Faraday Cage: History and Importance

[@johnopalko5223]

In the 1980s I worked at Bell Labs and watched with great interest as they constructed a huge Faraday cage in one corner of the building and then installed a laboratory inside it. I had no idea what went on there except it was a government-classified project known only by its code name, which I don't remember. One day I met one of the researchers who worked in the Faraday cage and I asked if it was intended to keep signals out or to keep them in. She just smiled and said, "I can't tell you that."

[@cdstoc]

The government called those TEMPEST labs, and yes they were huge Faraday cages.

[@pauleohl]

Was that Lab on Mountain Ave in Summit NJ?

[@johnopalko5223]

@@pauleohl No. It was at the Indian Hill labs on Warrenville Rd in Naperville, IL.

[@FictionHubZA]

You just spilled the beans on a public platform.

[@manifold1476]

40 year old beans? - - - Big deal! @@FictionHubZA

[@geraldmartin9792]

Love your work, well done again, thank you! Just recommended you (through his dad) to my 13 year old grandson. He loves things science and history, I'm sure you'll quickly become a favourite.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Awesome! Thank you!

[@rclv428]

This lady is legit. I wish they'd show her videos in my electrical classes. I don't think I've ever seen a better mix of the history and the science. Because the history can really help understand the science when you get background on what the scientists were thinking, what were they theorizing, what were they seeing, what they were trying to understand. It's nice how it all came together.

[@pjmarchessault]

I love all your historical facts and your amazing research! I learned so much as usual. Thank you a million. The best part of THIS episode was the bloopers at the end. haha what a great idea!

[@markholm7050]

I have worked in two companies whose laboratories had Faraday cages. They used them to produce electromagnetically quiet environments where they could measure emissions from their products without interference. I think Faraday cages are actually pretty common now in a world where electronic devices are very common and have to be tested both for electromagnetic emissions and for the effects of external electromagnetic radiation applied to them.

[@jme36053]

Hi Kathy. New sub. Your style reminds me very much of my math and physics teacher back in the late ‘60s into the ‘70s who, much to the chagrin of their students, required oral reports on prominent mathematicians and scientists who made ground-breaking discoveries. It was from that which awakened my curiosity and ultimately launched me into a career path in science and technology. Keep up the great work there are many more to persuade…

[@raymitchell9736]

Congrats on the book, I hope it sells well. I plan to preorder when you set it up.

[@EarlWallaceNYC]

I truly enjoy your enthusiasm and historical connections, even on subjects I already know. Thanks for making my day a little more thrilling.

[@smilinjack11]

Hi Kathy. AS a longtime Faraday fan, I'm glad to know many facts about him that are knew to me. Over the last few years, I came across an early scientific paper by Maxwell about Faraday's studies of E & M; i was amazed at how much Maxwell developed the math that would later become his moumental work, which would later inspire Einstein and the rest of us 125 years later. I believe that earlier work of Maxwell's was written about mid-century.

[@alanparker3130]

Great stuff! I cannot get enough stories about Faraday, even if I have read a big biography. I seem to remember that Whewell, you showed a letter from Faraday to him, helped Faraday out with naming anodes/cathodes etc., at Faraday's request. It might be worth mentioning Faraday's religious beliefs, which were unusual (he was a Sandemanian), and contributed a lot to his humble attitude, refusing honours and so on. I find it unbearably sad reading Faraday's last letter to his longtime friend, which you quoted. "I will write no more", due to his loss of memory and mental acuity.

[@pauleohl]

Decline of Sandemanianism. The last of the Sandemanian churches in America ceased to exist in 1890. The London meeting house finally closed in 1984.[31] The last Elder of the Church died in Edinburgh in 1999. Their exclusiveness in practice, neglect of education for the ministry, and the antinomian tendency of their doctrine contributed to their dissolution.[32] Many Glasites joined the general body of Scottish Congregationalists, and the denomination may now be considered extinct.

[@daffyduck1486]

Thanks Kathy. This was a great video.

[@ahmedrafea8542]

Thank you, thank you, thank you Kathy. Can not express how entertaining, informative and inspiring these series of videos are. Keep up this awesome work.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Thank you x3 for your lovely comment

[@Ajinkya_Mahajan]

I always enjoy your videos. Thanks Waiting for your book. Cheers!!

[@jeffparisse4202]

Another fantastic video Kathy! Oh Wow! I’m so excited for your book release! 🤓

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Thanks Jeff! And thanks for everything

[@johnjenkins6829]

Beautiful job, Kathy! I can't wait to get your book! We should carry it in the Museum store!

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

That means the world to me John. Thank you!

[@zm4710]

Kathy I love your humor, as I was giving you a thumbs up for your brilliance then you continued to tell me I had no friends

[@michaelmoorrees3585]

Back in late 70s or early 80s, I read an article, in Scientific America, on EMPs. Detonating a nuke in the upper atmosphere can generate an EMP that damage electronics over a several hundred mile radius. I attended a conference around 1980, which covered, (1) "Tempest" - shielding equipment to inhibit electronic eavesdropping, (2) shielding your products so they don't emit RFI/EMI, and (3) shielding equipment, to protect them from EMP damage. Part of the EMP presentation included how to generate a local EMP. I was there for the 2nd topic, because computer equipment was becoming more common, and it generated a lot of RFI/ EMI (electrical interference), and the FCC just added subpart j, to part 15, in the regs. They've changed those regs, in subsequent years, and those EMI/RFI provisions have been moved to another reg.

[@imeprezime1285]

Faraday cage isn't very effective against gamma rays bursts created by nuclear bomb explosions. Gamma rays are also part of EM spectrum and can be classified as EMI EMP interference.

[@khiyaldaskamnani6969]

Thank you so much kathy for the video you make. It's fabulous. Can you also make a series of video on issac newton pls pls

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

I am planning on starting my second book with a section about psoric Newton’s view on light and I’m going to make a corresponding video about it. I will probably get to it in the next six months to year depending on how things work

[@louisgiokas2206]

It is also possible to protect electronics from both nuclear EMPs and single event upsets in outer space. When I worked at GE, we had a process for designing chips that included a layer to take away any excess charge, from whatever source. In fact, this technology was tested above an underground nuclear test. The usual protection was a nuclear event detector that would shut down the electronics to a safe state and reboot after the event had passed. For these tests the NED was turned off on a satellite set above the test. With the technology, there were NO single event upsets, and the system performed normally.

[@ryansmith5436]

Kathy you are awesome! I've been binge watching your videos for a week now. I've taught science and especially physics from primary school to university level and always try to weave some history in where I can. You have turned that passion up to 11. Thank you so much for putting this stuff out. Really loving seeing the original papers and also what you choose to emphasise. All power and best wishes to you 🙏🙌

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Good luck with the teaching, I love that you include history in it that’s how I started too (so be careful it is a rabbit hole). If it isn’t rude of me to mention, did you know that I wrote a book? It’s called the lightning tamers and my full name is Kathy Joseph just putting it out there. Cheers Kathy

[@ryansmith5436]

@@Kathy_Loves_Physics I just got it for Christmas and going to start it tonight. Hope all groovy with you.

[@timjohnson979]

Wonderful presentation as usual, Kathy. I'm looking forward to your new book. Have you thought of doing an expanded video on EMPs? I've been under the impression that our electric grid is not up to dealing with them. That may vary from state to state. Even if my local power grid survived, I'm concerned most commercial enterprises would fail. I'm thinking of gas pumps, community water pumps, most vehicles, etc.

[@pauleohl]

Think: EMP would be an act of nuclear war and would elicit retaliation and the end of our world. No need to protect your electronics. We won't be here to use it.

[@timjohnson979]

@@pauleohl A man-made EMP such as you are describing could certainly escalate to all out nuclear war with the results you point out. However, an EMP could also be caused by a massive solar flare such as the one in 1859 observed by Richard Carrington and named for him. Flares of similar magnitude, while rare, could be as bad as one caused by a nuclear device detonated in the upper atmosphere, and possibly affect the entire planet.

[@pauleohl]

@@timjohnson979 I understand now.

[@glenmartin2437]

Watched your video again. Thanks.

[@kendebusk2540]

Although not the largest youtube channel, yours is one of the best. You're a "natural born" teacher :)

[@multiplysixbynine]

Brilliant! I can’t wait for your book.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Thanks

[@clyde1406]

Absolutely outstanding thank you

[@rfvtgbzhn]

23:32 from what I know only military equipment is protected from EMP. It would still disable the power grid and most civilian electronic devices. The power grid is actually all but unprotected to maximize profits, from what I know it can even be disabled by a strong solar storm like the 1859 Carrington Event.

[@jamesbentonticer4706]

Standing in a Faraday cage is on my bucket list.

[@robertfindley921]

Great video as always Kathy!

[@Rabblewitz]

Another bad movie goof with EMP was in Pacific Rim ... one of the Jagers was not affected by an EMP because "it was analog and not digital". Yeah, right. 🙂 Oh, and shortly after I watched the last video, my daughter stopped by with some pictures of her inside a Faraday cage. She and some friends had gone to the local Science museum where where was a demo going on, including a Tesla coil and a Faraday cage. She was the only one of her friends willing to go into it. Wish I'd been there.

[@kd1s]

Funny story we built a little tiny Faraday cage in a box about the size of a shoebox. It's mesh was connected to the ground lug on a three prong electrical cord. It was installed in a meeting room. Everyone had to place their phones in the box at the start of a meeting. The other interesting thing was at least 3 of us had our amateur radio licenses and 2 of us had done commercial radio.

[@ayushscientist5668]

Kathy you are make a video to the history of light and Alchemy

[@evrenbelenlioglu6975]

Great work. Thank you.

[@MrJugsstein]

all ways enjoy your work

[@wolfisr]

Fantastic video. Love your work!

[@WEPayne]

Kathy MityFine work but for once I must dispute you. In 1970s we learned specifically that a Faraday cage shields from Electric field but NOT a Magnetic field. Thus a Faraday cage has no loops, it is an arrangement of wires completely surrounding a volume, but electrically connected as a topological tree, having no closed loops. Thus Magnetic fields are not attenuated. Unfortunately "Faraday cage" has recently become so conflated with Electromagnetic shield that it is difficult to find any modern source that makes this distinction.

[@myothersoul1953]

Excellent and interesting as always!!

[@rexmyers991]

Oh, Kathy, a “cliff hanger” ! Well, I’ll anxiously await for your next video.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

I’m really excited about the next one because I’m not only gonna talk about the physics Have the fair decade I’m also going to talk about the physics and history of induction, electric fields, magnetic fields, electromagnetic field and radio waves! It’s really exciting

[@shawnmulberry774]

Definitely going to buy this book. Good Luck Kathy!

[@jrb_sland5066]

What I find fascinating about Michael Faraday is the quality of his writing. He has a wonderful ability to communicate very precisely both why & how he performs his experiments that would shame all of today's "journalists". Faraday was lucid. So was Isaac Newton two centuries previously. Newton's "Opticks" is great English literature, 'tho not up a Shakespearean standard. Newton's a real physicist at heart, even thought his secret Nontrinitarian/Arian religious beliefs may have warped his behaviour.

[@franzliszt3195]

Darn, your good. I'm a MS EE and you have way blown me away.

[@eleleugochukwu6805]

Very fantastic video

[@RandiRain]

Love your excitement Kathy... I plan on getting your book.

[@sparky2008sparky]

Great presentation Kathy. I love the tie-ins with other great scientists/inventors. One thing that bugged me. Your picture of the Starfish Prime fireball is inaccurate. Starfish prime was detonated at 250miles high. The fireball in your pictures was detonated lower than the stratopause as indicated by the dome above it. I get it though - pics of nukes in space aren’t particularly dramatic and Starfish Prime either wasn’t well photographed or maybe good photos are not available. Thanks for the history!

[@balacv02]

Hi, Kathy, Your historical review of Science is marvelous. This kind of history must be included in all school curriculum. By the way which is the book, you are showing at 9:12?

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

I’m showing an image from Sarah days 1837 paper. If you go to my website you can find the script for this video with a link to that paper.

[@irrelevant_noob]

@@Kathy_Loves_Physics huh, were you using a speech-to-text transcriber that couldn't understand "Faraday's" and wrote Sarah days instead? :D Also, i find it interesting that your citation mention «Faraday “Eleventh Series” (Dec 21, 1837) Experimental Researches in Electricity, Volume 1 (1839), 364-5.» -- which is perfectly reflected in the Internet Archive's version, which shows this specific 1171 section as split between pages 364 (ending with "sur-") and 365 (continuing with "faces"), but the video presents both parts together. Were you using another version than the 1839 one, or did you manually collate the two pages onto a single image? ^^ PS I'm having a bit of trouble locating that link you mentioned, has it been removed in the mean time?

[@glenmartin2437]

Thanks.

[@sharpbends]

Great episode, looking forward to the book :-)

[@TheRealMirCat]

"The Shocking True Story of Faraday"

[@Richard.Atkinson]

These videos are amazing.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Thank you!

[@gastonneal3761]

This was so crazy, I was just doing a little research into EMP’s.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

That's funny, me too!

[@smferreiro2610]

I love your "stories"... I'm certainly buying your book!

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Yay, thank you!

[@GlennSteffy]

I was ready to take on all of your videos at age 10....... young people understand complicated concepts more quickly and easily than anyone could imagine!! If you have a prepay discount planned please let us know. We can influence and enable future scientists just by putting your book into young hands. I had big trouble accessing the city library: too far away to walk.....and their hours were atrocious....9 to 2....3 days a week...closed on weekends....

[@Audion]

Aurora Borealis is plural or singular.

[@jafinch78]

Excellent presentation... for some reason I hadn't grasped the obvious ionizing gas acting as a Faraday Cage in the cathode ray tube. Duh moment... though I hadn't really critical thought about. I wonder what interesting observations regarding the microwaves were found by Hodgkins-Huxley along with those Trinity College networks... besides only the Voltage Clamp, the Hodgkins-Huxley Model, the Sliding Filament of Muscle Contraction Theory and guessing others more bioelectric effects from wireless energy. Interesting is some of the older U.S. Navy and even other military training videos and documentaries show the RADAR operators wearing not quite full body suit Faraday Cages... though mostly covered protective suits (I may be wrong as those might be fire protection PPE) and then later a full body Soviet and US Military RF Radiation Protective Suit... developed now to the more modern HV Linemans Suit and TEMPEST standards for shielding. Really neat to me what comes to mind along that pre and post WW2 era (post almost entirely) from the microwave RADAR tech is the development of microwave spectroscopy furthering the IR vibrational spectroscopy molecular energy observations into the rotational molecular energy states spectroscopy world that seems to be neglected now days and in regards to synthetic chemistry I was promoting back at Michigan Tech back in the late 90's while attending... albeit more than under the RADAR and not outspoken in writings enough. Neat to see Anton-Paar detail and document well finally in their wiki regarding microwave assisted synthesis. I didn't publish my work in 2001... though was neat to see the spike in publications regarding starting then as I wondered growing up like GPS and other satellite and ground stations based tech... "what really are the capabilities of those systems?" Plus like Dad said before he died... if I had to, "you'll have to bury an intermodal shipping container at least 4ft underground" and "you'll know what else you need to do" since obviously there's more to structural and other engineering aspects to consider for health as safety. Though yeah... all the illegal activities need to cease and desist even if military force needs to be applied so we don't have to live in Faraday Cages TEMPEST standard+ and/or walk around in Faraday Cage suits all the time. Then again... guessing factions want to enslave use and want to impose FCC like standards where Part 15 thoughts to allow hacking in us like a certified device that "must accept any interference caused by the legal operation of other radio services." I still struggle with this later statement when there's isn't enough conformation testing capabilities like why can't and isn't there the range of signal analyzer capabilities on our cell phones that have all sorts of sensors? Oh... boy... trigger moment. Awesome presentation.

[@Kae6502]

I believe Wendy Carlos built a Faraday Cage around her studio to stop EM intrferance on her music recordings.

[@brainfleming8756]

Who can not love Faraday?

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Not me, he is the GOAT.

[@shawnmulberry774]

Also, I always say corpuscles like I would say, "muscles" I don't know if it is right but nobody has ever corrected me for this.

[@parthasamanta3893]

Please make a video on the history of ideal gas law🙏

[@markjones7687]

Kathy my dear, A brilliant vlog as always. Mind you, it could have been improved if you had moved the flowers more into shot. I get the background concept. Elegant fireplace, modern art painting on the wall, books on the shelf arranged casually enough to show that some one actually reads them and then flowers. But with most of the flower arrangement just out of shot they look like a poorly thought out token effort. Again, brilliant vlog though.🙂

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Note to self: move flowers 🌸 (thanks for the advice)

[@nycbearff]

I was so engaged by what Kathy was saying that I didn't even see the flowers.

[@dosomething3]

absolutely invaluable information ℹ️ ❤❤❤❤

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Glad it was helpful!

[@mattnewhouse1781]

🤗🤗🤗 i love these videos

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

I am so glad. I am particularly happy with this one, but my friend tells me that I *always* say that :)

[@user990077]

It's my understanding that an EMP wave can, if strong enough, generate eddy currents in the minute aluminum interconnections of an IC and there by destroy any device using ICs. And the EMP can also generate eddy currents in the metal of a Faraday Cage. And those eddy currents can then propagate the energy of the pulse into the cage.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

In truth I did simplify it a bit because although airplanes and helicopters are faraday cages they have holes for the windows which are non-conductive which means that they can’t block frequencies that are very high (although they do cut down on the power of the EMP quite a bit at the lower frequencies). What this ends up meaning is that you would need the airplane to be really close to a ridiculously big blast in order to be materially damaged which means you’re probably hosed by other factors anyway. The big thing that people in the 80s were worried about was a large nuke in the upper atmosphere cutting out of military communication. We basically fixed that so it’s not as big an advantage for an enemy to waste a giant nuke in the upper atmosphere just to mess with civilian communication. If not to say that it couldn’t happen, just it is less of a military advantage and thus much less likely.

[@user990077]

@@Kathy_Loves_Physics Oh. OK. Thanks for info.

[@pauleohl]

How complete does the cage have to be to shield what is inside? How much can be holes? What determines the size of the holes? I remember labs in the Material Laboratory of the former Brooklyn Navy Yard (in the early sixties) that had rooms lined with copper screens that looked like insect screens. I was too green/uneducated at the time to understand what was going on.

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

The short answer is that the hole should be a smaller than about 1/10 the wavelength of the wave.

[@Stan_144]

How about a video dedicated to biography of Erwin Schrödinger ?

[@brainfleming8756]

Coulomb's law is identical in format to Newton's universal law of gravitation.

[@BsktImp]

Where (if) does charge reside on (immersed) Klein Bottle's and Möbius strips?

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

On a Klein bottle (which I think is just a capacitor) the charge resides on the outside surface. On a Möbius strip made of metal, it would reside on the outside surface which covers both "sides" of the strip. It would not reside inside the metal strip. Did that make sense?

[@rjirwin497]

Smiles: Your intellect, charismatic persona, kinetic delivery, makes you remarkable and enriches our youth. - I believe that every physics #Teacher, around the world, should share your videos as part of their lesson plans. - MBA101.85 ... 'Life Long Learners Are Forever Relevent.' - said RJ at #RRU

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Thanks

[@gastonneal3761]

Definitely, but you HAVE to mention it is give though a European perspective. And a true scientist understands they observes everything though their perspective lense.

[@mycosys]

Are coax cable and waveguides special cases of a faraday cage?

[@tddybr78]

Awesome, as usual!

[@materialgirl338]

So interesting I have a question? I watched a video about the metal corset's and the Gilded Age clothing and it poses a ? To me. Were these women getting grounded from their long dresses and their metal hoops? I think there was some plasma discharge events happening at this time maybe they forgot to tell us about. Even if you look back to the mideviel Knights and their clothing. If you look into this you will see that the Armor alone was so heavy to wear and imagine trying to get on a horse with is? Let alone the poor guy if he has to go to the bathroom😂😂 And what happens if they fall off the horse? You would need 3 people and a ladder to get back on😮😢 Also I'm woundering there could have been plasma discharge or maybe EMF'S from the sun. If you look at the 15th or 16th Century images it shows some very crazy pictures. What do you think?

[@whocares995]

Yes Paul Dirac

[@spvillano]

We routinely get hit with EMP's from the sun. A CME or flare impacts the earth's magnetic field, generating geomagnetic storms. Annoyingly, where I'm currently living appears a bit more susceptible to geomagnetic storms, likely via telluric current and long power line interaction, requiring me to reboot my computers. Kind of annoying, but one can't control the ground currents of the planet.

[@alanhurdle3949]

my mind wonders like light spectrum those are decimal points on the current values of amounts from negative values to positive values hertz to micro wave to sound a transformation that means it can be moved up or down the number of large that the experiment of the speakers, it does produce force and pushes a wave. ok back to the video

[@alin_ilies]

try to speak with Cristian Presură. He is a physics researcher and has a romanian youtube channel about physics. He does a lot of podcasts. Two podcasts of his were made with english authors.

[@NoNameAtAll2]

how loud is tesla lighting that close? does it hurt the ears? did you use hearing protection?

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

It was surprisingly not very loud. No ear protection required!

[@michaelgonzalez9058]

The faraday cage used with solar panel technology can improve The method world uses Power

[@briancochran2571]

I really don’t know, but I think it would be Auroras borealis, like courts marshall or attorneys general? 🤷‍♂️

[@petexian]

Have you been on Science Friday maybe you can get in their book club list

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

That would be awesome - I am working on it.

[@dougjenks6954]

Damn very good!!

[@alexmarshall4331]

You're looking well...👍from Elephant and Castle by the Faraday Memorial South East London LALALA 👉💎👈

[@shdwbnndbyyt]

Of course the Starfish stratospheric explosion and resulting "skyfire" was likely the cause of the southern Hemispheric Ozone hole observed in 1979... it taking over a decade for low ozone containing region to be moved to the pole...

[@tarugardiner4287]

I know I will be building one .

[@joevespa3157]

Omg

[@GeoffreyFeldmanMA]

Starfish Prime destroyed the Telstar communications satellite which was solid state. So the concern for EMPs came from that fact.

[@user-sw7su2zm3f]

I am an Arab, and I constantly see your videos, benefit and learn from them, and I am grateful to you, but when you canceled the Arabic translation, I was very upset

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

I am so sorry that a translation was removed. Unfortunately, I do not speak Arabic but I add English subtitles and allow people who do speak many languages to translate it for me if they wish. I do not know who put up a lovely translation, and I also did not know who removed a translation. I will check to see if there’s any way to. bring it back but it might not be possible. Sorry that that happened. Kathy

[@RODI____]

Many airplanes are no longer made from aluminium. They need extra protection.

[@GoCoyote]

While the quality is degraded from when I first saw it, and there may be better versions available, here is a link to an incredible use of Faraday cages for power line maintenance. kzbin.info/www/bejne/fHjSkouQrKufgJY

[@pauleohl]

We see the lineman crawling along two parallel lines. Does that imply that the two lines are at the same potential? Are there two lines rather than one heavier line because of skin effect?

[@GoCoyote]

@@pauleohl While I am an inside wireman, I do know some of the basics of high voltage conductors, and hopefully it is enough to answer your questions. My children tell me that I have a lot of opinions, along with the occasional fact thrown in for good measure. The two lines are paralleled, or "bundled" conductors at the same potential. The bundling has to do with several factors, including the skin effect, temperature dissipation, and coronal discharge. With voltages above 100k Volts, coronal discharge becomes a problem for single conductors due to the high voltage gradient in the air. All self supporting conductors in free air have a performance curve for the maximum current flow at a given air temperature and the unsupported cable length. This performance curve is applied during the design process, and provides information to system operators regarding the maximum power that can flow in any given conditions. When the lines begin to heat up, they grow in length, causing the line "droop" or "sag." Using two smaller conductors provides more surface area to mass, and allows the conductors to cool more effectively, increasing the ampacity of the lines. When the conductors cool, they will shrink and become shorter again. However if the lines become hotter than their maximum temperature rating, and sag to much, they will loose their ability to return to their original length when cooled. If the line sags to much, it can make contact with objects below it, causing catastrophic failure. Most high tension power lines are made up of un-insulated aluminum conductors that are compressed around a steel rope core, although carbon/glass fiber cores are starting to become competitive. The carbon fiber core conductors have considerably less drooping, and can maintain higher current flows during warm weather. Bundled conductors reduce the voltage gradient in the vicinity of the line. This reduces the possibility of corona discharge. At extra high voltage, the electric field gradient at the surface of a single conductor is high enough to ionize air, which wastes power, generates unwanted audible noise and interferes with communication systems. The field surrounding a bundle of conductors is similar to the field that would surround a single, very large conductor-this produces lower gradients which mitigates issues associated with high field strength. The transmission efficiency is improved as loss due to corona effect is countered. When transmitting alternating current, bundle conductors also avoid the reduction in ampacity of a single large conductor due to the skin effect. A bundle conductor also has lower reactance, compared to a single conductor. Hope this helps answer your questions, and is "conductive" to your curiosity :)

[@pauleohl]

@@GoCoyote Thanks for taking the time to write a detailed explanation.

[@mojo888x]

Would you have any tips how to build a faraday cage for targeted individuals i.e victims of eletromagnetic psychotronic and radiowave assults. e.g for at home use to protect the whole human body..

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Yes

[@johnnicholson8811]

Here is a video related to EMP: kzbin.info/www/bejne/d5K9kIWJqZV-hpo

[@chebhou]

Kink

[@johnarmenta2199]

Why did Faraday put himself in a cage? Because it had far more advantages to, and far better results than, dating.

[@A3Kr0n]

People think they can make a Faraday Cage for radios until they actually try to make one. Not easy.

[@pauleohl]

Please tell more.

[@Naturehack]

I'm Faraday Caged This girl is shocking

[@trevornieman8391]

Gosh I wish there were girls around my age that were like you. (29)

[@pauleohl]

Captivating research and presentation. I know that it is your style and we are used to it, but you will make a better appearance on your promotion gigs if you speak without your hands. Hope I have not insulted you; you have only educated and entertained me. Maybe you can get booked on BookTV. I know nothing about writing or publishing. :-(

[@Kathy_Loves_Physics]

Paul, you in no way insulted me, you were only complementary and I appreciate you. However, I have tried to talk with less hand movement and it doesn’t work for me. I married an Italian 🤷🏻‍♀️ cheers kathy

[@borysnijinski331]

6:36… reMUNeration (as written) not reNUMeration (as spoken).

[@markrix]

Thats easy, he was kinky!

[@leolacasse6278]

good teacher, but her super emphatic hand gestures are maddening along with the ah jingle

[@supermikeb]

All the more reason to get the book!

[@douglasboyle6544]

Broken Arrow was a terrible movie for so many reasons.