The Solar Neutrino Problem

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Here we learn how the Standard Model of Physics was tested, and how the existence of fusion in the core of the Sun was actually determined. This led to two Nobel Prizes, and a lot of dry-cleaning fluid down a deep, deep hole. This is part of my intro Astronomy class taught at Willam Paterson University and CUNY Hunter.
Proton-proton chain reaction: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-...
Neutrino: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
The Solar Neutrino problem: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_n...
Homestake experiment: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesta...
Raymond Davis Jr.: www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/raydavis/p...
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury...
Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector: www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Neutrino oscillation: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrin...
Standard Model of Particle Physics: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standar...

[@toms-cubes-and-games]

Thanks, Dr/Prof /Mage Kendall! I still repeatedly listen to your lectures from 5yrs ago. Still the best 🙏

[@noelstarchild]

They fullfil the inquisitive nature in me too.

[@JasonKendallAstronomer]

Wow, thank you!

[@tarikattarikat2613]

As a non-specialist, your lecture clarified a lot of things for me! Thank you for your work.

[@JP-wx6uh]

Jason Kendall was an all-star Catcher for the Pirates back in the late 90's.

[@JasonKendallAstronomer]

And I had his fans emailing me out of the blue.

[@CatFish107]

You really nailed the description with: "This series will feed and water your inner 6-year-old, and inspire you with wonder. Every kid loved dinosaurs and planets. Now you get to go back and be that kid again." And reading that you're a master of clown and mask theatre is a delightful surprise! That's some Easter egg in a STEM CV!

[@noelstarchild]

Thoroughly brilliant lecture Mr. Kendall. The thumbnail at 1AU explanation is mind boggling and as an example of the power of gravitational contraction, superb.

[@thejamnasium6447]

I've been wanting to write a blues song about neutrinos. "I must be a neutrino baby... cause you don't seem to notice when I pass through"

[@veganbutcherhackepeter]

I love your content ❤. Thanks for your relentless efforts to educate the public and making scientific facts available to all. Please keep up the great work.

[@JasonKendallAstronomer]

My pleasure!

[@kdub6593]

Thanks for the history, very interesting by itself.

[@jlowe8059]

Your stuff is the best my man, keep it coming.

[@SixTimesNine]

Excellent lecture. Thank you so much :)

[@sonarbangla8711]

Neutrinos can have a lots of energy, the biggest that was detected in Japan was probably 350 EV ish. I was hoping to know how such energetic neutrinos are formed. The biggest caught in the Antarctic was like a base ball, hitting the mesh.

[@Nukestarmaster]

Those neutrinos almost certainly don't come from the sun, so they would be outside this video's scope.

[@aformalevent]

Thank you so much for making these videos. I appreciate what you do

[@lockystuart4218]

Thanks Dr Kendall ❤

[@lukesfx]

What a great historical overview and explanation.

[@nathan35uk]

Love your vids , keep them coming thanks 🙏

[@rudypieplenbosch6752]

Thank you very much professor, very interesting, subscribed.

[@PhantasyStarOST]

Hello, Dr. Kendall. I enjoy your lectures a lot. In depth, yet accessible for non-specialists. And by a talented speaker who is clearly passionate about the subject. Thank you very much! If I might ask a question about Cherenkov radiation, It puzzles me how nature knows the refraction index for every material and able to act as a traffic police. What if we created a novel material that had never existed before, how would nature be able to predict the refraction index for it and access whether the speed of a particle is higher or lower at any given point of time?

[@TroyRubert]

My Dr helped build BOREXINO back in the day. Great video!

[@ztechnology4334]

Fascinating science!

[@paulmicks7097]

Great topic, people are waiting for fusion reactors to solve energy issues, but won't neutrino output render the rector area highly radioactive after a fairly 25-50 year period requiring the reactor and surrounding building to be dismantled and buried ?

[@vanessacherche6393]

Short answer, yes. Long answer, yyyeeeeesssssss.

[@MyKharli]

fusion research will never solve energy problems , its all for cross subsidizing military . Fusion is the easy bit , economically extracting useful heat next to hundreds of tons of supercooled magnets with weeks of cool down /warm up for maintenance times , then all the neutron embrittlement and you have the stupidest way of boiling water ever imagined .

[@WEPayne]

Around 100 Trillion Neutrinos are passing thru our bodies every second. They interact with atoms very rarely, A neutrino goes thru the Earth and can go thru a light year of lead, so there is no way to shield against them Fortunately neutrinos from the sun are streaming thru you even at night they shine thru the whole Earth an upward thru your feet. They react so rarely that this has been going for billions of years with no effect on living critters.

[@frauleinhohenzollern8442]

But neutrinos don't interact with anything...

[@juliavixen176]

No, not neutrinos.

[@tomahawkskipper8308]

The only way to detect neutrinos is because they are lightning fast and produce some scintillation in underground detectors. Are there slow neutrinos? Could slow neutrinos be the “ether” through which the light waves propagate?

[@deltalima6703]

Seem to be focussing on left handed neutrinos. Does the sun make any right handed neutrinos?

[@charliemopps4926]

years ago, I had a "nuclear scan" where they injected a radioactive tracer into my spinal column and then scanned me with a camera/detector that would pick up the radiation from that tracer. Later that day, coincidentally, I had a CT scan of my sinuses (I had a sinus infection at the time) while the scanner was on... I had x-ray vision. I could see through my eyelids, through the machine... it was wild. The techs thought I was crazy. But I recognized the blue color my vision had as Cherenkov radiation... so I looked it up to find out that's really a thing. It was wild. It only lasted while the x-rays were on... and I could only see hard metal objects... but it was wild. Like right out of a movie or something.

[@JasonKendallAstronomer]

Wow, that seems scary!

[@charliemopps4926]

@@JasonKendallAstronomer Nah... I recognized that unique shade of blue almost immediately and had a general idea of what was going on. I was so interested in trying to figure out how it worked that I didn't really think about worrying about it at the time. I could see the x-ray emitters? Bulbs? whatever... spinning in the CT scanner and then slow down at the end of the scan. That was pretty cool. I told the tech that I had seen 3 "Bulbs" or whatever, emitting the x-rays... and that kind of threw him for a loop because you couldn't see the mechanism at all in visible light. It was all behind plastic. I doubt the effect would have any real-world uses as... I could only see the x-ray emitters themselves, and then stuff that reflected the x-rays... I'm assuming metal in the room... like the framework of the machine and stuff. If you had that on "all the time" I assume you'd be getting cancer pretty quickly... also, not to mention the radioactive tracer I had in my CSF at the time as well. My only assumption is that, with the tracer in my CSF fluid, it somehow worked its way into my optic nerves or something? Then the x-rays were pointed at my sinuses... so basically directly at my eyeballs... so... Cherenkov radiation makes the most sense... of course, I could have just hallucinated the whole thing. They were giving me random drugs throughout the day... But it seems like an awfully specific hallucination given the circumstances.

[@KF1]

Audio sounds great now.

[@JasonKendallAstronomer]

Thanks.

[@deltalima6703]

Yes, audio is great. :)

[@deltalima6703]

Yes, audio is great. :)

[@josephshaff5194]

Dr. Kendall. Just wondering about the M&E Design of such Experiments and a skill in Design / Documentation will prove useful. It is handed off to Engineers at some point ? I hold kind of a rare amount of formal instruction in Mech 4 yrs HS + 2 yrs Deg. +13 yrs Contracting, I'd hate to see it go to waste and never use it again entirely. Some cool stuff in wiring and mech now.

[@JasonKendallAstronomer]

There are a lot of engineering jobs and internships at NASA. Never hurts to inquire

[@sheepwshotguns42]

i love the idea of a block of lead 1 parsec thick to try and stop a neutrino. to give people an idea of how large that is, proxima centauri is less than 1.29 parsecs away from earth. voyager 2 is 0.00066 parsecs from earth xD

[@noway8233]

Neutrinos are yuor Friend😊

[@longcastle4863]

👍 _!!_

[@josephshaff5194]

I mean once set up wiring harnesses are pretty much auto generated in 3D now except for maybe a couple hiccups here and there. lol !

[@trevorvanbremen4718]

Jason, can you confirm something for me... Specifically, the image at 10:06 (beta decay). Bottom right it states +1 protom, -1 neutron, and -1 electron. Shouldn't that be +1 electron rather than -1 electron?

[@JasonKendallAstronomer]

I guess it's a matter of perspective. The electron is leaving the nucleus? But strictly speaking, yes, it's an exchange. One neutron for a proton and an electron.

[@konradcomrade4845]

How much energy is emitted by the Sun in form of Neutrinos, compared to (Light/Heat/)_Photons, relative to each other and absolutely in Watts? same Q?: how many Anti-Neutrinos are coming out of a 1300_MW_el nuclear fission reactor, LWR? Since they carry impulse and energy, how much energy in MW would that be? based on the best estimate of their tiny mass? At which minimum distance from such a standard LWReactor would the (added Anti-) Neutriino-flux spread out and be about 50% of the Solar neutrino flux? Would it be of any reasonable bio&genetic importance? (maybe a not unimportant question for someone who considers buying a house in that neighborhood?); could a single Neutrino flip a computer_bit? 3rdQ?: would solar neutrinos and reactor_anti_neutrinos annihilate? (occasionally) or Don't they annihilate with their Antiparticle at all, because how could they emit anything?

[@Freddie_Dunning-Kruger_Jr.]

I parsec thick 🤯

[@maestro2271]

Boson says it all about proofs.