Crust of Rust: Functions, Closures, and Their Traits

In this episode, we go over the differences between function items, function pointers, and closures, as well as how they interact with the Fn* traits. We also touch upon dynamically dispatched Fns and experimental const Fn bounds.
I've spliced out some audio issues that occurred on the live-stream, but hopefully it won't be too noticeable :p
0:00:00 Introduction
0:01:20 Rust for Rustaceans
0:02:48 Function items
0:06:26 Function pointers
0:11:24 Function traits
0:20:40 Closures
0:33:49 Non-static closures
0:38:50 dyn Fn
0:49:44 const Fn
1:00:28 for bounds
1:04:06 closures in async fn
Live version with chat: • Crust of Rust: functio...

I might not have the most experience in the world but I've gone through 5 programming languages that I feel somewhat comfortable in, along with all their ecosystem, communities, documentations, tutorials etc. Just wanted to say you sir are making the best programming learning resources I've seen so far. You are truely gifted, thank you so much for sharing your knowledge. Cheers from Poland.

[@EidosX_]

He is my favorite learning resource on KZbin, Jason Turner close second (c++) and Ben Awad third (web)

[@malborboss]

Zgadzam się. Koleś mega mądry i do tego potrafi wytłumaczyć

[@teasysneeze]

I didn't realize you wrote Rust for Rustaceans. I preordered a physical copy last month, before finding this channel; I was pretty excited for it to arrive. After finding your exceedingly informative channel, I'm now very very excited for the text version! Thanks for filing this niche.

[@rishadbaniya]

People are asking for "teach me this teach me that", i just wanna know how you learn all these things. how do you read docs?. How long does it take in average to say "ah..i got it".Consider creating a video on learning a new topic u are not familiar with in rust in live stream. Just like teaching a person "how to catch and eat a fish" rather than "how to eat a fish". P.S. Thanks for making these videos, they are great learning material

[@thesuperyou2829]

He is a PHD student and have made a database in rust as PHD thesis... so he is very qualified

[@chrisfredrickson1085]

@@thesuperyou2829 He's not a student anymore, he's already received his PhD and graduated. Now he's working in industry.

[@KevinDay]

I was JUST the other day wishing you had a video on closures 😂

[@TroenderTass]

You know, everything is in the official rust book wich is on their offical page. You would think someone who wanted to learn such a niche language would take the time to go trough the proper docs.

[@KevinDay]

@@TroenderTass You'd think someone who wanted to troll a community would take the time to come up with a better comment.

[@climatechangedoesntbargain9140]

Definitely the best Rust content on KZbin 👍

[@mazup1]

Preordered the book. I already know I will get $25 worth of value. I already get that with the KZbin channel!

[@cat-.-]

Like, each of his crust of rust video is worth $25 already, probably $100 if it's taught in a uni

[@aqtmeto]

@@cat-.- This is really true.

[@beastle9end499]

Great video, since I came from C ++ to Rust, it's just great for me to see videos like this at this quality level! I have a suggestion for a possible future video: Since Rust has no inheritance like many languages like Java / C ++, you could possibly make a video showing how object-oriented solutions are made differently in Rust, that would be interesting

[@thesuperyou2829]

Great suggestion

[@philosophyze]

check out Let's Get Rusty's short video on OOP vs Traits kzbin.info/www/bejne/o5DTmZeModClbLc

[@Gr8putin]

Great suggestion whenever I see gtk-rs or some rust code I feel examples should be using oops more

[@michalbotor]

my guess would be: structs, traits, and composition.

[@alejandrolobo1485]

I really enjoy your explanations. Well structured, technical and deep explanations! Thanks

[@daltonyon]

Jon awesome class, its the third time that I'm see again and always learning something new!!! Thank u very much to spend your time with this incredible class

[@dimitardimitrov3421]

If I ever manage to get a Rust job it will be 90% because of you. I’ve learned so much through your amazing videos and streams!

[@cerulity32k]

I love Rust's implementation of closures since not only is it easier to distinguish from functions/function calls, but if you just want to return a value (like in unwrap_or_else), you don't need ()=>{return 0;}, you just need ||0, making it so much more concise.

[@dabrick100]

You're such an amazing teacher

[@rezakh]

Thanks for all your recording.

[@zhengren8580]

The contents of this channel is by far the best for Rust.

[@antonyjr.devlogs5957]

RUST IS SO INTERESTING AND EXCITING.

[@Encysted]

I think a good substitute for "advanced" in things like "advanced topics" is to lean on the layering model of knowledge, where "this knowledge requires having mental frameworks already in place (from having learned previous topics) in order to make sense of it and intuit its use".

[@distrologic2925]

The value of your content will echo through eternity ;)

[@norliegh]

Jon, thank you! This was very helpful.

[@muhamedadel5859]

Your videos are so good that I sometimes forget to click the Like button. Thanks.

[@patix0331]

Loving these videos. You are great teacher, keep it up.

[@adicide9070]

one of my faves in the series :)) this and collections, the new one.

[@fernanboxfrias381]

I love your videos. One question, could you do videos more often?

[@birraasmile9722]

Jon , thank you so much for resources that you have been sharing for free for the Rust community or anyone interested. Your contents pulled me to Rust and am investigating time to learn it better.

[@MrNathanShow]

Just ordered the book for reference, thank you 👍

[@pinnaclesystemsgroup6472]

Jon - Thanks so much for this instructive video. Clearly, the rich and challenging concepts you demonstrate in Rust require careful consideration and exploration before use. Closures are still a challenge to fully comprehend, not because you video lacked anything, but simply because the Rust idiom requies one to carefully design the program's call flow. As an aside, would you be willing to share your .vimrc file and the plug-ins you are using?

[@japrogramer]

Are you going to implement Arc dyn Fn ? And can you check for ~const with a trait?

[@drcx3]

Unfortunately, sending the book to Europe would cost almost like the book itself, but hey, that's what the ebook version is for ;) ! Thanks for all the content, hope buying the book will help you getting even more contents out!

[@mateuszkubaszek7318]

Thanks for your video. I notice that you move from xmonad :) What is your current tailing windows manager. And is it LeftWM?

[@fbytgeek]

Hey Jon - question on something unrelated to this video, does any of your long videos show graph implementation?

[@alphabitserial]

Rust and the teaching tools around it have finally helped me escape the "writing bad, unflexible scripts" stage of my programming career. Thanks Jon for all your incredible videos! Can't wait to check out your book.

[@flashbangstudio9102]

I realy enjoy all the explenations and thank you for that great job, but it's hard for me to figure out with all this extremly abstract exemples.

[@narekasadorian]

Do you use neovim LSP or CoC? The inlined error reporting looks really nice…

[@jensmeindertsma7526]

How does he get the error message highlight in vim to look like that?

[@CPTSMONSTER]

7:20 Function items are coercible into function pointers 18:30 FnOnce, FnMut, Fn hierarchy (self can be turned into &mut self and &self, &mut self can be turned into &self) 19:15? A function pointer implements Fn, and therefore also implements FnMut and FnOnce 22:00 Closures which do not capture over their environment are coercible to function pointers (fn type) 28:45 Passing an FnMut into quox (mut in signature) 30:30 So if a closure that implements the FnOnce trait is expected, then FnMut and Fn can be input. If FnMut is expected, then Fn can be input but not FnOnce. (See note at 18:30) 32:00? The compiler can deduce if a closure requires move, but there are edge cases i.e. when dropping a value in the closure 35:20 If move is not specified, the value would be borrowed from the environment's scope and require a lifetime 37:00? Shadowing 42:20 dyn is not Sized, so there's always a reference/exclusive reference to it or Box around it (history on standard library implementation of Fn* for Box) 46:00 The wrapper type (indirection type) needs to allow access to dyn Fn*: &dyn Fn(), &mut dyn FnMut(), Box 47:45 Arc always gives shared access, so Arc still only implements Fn (missing implementation for Arc!) 1:02:30 for syntax to specify lifetimes in Fn* trait 1:05:00? static in async

[@srikarsana7146]

i have a small doubt. you said Fn implements both Fnmut and Fnonce when we passed closure to the Fn where it needed mutable access there was an error. So what ever is Fn should have Fnmut and Fnonce isnt it ? or did i misunderstood the explanation

[@jeffg4686]

Is the whole point of "as_str()" that, if you didn't call it, the string would be consumed upon calling a method, or does it have more to do with the Slice trait having those methods that you are calling - such as len()?

[@emdadgar_official]

Fn, FnOnce, FnMut ,,,, i wanna understand these ... and differences between FnOnce and "move" keyword :( any resource ?

[@shashanksharma21]

What a legend !! 🙇‍♂️

[@ismaelelalaoui5270]

Can you please share which vim plugin you are using in the video? Thanks in advance.

[@jacklong2182]

thanks for this tutorial

[@genericdeveloper3966]

50:00 Maybe I'm just dumb, but I can't for the life of me think of the utility of a const fn expression. Since it can be evaluated at compile time couldn't we just replace the const fn with whatever const value it is evaluating to?

[@jonhoo]

Sometimes you can, but that doesn't work for, say, constructing types that are defined outside of your crate (since you can't name their private fields). Sometimes it's also nice to express the computation rather than the final result. As a trivial example, would you rather have a constant with the value 2592000 or one defined as 30*24*60*60?

[@jeffg4686]

13000 views - I'd say Rust is picking up some steam. Nice video. I had one question if you don't mind - when calling the closure, why is the parentheses around the variable needed, such as "(f)()" instead of just "f()"

[@jonhoo]

Ah, imagine there's a fn f() {} in the same scope - it wouldn't be clear which to call. (f)() indicates to call the function indicated by the *value* f, not the *name* (technically function item type) f.

[@jeffg4686]

​@@jonhoo - thanks

[@jeffg4686]

Jon, you need to sell some kinda cheat sheet. Rust has too many little "isms". Too hard to remember. But I guess a rust cheat sheet would be whole book, so ... COR says "steal a value from a borrow and replace it with another". Audience looks at each other. That's rust though.

[@VivekYadav-ds8oz]

Are there any updates on _impl Fn for Arc_ and why it hasn't been implemented yet?

[@jonhoo]

twitter.com/jonhoo/status/1447671516041121794?t=aavlfVsytTuCtTzcDQ1dXg&s=19

[@jmoo4457]

I know this is off topic but can you share your development setup?! I love the color scheme and all (terminal, vs code, extensions, etc.)

[@Baremutation]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/r5SwmoB6fdSjhMU

[@jmoo4457]

@@Baremutation amazing. Thanks !!

[@xrafter]

There was an audio problem in this stream . Check obs and your configurations probably changed after the update

[@jonhoo]

Yup, I'm aware - the VoD should have the audio glitches edited out. This isn't normally the case, so I suspect it's related to a recent upgrade.

[@kehindefasunle4933]

I can't just stop to think "How does he know so much?" I really appreciate this guy ❤️💯

[@tvboyd23]

What color scheme you using in vim?

[@furryboffin]

I am facing an error that has me stumped. higher-ranked lifetime error could not prove `[async block std::marker::send. This is on the tokio::spawn closure. When i try to capture an Arc.

[@darkarie]

What firefox css its than one? :)

[@ClearerThanMud]

Would it make sense to put a link to your book in the description?

[@jonhoo]

Ah, probably, although I feel like I've been posting it _everywhere_ recently :p It's also pretty easy to find since it should be on most retailers and such. nostarch.com/rust-rustaceans is the one you probably want.

[@KhaledKimboo4]

I've never imagined I'd have such a hate/love relationship with programming language

[@ewhac]

11:37: It's 'quux'. But I'm not fond of it myself, so I usually use 'grill' :-).

[@itellyouforfree7238]

I use asd qwe zxc fgh rty vbn etc...

[@albedobond3827]

i didn't know that variables can take fn like javascript lol I didn't even think about using it

[@AlexanderKrivacsSchrder]

I'd love to get the physical book, but the shipping is nearly as expensive as the book, and that's just not right. It's so unfair how Americans can get something for like $5 in shipping and I have to pay $25-45 for the same thing.

[@jonhoo]

Yeah, the international shipping cost is pretty unfortunate. The good news is that it'll be available at local retailers too eventually (I'm guessing end-of-year, but depends on the distributor), and then it should be much easier to get a hold of!

[@AlexanderKrivacsSchrder]

@@jonhoo Awesome. I'll keep an eye on the situation!

[@kylidboy]

A fan from China, it's really difficult to buy the book

[@jonhoo]

It should become available at local retailers too eventually, and then it should be much easier! I'd guess around the end of the year.

[@hecalvin1659]

This topic is difficult to understand for me. A little wired feature doesn't exist in other languages

[@Randych]

No need to advertise the book I already bought!

[@xrafter]

Name it function-items Or fn-items

[@monirahmadi9605]

your screen is too small :)))) with 17 inch monitor ,,, please brooo

[@bezcisla]

It's crazy syntax. Its like assambler. Nothing intuitive.... _: fn :: std mem etc... For someone who can program, there are some points what they can see, but for absolutly new programmer it must be demotivation to learn something.

[@Gammaglobulino]

_ is a wildcard same as other languages, it means you can stick everything, :: what is called the "turbofish" means you coerce somehting to what is contained inside the TB in this case an i32, fn is a pointer to a function. Not a crazy syntax at all if you carefully study the doc. Ciao

[@yapayzeka]

this is not teaching. this is litterally showing off