Jupiter's Moons: Crash Course Astronomy #17

Before moving on from Jupiter to Saturn, we’re going to linger for a moment on Jupiter’s moons. There are 67 known moons, 4 of which are the huge ones that we want to explore in greater detail. Ganymede is the largest - larger, in fact, than any other moon in the solar system and the planet Mercury! Callisto, orbiting the farthest out, is smaller but quite similar to Ganymede in many ways. Io, meanwhile, is most noteworthy for its tremendous volcanic activity. There’s also water on Ganymede and Europa!
This episode was brought to you by Squarespace www.squarespace.com/crashcourse
Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: store.dftba.com/products/crash...
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Chapters:
Introduction: Jupiter's Moons 00:00
Ganymede: Jupiter's Largest Moon 1:15
Callisto: Jupiter's Second Largest Moon 2:15
Io: Volcanoes! 2:59
Europa: The Ocean Moon 4:48
The Habitable Zone 7:05
Jupiter's Other Moons 7:49
Review 9:33
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PHOTO/VIDEO SOURCES
Galileo’s notebook hos.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.ph... [credit: Image(s) courtesy History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries; copyright the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.]
Jupiter’s moons photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg... [credit: NASA/JPL/DLR]
Ganymede svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/... [credit: NASA/JPL/Ted Stryk]
Interior of Ganymede commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA]
Ganymede terrain commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA]
Artist Conception of Ganymede www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/h... (Figure 5) [credit: NASA/ESA]
Callisto photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg... [credit: NASA/JPL/DLR]
Interior of Callisto en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callist... [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA]
Valhalla crater on Callisto commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA / JPL]
Io svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/... [credit: NASA/JPL/USGS]
Io volcano image solarviews.com/browse/jup/iopl... [credit: NASA/JPL]
Io eruption video svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/... [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute]
Io surface svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/... [credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona]
Jupiter Magnetosphere Schema en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moo... [credit: Wikimedia Commons / Volcanopele]
Jupiter aurora www.spacetelescope.org/static/... [credit: NASA, ESA & John T. Clarke (Univ. of Michigan)]
Europa photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg... [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute]
Europa ocean apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1205/... [credit: NASA/JPL/Kevin Hand
Habitable zone diagram www.keckobservatory.org/images... [credit: PETIGURA/UC BERKELEY, HOWARD/UH-MANOA, MARCY/UC BERKELEY]
Amalthea photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg... [c redit: NASA/JPL/Cornell University]

[@jeroenjager8064]

"But that was no moon" I thought we discovered the death star for a second.

[@joshbobst1629]

I think we should call moons that are too small to be round, like small asteroids, asteroons.

[@AzureKite]

Josh Bobst NASA, hire this man.

[@sion8]

Or like someone said in these comments 'dwarf moon' as the concept of dwarf planets already exits!

[@joshbobst1629]

Aww, thanks, you guys.

[@crashcourse]

Josh Bobst A+ nomenclature. Your ideas are intriguing to me and I wish to subscribe to your newsletter. -Nicole

[@KASASpace]

Josh Bobst Perhaps Lunaroids? Seeing as how they're "moon like". But I guess luna is too specific? Asteroons is interesting, but Asteroid means "star-like", so Asteroon is gibberish, AFAIK. Good try, though, man.

[@Tesserex]

Fun fact: Io, Europa, and Ganymede are in 1:2:4 orbital resonance. Meaning for every time Ganymede orbits, Europa orbits twice, and Io orbits 4 times. But their pattern is such that there's never a triple conjunction (they never all line up on the same side of Jupiter, instead there can only be two of them at conjunction and the other at opposition).

[@monev44]

I'm looking forward to more astronomy videos. A LOT MORE! A LOT!

[@gideonanthis8118]

monev I love the astronomy videos the most!They're AWSOME!!!

[@toxichamsta4852]

Gideon Anthis

[@toxichamsta4852]

Lord Zephyros

[@wuteverfloatsurkayak]

monev Hands down the best comment on this video.

[@Doc_Loc]

gotta have more +monev A LOT MORE B-)

[@davidshafer1872]

Jupiter is considered by some to be a system in it's own right, and as you said in a previous episode it emits heat. When you combine that with the friction from tidal forces on Europa by the other moons, it wouldn't too much of a stretch to say that the Jupiter System has it's own habitable zone.

[@Grillpander]

Living in Germany, I can assure you: There is life in Europa. Thank you, I'm here all week.

[@MettheSlayer]

Grillpanzer I too am from Europa, can confirm.

[@manospondylus4896]

Living in Switzerland, I can assure you: there is no intelligent life in Europa.

[@MettheSlayer]

Jake Long Yes, he´s actually my neighbour here in Vienna. I greet him once in a while, but the only thing he does is stretching his right arm in the air back at me, it´s weird.

[@Julianna.Domina]

Grillpanzer France is, hear all, weak.

[@Donxster]

Grillpanzer I thought that was Europia! (I have been saying that for years!)

[@goprolikeapro]

If there's life on Europa, does that make them Europeans?

[@Tytoalba777]

liampgc as funny as that is, it's probably a no, it would probably the far-less-cool Europans or Europese Actually, can we start calling Europeans Europese?

[@schmittelt]

liampgc I don't know about that, but if there are ever permanent residents on our own moon, they'd be called "Lunatics"

[@park_mochi8028]

liampgc haha 😂

[@edthoreum7625]

peas?

[@luis_zuniga]

schmittelt I think they where called Selenites.

[@sheepwshotguns]

we better make it under the surface of europa in my lifetime with a live stream camera or im going to be pissed!

[@cloudycloudi631]

sheepwshotguns YES, i want to be able to see it. that is basically what was going through my mind after he mentioned it

[@Avemis1]

sheepwshotguns Scrap the human spaceflight program and you can have a comprehensive Europa mission within a couple years. Somehow humanity is fixed at sending warm mushy living tissues into hard vacuum.

[@Cablesfish]

sheepwshotguns And a flashlight...

[@Fatortu]

sheepwshotguns Well under 90km of water, I'm not sure we could capture any visible light. And I think bacterial life doesn't emit much infrared light. So you would basically have a black screen...

[@jeisonwarrior]

sheepwshotguns Your name and your profile picture is amazing

[@Eternal_Tinsel]

To all space programs, one of you better get to Europa before I die so I can know whether or not there is alien life. Please and thank you!

[@sizanogreen9900]

Michael Kilduff I am there right now and I can tell you that there isn't much more alien life here than anywhere else on the planet, just some occasional UFO but that is basically it:P

[@syamfarhan3334]

Michael Kilduff "Humans" here can breath underwater too!

[@arandommoonofjupiter6845]

Michael Kilduff i'll tell you no

[@proximab9028]

Likely miscroscopic organisms or small creatures, I’d be more hyped for Ganymede, that’s a place we should go first

[@effiedeia1850]

Ganymede is one of my favourite astral bodies. I love the little unique story behind Ganymede as a mythological character too. The aurora light effects on the poles are gorgeous. Europa is extremely interesting with its layers of ice and water and I can't wait for more information on that moon. The movie Europa was really interesting. Thanks for making these videos!

[@theownerest322]

Felicity Jane Smith Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique

[@DeadPyro96]

theownerest What?

[@MettheSlayer]

Goddam, didn´t know that our own solar system was that cool.

[@manospondylus4896]

I think your mind will be totally blown when you read about Saturn's moon Titan.

[@davidk1308]

Ein Baum Yup!

[@edthoreum7625]

sad things is that many earthlings dont know much about this or care? 1 bil. views for a stupid song while this video half mil. by 2017?

[@MrBloodySpirit]

There is A LOT to talk about when it comes to space. This could have so many episodes. Keep it up, it's awesome.

[@astrid1870]

Phil is a really good host.

[@maiaraloureiro2384]

Crash Course Astronomy is one of the best things ever in the history of humankind. Congratulations

[@potawatomi100]

Phil, you produce some of the best programming on KZbin and television for that matter. Outstanding information and excellently narrated. Thank you.

[@McNarly]

This episode, particularly the section about Europa is the reason I tune in to this show. I've been so curious about Planets (or in this case Moons) we believe have the conditions for living organisms. I don't remember ever being this interested in learning when I was in school. Loving this series so far, thanks for keeping it interesting!!!

[@robertandersson1128]

Thank you very much for making this video. Phil Plait and the others at _CrashCourse_ Astronomy! It was really interesting to learn about the moons of Jupiter. Jupiter - the gorilla in the Solar system, the giant that is really hostile to live but has moons that are promising in the search for life on other worlds. Go Europa! I can’t wait for next episode, where we will learn about Titan and Enceladus! By the way, I live in Europe and this also seams life can exist here to. ☺

[@KAPTKRUNCHitize]

I am so glad that you guys have Jupiter's moons their own episode. Kudos CrashCourse!

[@Max10192]

There are only a few youtube channels that i regularly check for updates, and this astronomy course is one of them. I absolutely love these videos!

[@999monsterjam3]

3:24 That was a space station.

[@EvilNeonETC]

.... Or reflective liquids.

[@JonnysGameChannel]

999MonsterJam To big to be a space station.

[@cloudycloudi631]

JonnysGameChannel but to small to be a moon... anyone get the refrence?

[@Groaker]

999MonsterJam Wrong. It was the Illuminati.

[@avigyabhattarai8158]

Or an asteroid or comet unlikely but it could be

[@TJ-vs6xi]

I just wanted to say this is my favorite show on KZbin and you guys have a good thing going here. I love you guys!!!!

[@bjornhommel246]

Phil, Crash Course Astronomy is amazing. Your depths of knowledge and your didactic skills make this show so much fun to watch. Please keep it up, love it!

[@brycealley5457]

(7:01) "It used to be science fiction. Now, it's a topic of scholarly research." Story of my life!

[@Donthefirst]

3:22 That's no moon...

[@MrDoob-xo3sm]

Beautiful episode! So glad I stumbled upon CrashCourse!

[@michaelwelch530]

cant wait tell we get to Uranus

[@tenaciousdean6179]

Dusty Walrus That's what she said

[@millerrepin4452]

***** no that's what the prison inmate said.

[@tenaciousdean6179]

miller repin OHHHHH

[@millerrepin4452]

***** Yeah, now you should run

[@ovsgaming6063]

Oh sht plz bo

[@foozlefoozle]

CrashCourse guy. In one of your next classes, please explain the physical-chemical origins of gravity, so important to all of us in the Universe. Love your classes. Thank you.

[@TigerWoodsLibido]

I hope you can go into the fact that 3 of the moons are in an orbital resonance. That concept is actually very important in astronomy and can create some wacky scenarios.

[@Armageddon2077]

Really been looking forward to this... Jupiter's moons are one of my favourite things in the solar system.

[@skynet1024]

Europa: NASA, come over! NASA: can't.... just too far away! Europa: I'm wet. NASA: I am coming...!

[@kendawg3459]

Jeevan Acharya lol

[@megarachnid]

Thanks so much for a great series! Keep the videos coming. :)

[@LaustinSpayce]

Crash Course Astronomy is the best Crash Course you can get!

[@reedr7142]

The names of the Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) were given by Simon Marius. There is some contention as to who "discovered" the moons initially, with the satellites ultimately being named after Galileo, yet the names for them came from Marius. Love these videos!

[@lovipoekimo176]

I'm excited to explore Uranus....

[@RealTwistedTwin]

Lovi Poekimo that profile pic too :D made me laugh ^^

[@yassinlabichi6522]

chp1593 who knows what moons are orbiting around uranus

[@luaevablue]

Mark Martin Lovi Poekimo The year is 2XXX. The man just landed on Uranus for the fist time. First words there: "Insert anus joke here" Earth applauds.

[@ITsIMP0RT4NT]

You'll be disappointed to find out its just full of gas.

[@StevenEveral]

+Lovi Poekimo * looks at you with severe disdain *

[@hannahogier654]

Learning so much from this series, hope it lasts a long time!

[@enternalinferno]

Love these, keep up the good work!

[@rebelyell1983x]

PLUTO better get it's OWN damn episode!! Esp in 2015 with the New Horizons mission!

[@mohammed7140]

rebelyell1983x Well , he didn't

[@bessiframusavik8056]

Why would they make an episode on an orange dog?

[@rlrsk8r1]

Here's my metric for "Is it a moon or not:" If I (an average human) can stand on the body, jump as hard as i can, but still be brought back down to the surface by gravity, it's a moon. If I can escape the body on leg power alone, it's a satellite.

[@thekilmer09]

+rlrsk8r1 by your definition, earth is a moon, revolving around the sun (which is also a moon revolving around the center of the Milky way). Your definition needs more specifications.

[@rlrsk8r1]

I would also define a moon as an object in a stable orbit around a planet as defined by the IAU.

[@geoffreybrunell5592]

That definition is very vague considering that different people have different muscular strength in their legs.

[@thegardenofeatin5965]

No it isn't. If *I* can jump as hard as I can. Not *a person* can jump as hard as they can.

[@geoffreybrunell5592]

The Garden of Eatin But how many newtons of force can his legs exert then?

[@Hachikii]

i like how you deliver information in a straight smooth way!!!!! big like

[@jasace100]

The information is great. I have to pause it and really absorb it , bit by bit ... this is great .

[@LarsaXL]

If we were to count tennis ball sized rocks Moons, then I bet the Earth has more than one moon. And many of them would be very fascinating since they are made with a very strange mix of materials that looks way to complicated to be natural. oh and they communicates with your smartphone.

[@zkncodeine]

"but there's Europa, all wet"

[@ericbernhagen]

i was very excited for this episode! Jupiter's moons are the most interesting part of our solar system besides earth in my opinion.

[@user-fc9gf4bf9e]

Excellent explanation!👏

[@carolwan7537]

If we found life on Europa, will they be called Europeans?

[@douglastang123]

best teacher.

[@fortyseventen]

Collective resonance of Jupiter's big 4 motors 28/14/7/3 Io/Europa/Ganymede/Callisto Fire Io, Water Europa, Air Ganymede, Earth Callisto

[@JohnnyHikesSW]

Ridiculously informative. This is more information than I have read in all of my astronomy books

[@thestarforger832]

I was taught that Io gets flexed because it’s closer and farther part from Jupiter get attracted differently.

[@faybrianhernandez2416]

Maybe you are speaking of "tidal locking"? like our own moon is tidally locked to the Earth. One side of our moon faces the Earth all the time, the other side doesn't, gravity pulls on the side facing us more than the side that doesn't.

[@OYSTERPERPETUALS]

waiting on Neptune. :)

[@bluetannery1527]

In waiting for... URANUS LOOOOOL

[@syamfarhan3334]

Saturn's moon is more interesting to me

[@jefflawrencederramas3851]

The video definitely shows the improvements that had been made by man in terms of astronomy. The aesthetics of the video were really fantastic since not only it is fun, but it also greatly helps in the understanding of the topic. They weren't all over the place and it gives the vibe of a conducive learning environment. Also, the interrelationships of the four moons and Jupiter were highly emphasized; it makes learning easier for the viewers. An example of it is: the sulfur-rich material being ejected because of the activity with the other moons which is tidal flexing which heats its interior through friction. It's also great that the video also put emphasis in Europa's comparability to Earth. The existence of carbon-based molecules and salt supports it. The possibility of the spawning of life in Europa is probably a staggering discovery for mankind since it helps in the innovation of astronomical research

[@subutaynoyan5372]

This is gold guys, well done.

[@99batran]

My favorite Moon: Mimas

[@lukestrawwalker]

@@DeVolksrepubliek That's no moon... it's a SPACE STATION!!! Turn the ship around! LOL:) OL J R :)

[@magdaliaservellon1727]

mine is almathea

[@whydoiexistmycommentsareso3610]

Mimas tooo

[@lukestrawwalker]

The Death Star WILL be completed on schedule... Later! OL J R

[@gephc4]

Did you like my cameo at 6:50?

[@joshuahettinger9287]

Geph C xD

[@hm-mt3wj]

Go home Hanklerfish! You're drunk!

[@gephc4]

+Sky Breeze That explains why I keep Trying to Breathe Air. dftba.

[@viktornerlander1409]

It's rediculous how much I love this series. I was going to observe Saturn today but the damn clouds came before I could get home and get my telescope out.

[@merlijnbell8747]

I love what you teach us. Thank you a frickin lot !!

[@minecraftgonewild184]

Jupiter's moons are named after his lovers'. So when you say 'There's Europa, all wet.' It can go both ways. ;)

[@neeks7046]

Tru tru

[@envi.3901]

😉😉😉😉😉😉😉

[@carmeleneclores7715]

😂😂😂

[@Defamation_]

"immediate concerns" I KNEW SPACE PIRATES WERE REAL!!!

[@PrParrot]

I love your enthusiasm man!

[@livinsite1]

the way he describes the sky of the moon closest to jupiter... things like that are the reason I seek out for videos like this.... incredible.... keeps the curiosity juice flowing... its things like this from which science fiction is born... such a huge mass on the sky wow.... they should send a probe just to observe from the sky from that moon :P ....

[@deadbonesbones7584]

io looks like moldy cheese

[@arx3516]

Imagine how expensive would be sashimi prepared with fish from Europa!

[@hankapaldum6027]

great episode! please do the same for saturn's moons after a full episode about saturn!

[@seanabbott7065]

Like a black hole devouring stars im devouring all this awesome info much love and respect and appreciation for the education of this vast vast universe

[@davidabonyi4556]

I wonder if a moon can have a natural satelite on it's own. Now I know it may sound crazy, but I see no reason why it would be impossible. (Arent there are like stable orbit zones around all celestial objects? Langrange points, maybe? I dont know)

[@MrRizeAG]

Dávid Abonyi I think the problem would be that the moons are already so close to a large planet, that the "moon's moon" would likely get thrown off balance by the planet and fall down to it. I suppose it's technically possible though, if everything lines up just right.

[@Tytoalba777]

Dávid Abonyi *cough* we're about to have a revolu-ception here *clears throat* an small asteroid rotating around a large asteroid rotating around a moon rotating around a planet rotating around a sun

[@lollersauce914]

***** What about the Moongols?

[@cloudycloudi631]

lollersauce914 cue the moongoltage

[@sion8]

How about a binary lunar system orbiting a planet, technically that isn't a moon orbiting a moon but it maybe easier I guess.

[@Efrain891]

Imagine the animals lurking underneath Europa....

[@mjh9438]

TheLife96 it would be so dark

[@edthoreum7625]

4:50 - Opa! too much radiation like mercury

[@dartek14]

whew that's a ton of info great job Phil

[@vrstovsek]

I just love these!

[@ptxaholic]

😍 You look amazing in that shirt color!

[@badastronomy]

Sara H Thanks! :)

[@unematrix]

+Sara H everybody looks better in red. it's scientifically proven that a person wearing red is perceived as more atractive.

[@birdmn9930]

+unematrix so why do people run away from me when I cover my shirt with the blood of orphans 🤔

[@honeycane8303]

Jesse McCree you disgust me

[@EmperorPrinc3]

Life on earth is all built off of water, can it not be possible for life to build off another liquid? Or is that just incomprehensible to us?

[@manospondylus4896]

I recommend you to read about Saturn's moon Titan. You'll be amazed!

[@TheMathMog93]

Gabriel Angelos Listen to the part at 7:42. That refers to what you said. Forms of life that might be based on other things, than water and carbon.

[@numberjackfiutro7412]

It's possible, Saturn's moon Titan is the most likely candidate in our solar system for methane and amonia based organisms.

[@archie3013]

This is so fascinating 😍

[@zabuma]

Fantastic episode!

[@happylady87]

Amazing. My dream is to go to space!

[@99batran]

why should we call our moon THE Moon? at least for long? We should find some way to distinguish in from the rest, someday, if Humans colonize other planets. We need to distinguish between each moon. Even humans on other planets someday would call their moons THE MOONS or the moon. We could nickname our moon "Luna" to distinguish it

[@West_Kagle]

99batran . I think that the moon (our moon) is technically called Luna. At least in every video game I have played that involves space travel and exploration, the name of the celestial body that orbits Earth is Luna (although, video games are not an offical source for information).

[@draconianking]

West Kagle The sun, moon, and our planet have no set name. Sure, we've all seen the names of Sol, Luna, and Terra, but they are just popular names. Every language calls them something different.

[@Ironysandwich]

99batran We do distinguish it. Our moon is named Moon. Admittedly that's a little like naming your dog Dog, but it works well enough. I second "Luna" though, which, like nicknaming Dog Canis, isn't' really any different, but it does sound a bit better.

[@megaman922934]

99batran Our moon is actually called Luna (which is Latin for moon but still...) just like our sun isn't called The Sun its called Sol. This is where you get Lunar and Solar from.

[@99batran]

yeah ik Luna also means moon, but what else that's sounds just as cool?

[@anonymouscarrot4899]

I loved this video! My favorite moon is Callisto, I did a project on it in 5th grade.

[@mohamedmedhat7841]

Amazing as usual

[@jacobwalker4156]

under 301 club how tough are ya lolz sorry had to

[@ObitoSigma]

Jacob Walker Hahaha... I don't get the joke. :|

[@lee177swgoh]

Jacob Walker i punched a lolipop

[@Chefianf]

All these worlds are yours...except Europa.. Attempt no landing here

[@gl1500ctv]

Exactly! So sayeth the almighty monolith...

[@nolanthiessen1073]

Stephen Furr All hail the almighty monolith!

[@MegaGanash]

Chefianf I love you

[@Fatortu]

Chefianf Use them together. Use them in peace.

[@colinmaclaughlanweir9670]

Chefianf then thats where I'm going

[@aletheakoconis1181]

Well now I'm interested in planets.

[@forrest1777]

I always love listening about Europa moon XD

[@brandonthesteele]

*goes through unskippable SquareSpace ad* "This episode of Crash Course is brought to you by SquareSpace" Gee, no shit

[@Bram06]

3:24 that's no moon!

[@tdr1gta568]

Ur stupid

[@frankteng]

Yep found you.

[@subhendum]

Nice informative Video. Thanks

[@notafangirl]

I wonder what Galaleo's reaction would be in his time if we talked to him about this. He'd either be crazy excited or think we were getting way ahead of ourselves.

[@Spartanz1170]

The Kerbals are gone....

[@IstasPumaNevada]

Idonteven I would like for them to return.

[@Nicoder6884]

Me too.

[@CassBOTRR]

🦀🦀🦀

[@samwelltarly6700]

7:30 Jupiter makes Europa wet, lol (You'll get it if you know your greco-roman mythology)

[@alaaye5237]

Samwell Tarly Juno is gonna have to check up on Jupiter and Europa 😂

[@jo8217]

Awesome video !!!

[@astropredo]

I LOVE THIS COURSE!

[@davidramziz3200]

Sooooo, europas all wet huh ;)

[@rionasera]

Jupiter must have a crazy werewolf problem.

[@scalliboy2698]

I love these Episodes! :)

[@salvodippolito6013]

Best Crash Course by far:D

[@SpiteBellow]

What if there is an hyper intelligent race of octopuses living under the surface of Europa? Could be right?

[@blasterkeyggarz1796]

why earth has only 1 moon???

[@trendyboy1539]

BLASTER KEYGGARZ because soviets blew all others when they landed there and Stalin even got them deleted from historical photographs and other refferences. But this was luckier as Americans landed here so it is still there but cannot tell till when.

[@ThirdChronicles]

I love that every time I watch one of these, my jaw drops at least twice.

[@DoglinsShadow]

Thank you for these incredible videos (: You are a hero!

[@jordanetherington1922]

Jupiter OP plz nerf.

[@MrJassie123]

Jordan Etherington it's Diana from league of legends wet dream to live in Jupiter

[@hm-mt3wj]

Goddamm it Amercia politicians. Y u slash NASA's budget?!

[@Jonathan-xe4ec]

I don't know why, but for a long time I have been seeing more potential in Jupiter's moons to form platform for human habitat than Mars.

[@DanielVerberne]

Fantastic summary! I'd never want to live forever, but I'd love to be able to somehow "return" and check out the Universe and humans at points in the future. If I could return in a hundred or more years when we hopefully send craft to Europa, I'd love to be able to "return" just to find out what humanity learns from exploring the oceans of Europa. It could be nothing but a frigid lifeless ocean, but it could hold life....