumektumak]

There's definitely a Jerry Saltz problem.

[@bobbydazzler330]

He's no Clement Greenberg

[@renzo6490]

Two spots for artist's names left on the frieze . He thinks they should go to two women. Fine. If the work of those women is as good or better than work of other artists. But if not...No. Let's not lower standards to accommodate diversity.

[@DazzleQuality]

Do you think he really is a sociopath? That's all I'm wondering.

[@Donotlookoutsideofyourself]

No just an ol x truck driver

[@thomasfields2082]

I want to like him. I really do. Seems like he is pandering a little bit.

[@byronrhodes1659]

Jerry’s wrong about believers in God and the far right, it exposes his ignorance of religious people and the other side of the political aisle. The more I understand God, the more incredibly mysterious he is.

[@DriesMark]

Talks about radical vulnerability, plays out the same rehearsed routine that the worlds heard from him on so many occasions..

[@D0sch1]

Why should he change his message every time he talks. He has been studying art for decades and made his mind up. Do you change your opinions on things you are an expert in every time you talk to someone about it?

[@DriesMark]

@@D0sch1 he should find more depth. It’s just advertising and light humour. Over and over. Look to the critics of the past, you will see the criticism we no longer have. And Jerry is the marker all other writers flow in his stream. You don’t get people daring to question his views.

[@markcelentano6414]

Jerry saltz has his own little world of opinion

[@johnt3611]

Hey, while we are at it, how about no podiums at any major art institutions for white male art critics for five years. Identity politics is the "Salon" art of our times. And, since the intellectual discourse around art, the curators, the academic setting are entirely comprised of left leaning individuals, the competition is fierce to establish your credentials through virtue signaling. As art is so often conflated with politics these days, you would think that the supposed egalitarian sensibilities of the left would demand more equal representation not only with regard to categories like race and gender but also political temperament.

[@johnt3611]

Ha!...I wouldn't go that far. Understandably art has always selected for left leaning types... it's just that regardless of one's political tendencies the hegemony of the left in the academic setting and curatorial positions makes the egalitarian stance of his hyperbolic proposal incongruous.

[@CharlotteSuckling89]

Problem with statements like yours is that you, either wilfully disingenuously or due to...something else...conflate egalitarianism, as in equality of opportunity, with 'the need to hear from all sides' in a very tenuous, abstract sense, as if somehow 'all sides' - or primarily a left/right binary, are all equally legitimate positions to hold, and we MUST necessarily hear from them, and that somehow the arts being primarily leftwing (not half as leftwing as you think, trust me - mostly woolly liberal, if anything) is inherently somehow a bad thing, or an unbalanced state which MUST be readdressed by somehow installing conservative thinkers into the arts, or that conservative thinkers are demonised and pushed out by the arts. The fundamental problems is that, inherently, if the arts is a place for free thinkers, egalitarianism, freedom of the individual, freedom from oppression, freedom from 'traditionalism', which in the abstract, it is, and at its best, it is, then this doesn't really include conservative thinkers, I'm afraid, because conservatives, primarily, while they may pretend to be for a lot of this stuff, and pretend to have a hold on liberty, simply, don't, aren't. 'Conservatism' isn't a legitimate position, for a lot of us. It ain't for me. It's merely a byword for bigotry, and tyranny over the many, by a few. Why the f*** would we fight for that to be represented 'equally'? Please, tell me that.... Please tell me why, if in your 'political temperament' you're a bigoted crony, why the hell anyone should want to work with you in the arts, or why you'd naturally gravitate towards it? Not really a natural fit, is it?

[@BielichDai]

@@CharlotteSuckling89 you're clueless about what conservatism stands for. you are either for all free speech or you are for none of it.

[@CharlotteSuckling89]

@@BielichDai Proper banal, thick-as-mince bullshit, from Classic Liberal Chris. Amirite, mate? In the abstract, 'free speech 100% or bust' might be nice, but there's that little thing known as the paradox of tolerance, wherein if you tolerate the intolerant, they'll, er...well, trample all over you and take away all your freedoms, like the fascists would've, given half a chance. Do we tolerate them, in your world view? Are you going to choose this shitty little hill to die on in your pursuit of abstract nonsense?

[@cchemmes5831]

@@CharlotteSuckling89 Prejudice involves making broad assumptions of a whole group of people, without knowing or seeing them as individuals. You are blatantly wrong about myself as a conservative. I believe in pure democracy. I do not believe in forcing religious law on anyone. I am convinced the God I have seen proof of, through miracles, is a God of free will, free choice, and so yes, I absolutely do espouse liberty. Your narrow view proves why it would be valuable in our culture to allow a voice beyond your own little world. I have seen absolute miraculous proof of God as well, that goes beyond personal opinion. There is no room for discrimination in our culture, including against people of faith.

[@infocrypt]

Jerry saltz was once respected… but…. I blame drugs….

[@leststoner]

Bath Saltz

[@jessegarza9977]

Jerry is like a chef who can't cook, can't taste, doesn't know salt from pepper, and goes around criticizing other actual chefs. Your local college art professor will have a VASTLY better perspective on what makes good/bad art and how/why images work. Jerry's puddle deep opinions are to be avoided at all cost. His emphasis on novelty is indicative of many in the art world who are ignorant of what makes quality art (because they don't know - so they bs in preachy confident tones). If you want to be lazy and remain art illiterate, by all means, keep listening.

[@21978027737032]

lmaooooo

[@artsyhomegirl]

Hmmm i sense of jealously

[@artsyhomegirl]

@@snk-ri5on Youre not being too critical. You say these opinions about the guy and the "art world" with nothing to back up your comments. You're making these comments with nothing to show for them. So, if there is anyone here who is adding something to the conversation it most certainly is not you. Not with your attitude at least. Very cynical.. probably more cynical than the cynic critic youre condemning

[@artsyhomegirl]

@@snk-ri5on Honestly you can have great taste and not know how to boil water. And he has said that the work he makes is not that good. If YOU, Mr or Mrs J G is an artist you would understand that you can see and know good art, but creating it is a daunting task..., it takes even the best artists that we all learn in school their entire lives to be what they were... it takes contemporary artists days, weeks, or months to even approach a canvas because of numerous reasons. The amount of his time he spends looking at works of art is the time he should be creating work... You see if you are an artist and a critique you are spreading yourself too thin, of course people have done it, but most are not known for being both, ever, (maybe Judd or many other very conceptual artists)... But if Jerry wants to be a master painter then he would have devoted his entire life and career to making paintings not looking at art and critiquing it. No he has chosen not to be a painter but a critic.... So, I would like to know why it is relevant that he should be a good artist? Great curators, many art curators do not create art, they are historians and art critiques themselves, they choose how and where and when to show and present works of art. So again my question is how is it relevant for me to find a painting of his? I'll answer for you, its not relevant at all. And, whoever the judge is of these comments are, I request that this question be stricken from the record.

[@artsyhomegirl]

I dont even think you watched the whole video.... You could not have... That sir or mam is exponential ignorance....

[@africaart]

This guy wants to kick white guys out of gallery?

[@mobiditch6848]

Tony Fox I’m digging your spelling...

[@RodMen_89]

he also wants to destroy imagery that depicts the beauty of the european women

[@markcelentano6414]

I grew up on the West side of Chicago and the East side of Long Beach. And I have the dearest friends and loved ones from all walks of life. And i couldn't agree more with you. 100

[@3greenpea]

Roger scruton could demolish this prat in a single sentence. Jerry. What does the color or gender of the artist have to do with art? Jerry.

[@lordoftheflings]

wtf, why do all these people asking questions sound like they're having strokes?

[@ValerieEllis]

Giving a white guy the microphone - walking the walk. Thanks for the feminism. x

[@kylevanalstyne329]

Cynical people haven’t created shit

[@phunnyfilosophy]

I don't want to be hired for a creative job just because I'm female. I want to be hired because I'm good at what I do. You can keep your superficial feminism, thanks.

[@RoopaDudleyPaintings]

I agree with you 100%. I want to be great on MERIT not just because I am a minority and a woman.

[@phunnyfilosophy]

Typical men thinking they're doing you a big favor when they hand you a piece of shit.

[@ekirla1]

Average amount of women represented by galleries20% that is typical men thinking also of female gallerists!!!

[@RoopaDudleyPaintings]

@@phunnyfilosophy EXACTLY.

[@phunnyfilosophy]

@@ekirla1 what's your point

[@RoopaDudleyPaintings]

The only GOOD artist for Mr.Saltz is the one who echoes his political views. Anyone who opines differently - no matter how inspiring and creative that artist is - does not matter. I say that from a personal experience on twitter. I am a WOMAN, OF COLOR and AN IMMIGRANT but he blocked me due to our political differences.

[@Evan-ke2lo]

zzz

[@jonbainmusicvideos8045]

3 minutes of bla. fin.

[@michaelsoza4183]

Art is a very serious matter, and it is not for clowns like him.

[@mellow5123]

Uh, all hail the mediocre! :P

[@kingus.overman]

7 mins in and had enough. Have loved Jerry's books in the past but this intro is too much. Just a bunch of divisive virtue signalling nonsense for easy claps. He's like somebody's grandad trying to be down with the kids by saying what he thinks is fashionable. If he wants to identify disadvantaged people in the arts, it's those from low socio economic backgrounds who have always had it worst. He'd give a million opportunities to middle class women living off a trust fund, while denying everything to a working class man who held down two jobs just to afford an art degree.

[@hurdellift]

What a charlatan.

[@SoSo-li6dn]

talk in your own voice.

[@markcelentano6414]

100%%

[@thelandofpeppertoast]

you say the f word too much. I'm six and i'm a kid. this is innapropriate👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎😸👎👎👎👎😸👎👎👎👎👎😸😸😸😸👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎😸😸😸😸😸😸😸😸😸👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎😸😸😸👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎👎🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🍆🏚🏚🏚🏚🏚🏚🏚🏚🏚🏚🕕🕡🕖🕢🕗🕣🕘🕤🕙🕥🕚🕦📪📩📨📫📬🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫🚫⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔⛔☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢☢