KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: What Weapons and Armor did they use?

[@scholagladiatoria]

This video is kindly sponsored by History Hit: With code SCHOLAGLADIATORA you will get 50% off first 3 months. This is the link which applies the code at the sign up page: access.historyhit.com/checkout?code=scholagladiatora&plan=monthly

[@beepboop204]

🙂

[@andras8911]

Ego sum Regiae Nobilitatis Hungariae Transylvaniee⚜️ Nobilis eques Regis Hunyadi Janos. MMM hominem raptor ordo pugnavi per me. I pugna diaboli ⚔️ Ego pugnabo leonem ⚔️ Im publice #1 Eques Historia Mundi ⚔️

[@Coincidence_Theorist]

3:26 history hit. Aka HIS Story Hit. Its a hit on history man. An attack out Furthur subversion. The deception CONtinues

[@Coincidence_Theorist]

@@andras8911 the lion 🦑🐐⚜️🐙nautilus. Hydra. 7:15 the rider and horse were one creature. Hence the headless knight. Think octopus. The headless horseman. There body is the head. Think a blemie 9:02 take note of the dress like legs. This is tentacles.

[@Coincidence_Theorist]

11:48 notice again the hanging “fabric “

[@krzysztofzpucka7220]

"A Templar Knight is truly a fearless knight, and secure on every side, for his soul is protected by the armour of faith, just as his body is protected by the armour of steel. He is thus doubly armed, and need fear neither demons nor men."

[@arthurchadwell9267]

Booyah!

[@Matt_Alaric]

What's this from?

[@krzysztofzpucka7220]

@@Matt_Alaric De Laude Novae Militae - In Praise of the New Knighthood by Bernard of Clairvaux Chapter One - A WORD OF EXHORTATION FOR THE KNIGHTS OF THE TEMPLE

[@Matt_Alaric]

@@krzysztofzpucka7220 Awesome.

[@hyperfocus4866]

🙏🏼♥️

[@adamrudling1339]

So you are saying they had cutting edge swords .... got you

[@vvt7825]

And right to the point

[@bobstitzenberger1834]

Very rigid swords, for good penetration

[@paradoxworkshop4659]

Cutting edge armour. Finely fitted swords, and bespoke pole arms, and the most modern of horses, and the very tackiest of horse furnishings.

[@guyloren]

Groan...🤦🏼‍♂️😆

[@commissarchad]

Yes, the knee defenses were critical for adventurers; no one wanted to be the "then I took an arrow to the knee" guy.

[@bigdaddydons6241]

I mean, imagine just how bad that would be? You're probably gonna be limping for the rest of your life after that, and that's best case scenario

[@moonlightning8269]

Thought it was funny that voiceline is used by guards who work long shifts standing in place and walking on patrols

[@Blade_291]

One popular theory I've heard for the surcoats' origins in the crusades was as a way of stopping your maille from heating up as much in the sun. Having re-enacted wearing a maille shirt in the Aussie sun, I can confirm the surcoat did make a difference.

[@sebastianriemer1777]

Makes sense. Heatstroke was and is a big issue for armored men.

[@harrisonwilkinson4986]

As a former reenactor I love how we basically conduct experimental archaeology at most of our events.

[@AggelosKyriou]

The surcoat copies the idea of the Eastern Roman epilorikon (=literally means "over-armor") which was used to avoid overheating under the sun and rust when raining.

[@wolfzwizdom]

Just my theory on the surcoat, mail is the type of thing you couldn't take off in the field, on top of protecting the mail from direct sunlight in hot conditions and protectiong from corrosion. The most important part IMHO would be visible concealment, something that's been mentioned in various roman texts.

[@Blade_291]

@MainTank Vsible concealment is very important. However, adding a cross to it so you could walk around and wordlessly shout "DEUS VULT" is far more important. You no longer have to wreck your voice shouting till battle time :p

[@neilcampbell9383]

That was excellent Matt. Could you do a similar dive into the arms and armour of the Islamic equivalent of knights of this period? I can honestly say that I would love to know more about this subject. 👍

[@SuperOtter13]

I would like to see that very much

[@requiscatinpace7392]

Great idea!

[@davefletch3063]

I third that suggestion

[@thescholar-general5975]

I would also like to see a video on the islamic arms and armor of the same period

[@azramano]

Yes, please!

[@normtrooper4392]

Current mood: knight fighting another knight while their horses hug in the background

[@VickyAmaru]

Something fun about the Knights Templar is that they still exist today. The ones who survived the purge escaped to Portugal and changed their name to the Order of Christ in 1319. They were secularized in 1789, briefly disbanded in 1910 and revived in 1917. Their Grand Master is the president of Portugal.

[@anthonyhodgson825]

I enjoyed this 'timeline progression' format of discussion. I'd enjoy more content like this of other time periods, or other countries. Thank you.

[@grbdevnull5611]

The book "Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight" by David Edge and John Miles Paddock does a great job of doing a century by century breakdown like this. It isn't focused on any one group, but does try to point out regional trends. The last that I knew, the book was still out of print, but I think prices have come down quite a bit (at one time it was going for $100+ and now seems available for about $15 or slightly less).

[@stacksmalacks8826]

History Hit is a sponsor made in heaven for Matt. HH make great content, more traditional TV style historical videos but they are really good. Wonder if Matt will ever colab with them

[@samcarver317]

Just a thought I had while listening on what the purpose of the surcoat was. Maybe it was to help keep the knights cooler. I imagine a loose white sheet basically covering all their armor would to reflect the intense sun they would have been in. Wearing metal armor in hot intense sun would probably cook a man. Their armor directly in sunlight would probably be untouchable hot. Like any metal sitting in the sun on a hot day.

[@defaultytuser]

I love these thorough "piece by piece" analysis of X warriors on X century. I think these are my favorite kind of videos of yours, Matt!

[@Sirsethtaggart3505]

I don't know why I'm so fond of maille? Obviously plate is superior, but I still love it 🤷🏻‍♂️

[@Sirsethtaggart3505]

I actually where it for work, as I find it's more concealable and covers more area than a normal vest. (Especially the armpits and crutch areas).

[@mallardtheduck406]

I know it's not completely historically accurate movie, but one of my favorites..."Iron Clad".

[@martiuscastle]

Super appreciated, especially from a fanboy of great helms such as myself. I'm sorry for the full plate fans, but boy, templars look so badass!

[@GTX1123]

Wow. It's amazing how the Great Helm is so closely associated with the Crusades and the Templars yet it wasn't developed / used until the Third Crusade. Replica helmets are usually called "Crusader Helmet".

[@khodexus4963]

They may not have added greaves over mail leggings for knights very early, but historically don't greaves by themselves go back to antiquity? Like Greek hoplites?

[@phatfencer1746]

I remember seeing illustrations of knights in the 1200s with square pieces of wood or leather attached to the upper arm with cords. I was a kid then and I still don't know if the rectangles are supposed to be decorative or protective but they appear for a very short time and then just disappear in the early 1300s. I can't seem to find these illustrations nowadays (I only found modern ones a few years back) and I'm not sure anymore if I just hallucinated them or if they were actually a thing during the crusades. This was a great video and fun topic! You mentioned Christians being allowed to use Muslim weapons and this now has me intrigued as to what kinds of arms the church considered Muslim weapons back in the day. Would love to see videos on Islamic golden age arms, armor and culture someday.

[@grbdevnull5611]

I think you might be referring to ailettes which were attached at the shoulder. If so, they are a very late 13th - early 14th century item as you indicated and I have not encountered any source willing to do more than speculate on their purpose. If you are referring to besegues/besagews (which "hang" below the shoulder to protect the armpit), those seem to have lasted longer and be universally accepted as armour to fill the gap in the armpit.

[@phatfencer1746]

@@grbdevnull5611 after a quick googling i think i was referring to the ailettes. Never knew that term so now i have something to work with. Thanks!

[@harrykouwen1426]

I really like your historical views, thanks for that! A surcoat also hides where the gaps or weak spots in your armour are, so can't be targeted directly as such, also keeps blood, bodyfluids and other dirt from your mail and armour, nothing as bad as trying washing bloodclots out of mail and other intricate armour parts. Buff leather was a very thick and tough type of leather, not boiled but treated so that it is tough against cuts, arrows etc. The buffcoat is a 16th century heritage of that. Leather is underestimated in archeology and history simply because so little remains of it if at all.

[@lextheap1638]

The horses at 14:20. Wow, just wow

[@arc0006]

Great vid. A video on the various knightly orders would kickass. More of the history of the orders than just the arms and armour. This video has me thinking how far away did the various order draw their members from their order's place of origin. Yes I should serve prison time for that last sentence. Maybe a collaboration with Meteron, Shad, Lindybeige and Skall...Tod? Anyways just a thought. 😀

[@dadventuretv2538]

Alright last one, I swear. A vid of nothing but looking at artwork and effigies depicting arms and armor and talking about them would be awesome. Maybe drag in some other experts to discuss? I remember seeing the Black Prince’s effigy on his tomb for the first time and what an impression (figuratively bot literally) it left on me with the detail of his armor. I thought it was so cool- I think I poked around it for like half an hour. I definitely got some weird looks. Lol.

[@hrodvitnir6725]

Interesting as always! Hope you're working on another history video like Flodden, I really enjoy those.

[@HappyCupsInc]

I’ve loved the Knights Templar since I was a kid. Really cool history, and if what I’ve heard is true they got done real dirty at the end by the French king and the pope. Pretty horrifying actually

[@jimmybobby4824]

The pope attempted to stop the fall of the templars..

[@Kierkergaarder]

Cérveilière, you brought it up at the end, literally means "brain-plate". Thank you as always Matt.

[@pentegarn1]

As some who has worn armor in the sun...I think the tabard fabric covering is there simply to keep the sun off your armor. It helps.....I've experienced it myself first hand. Plus it looks cool.

[@theeddorian]

A truly interesting discussion would be why so many "innovations" mentioned here are features of armor that faded from use following the end of the Western Roman Empire. Greaves are well known pieces of armor in the Middle East and Mediterranean as far back as the Bronze Age and appear on classical statuary. Some face protection was fairly standard in the Roman military at times, at least cheek pieces and some protection of the back of the neck. What drives such waves of fashion in armor? Even now, we see shifts in helmet styles from definite protection against shrapnel, to the current US style which looks a lot like cyclist's helmet with next to no protection to the sides and the front. Even a limited visor that might protect from solar glare is gone.

[@andreweden9405]

It's my understanding that daggers were around in this earlier period, it's just that they had a negative association. They were considered the weapons of assassins, murderers, and people who relied on sneakiness. As such, they were not viewed as honorable arms for a knight. However, as you stated, Matt, the innovations in armor made it increasingly difficult for the dagger's effectiveness on the battlefield to be overlooked! Also, even though the classic quillon dagger wasn't yet being carried in a military context, there were dagger-like weapons in the earlier Middle Ages, specifically, the scramsamx (my own made-up word for the seax/scramasax😁).

[@Macorian]

I had similar thoughts. I agree the dagger was viewed as an un-knightly weapon. The church also had a word in this. Daggers are indeed deadly. The church equally tried to ban crossbows... and apparently axes/maces. Maybe better armour lead to them being (re-) introduced. In the picture at around min. 26 the ppl using daggers are of course without armour. Daggers used to be an important part of military outfit - the Roman legionary always wore one...

[@andreweden9405]

@@Macorian , Indeed, the Pugio! Julius Caesar could tell you a thing or two... or three, or four, or five, etc., about those!😁

[@Joe___R]

Surcoats most likely became common out of either fashion or to make it easier to know what side someone was fighting for on the battlefield. If everyone simply has mail covered gambisons in melee combat, it would be easy to end up fighting against someone on your own side.

[@DornishVintage]

I mean, that is true to this day. How to tell friend from foe? Strap some coloured tape around your arm and helmet...

[@13931411119]

Well, a dose of Schola Gladiatoria is a good way to start the day.

[@glynnmitchell9253]

Great work as usual. I would like to hear you explain it a little differently sometime. You approach the subject as weapons and armor of the knights. I am interested to hear it explained as - the knight’s choice of weapon against his opponents armor/weapon. And the knight’s armor development against his opponents weapons. I think one source mentions that he (the Templar) should have a Turkish mace. I’m not sure but I think this is a round mace and not flanged. Your thoughts?

[@allanburt5250]

Great stuff Matt 👏 thanks for sharing with us

[@Kamamura2]

The main weakness of knight templars was the fact that did not know anything about Skallagrim and his KZbin channel, and thus were unaware that spears are much better than swords. According to Skallagrim, that is. ;-)

[@brittakriep2938]

I am german, living in state Baden-Württemberg. When in 1525 Highmaster / Hochmeister of Teutonic Order decided, to transform Prussia from a catholic Order State into an ordinary noble duchy ( a vassal state of polish kingdom), the , German Master' / Deutschmeister of Teutonic Order decided, to use the new title ,Hoch- und Deutschmeister ' ( high and german master) , and ruled only the remaining territories in HRE. Then Bad Mergentheim became Capital of Teutonic Order. In 1809 Napoleon abandonned Teutonic Order. In Bad Mergentheim, the Castle is Museum of Teutonic Order. There is a sword, used by , Teutonic Knights ' of 19th century. Teutonic Order still exists, but last knight died 1971.

[@dondevice8182]

Thanks for this! I’m quite weak on this. Of German history, and no less than I would like to about the Teutonic Knights.

[@elirantuil5003]

14:20 are those horses hugging?

[@dondevice8182]

At least the horses were abke to get along! If only we could be so wise!

[@jelkel25]

That was very good. Another topic that could work in this general format/structure would be the Border Reivers. There's a developmental timeline, it is not overly covered on YT and is a fascinating period of history.

[@alejandrolievano5573]

This format if video if the evolution of a very specific group of people is extremely interesting. Hope you can apply it to other kind of warriors or groups. If not by military order maybe geographical or other parameter that lets you focus like you did here

[@DobleWhiteAndStabley]

Wow! The knights templar have been getting a lot of love lately.

[@M_Bamboozled]

1:40 Happens every time. You start fighting and your horses break the mood with a hug.

[@dudepool7530]

Am I the only one who had a Whiterun guard speaking in their head while Matt talked about leg protection?

[@Kim-the-Dane-1952]

14:20 (yes also shown a bit earlier) but that is a really amusing picture with the angry horses fighting just like their masters 🙂

[@dadventuretv2538]

Man this vid has me thinking of so many things. I feel like a lot of people think of knights in mail much more maneuverable than knight in plate, a concept that I think a lot of fantasy fames probably also propagate. But when you think about all the layers a knight in mail wore- take the head for example, a padded cloth coif, mail coif, cervelliere, and great helm, or all the layers on the torso of clothing, gambeson, chain, coat of plates, tunic all belted together- it makes me wonder if the later suit of armor, that at first glance may seem heavier and more cumbersome, may actually have been more comfortable and lighter feeling to wear due to how the weight was distributed. Another future vid idea? ok, I’ll leave you alone now. Unless something else comes to ming in the last 3 mins of the vid. Lol

[@johntipper29]

Very enjoyable and informative. Thank you Matt.

[@Zona-w9i]

is it possible that it was common to wear a surcoat over your coat of plates in order to make it harder for your opponent to aim for a gap in the plates?

[@admiralradish]

The 2 men on one horse has nothing to do with being "Poor Second Son Knights". It goes alot deeper. And still exists today.

[@dondevice8182]

Good point! It’s even in the founding treaties charter of the Templars

[@jameshall1300]

I've got that book on my nightstand right now, excellent read.

[@stevewebster5729]

It would be interesting to see (if you've not done it already) a similar format video on the arms and armour of the Saxon/ Viking period (5th-11th century say) as a counter to the absolute drivel that you see in most period films and TV series. The Vikingpunk costumes do wind me up a bit : )

[@andrewsock1608]

I see you said the face plate ends up growing and going around the back, but if you look at the tapestry bit you showed in this video you can see a mounted soldier with a nasal helm with plates hanging off the back like samurai helms. So it may have grown from the back to the front face plates. Did you notice that on the tapestry Matt ?

[@shorewall]

Yeah, that's how I would think of it. Even the Romans had neck coverings and cheek pieces. A fighter can see in front to dodge, but you would want armor to protect your back.

[@stevenpremmel4116]

History hit sponsorship? Nice! I hope this means you get to collaborate with them.

[@s.w.4409]

Obviously the Knights Templar's favourite weapon was the famous holy hand grenade.

[@Freeloader_420]

This is a video I needed, but never realized that I needed it. I love this video - great topic that I hope you can find a way to revisit somehow down the line.

[@mielerodriguez5678]

Love it when Lucy pulls a yukky face.

[@Hrossey]

I’m a Knights Templar. Join your local lodge and you can be one too. Boas.

[@theimaginarium]

I do believe the Knights Hospitallier still exist to this day, though I don't believe they regularly wear mail or carry arming swords any more.

[@TutosViolet]

Please do a video talking about the others knightly orders.

[@MQuinn-eb3zz]

I believe you are totally correct about the use of a coat of plates or, at the least, a form of cuirass in use by the knights of the time. However, I also believe that this was influenced by the Eastern Roman empire, where layers of chain topped with a cuirass was common. One should note that even the English were a part of the Varangian guard, and so would have had been exposed to this to protect against the horse archers used by Turks, etc.

[@docstockandbarrel]

So probably not why surcoats were worn or plates on the inside, but a modern study with police and body armor found that if the vest is worn outside their clothes, attackers would aim for their head, whereas is the armor is worn under their shirts, attackers would aim for the body which is a bigger target.

[@paddyspotatopeelers2154]

Absolutely loved this video mate.atb paddy

[@lowlandnobleman6746]

I recall reading somewhere that plain mail coats in Scotland were still widely used well into the 1300s.

[@scholagladiatoria]

Into the 1500s actually, for less well equipped soldiers.

[@lscibor]

It was even more widely used in Ireland, it doesn't seem like plate ever caught up that much in there. And in fact in entire Europe up to 16th century, even if it was more expensive than plate sometimes. Some people, in some situations seemingly preffered it over stiff armors.

[@LegioXIII-SPQR]

21:13 "I used to be a Crusader like you, then I took an arrow in the knee"

[@SB-qm5wg]

Excellent video. A lot of work went into this. Thank you. 👏

[@Kanner111]

Maces being a cutting edge technology is surprising on a least a couple of levels! =)

[@jammysmears4077]

Are the horses hugging in that picture?

[@michaelrs8010]

I forget who the star was, but there's a good movie out in the last few years called Knightfall (it had the guy that played Carson on Downton Abbey as the Pope) that has a great opening scene of the Knights Templar charging on horses with a POV looking at their faces inside the helmets.

[@leppeppel]

Even without heraldry, the surcoat serves another somewhat banal but important function: it keeps shit off your mail. Obviously, it's not 100% effective, but it helps, and it's easier to clean cloth than mail.

[@captaindan37]

14:15 The first thought I had seeing this image was "Those horses seem really worried about their riders"

[@danhodg1]

**video suggestion** - those little shield type things you sometimes see on Knights shoulders, almost like a pauldron but it's a little shield, we need to discuss

[@mastercylinder1939]

You didn’t know the French king was responsible for the decline of the knights Templar! That’s the first thing you learn.

[@patrickdavies6514]

17:25 are those horses meant to be: A) fighting B) hugging C) dancing Or D) the artist had a weird equine fixation and it’s about to get r-rated?

[@seanbirtwistle649]

there's a video on tod's workshop where they test mail over padding and padding over mail and theres a significant difference in protection between the two arrangements with mail under the padding offering better piecing protection. it wouldn't surprise me if the surcoat was constructed with this in mind

[@raphlvlogs271]

a lot of spears used on horseback can also work very well on foot

[@seanfrancishenry]

Awesome video! Really cleared up my misconception about great helms an templars!

[@donnikthejedi2222]

16:18 It's Magdeburg. Should be St. Maurice in the Cathedral ^^

[@l.r.quimson]

The Hospitaler Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (of Rhodes and of Malta) was founded in the year 1113 under the Papal Bull of Pope Paschal "Pie Postulatio Voluntatis". It was the first of the Hospitaler Orders predating the Franciscans by over a hundred years. Its first charism was that of Obsequium Pauperum (Service to the Poor) and the second charism Tuitio Fidei (Defense of the Faith)came into effect around 1136. It was an error to say that the Hospitalers were founded in 1098.

[@capefear56]

16:27 - this wouldn't even be unprecedented given that the Romans used their own plated armor (lorica segmentata) which the Eastern Roman Empire likely still kept records or possibly even surviving examples of during the 11-1200s

[@advert1489]

I think I know why you would cover your mail in a surcoat - heat. I couldn't imagine how hot mail would get in the middle-eastern sun.

[@cimmerian_savage9736]

I always thought of Templar as warrior monks

[@dondevice8182]

They were, in theory, probably in practice at first.

[@maaderllin]

Very interesting video (Especially since I'm writing a medieval-fantasy and I've decided that the tech level for arms and armors is (along with a few culturally explained exceptions) set around the end of the XIIIth century. As an aside: 29:10 I was wondering what was "Kuh-Bully" haha. Just a little tip, it might be easier to pronounce if one keeps in mind that "Bouilli" (boiled) is pronounced Boo-Yee. I'll be indulgent of course on the pronunciation of the word "cuir" (leather) as it has two of the bane of the englishmen when trying to speak french, the U and the R. :P

[@kampar82]

I don't speak french, I'm interested in finding out if there is a difference between rawhide and leather in french? Rawhide from ox would be crazy stiff. Just like the Japanese leather armor is mostly rawhide.

[@maaderllin]

@@kampar82 Not really. It could be called "cuir brut", but there is "cuir" and there is "peau" (pronounced poh). Peau can mean "hide", "pelt" or "skin". Cuir is mostly leather, but it can also refer to "hide".

[@Bentheriault1]

That was a great video. I would love to see more like it.

[@ElDrHouse2010]

What training did they do would be a more interesting video. Did they march a lot, running, sparrying, archery, what military laws they were under, no women on camp, etc. Because the Templar have a reputation of being very disciplined & effective soldiers their whole life was the military & christianism. Christian Spartans pretty much.

[@douglasyoung927]

So my question is why did all of the armies in Greek and Rome wear grieves hundreds of years before and then the knights had to rediscover and redevelop grieves. Did people not know or would there be a reason for people to stop wearing them.

[@StoneyWonderdog]

I wonder if the flat top helmet had enough room up top to be penetrated but still arrest whatever spiked it further from the head.

[@jillatherton4660]

Jolly useful, TY Ol' Bean. 👍

[@AlexanderCornel]

Great video! Thank you Matt!

[@rickbowker4179]

The bit about greaves always astounds me. Its pretty accepted that the Romans and Greeks wore greaves. Also much of what we know about military structure and equipment in the early medieval period was copied over from the Roman Auxiliaries. So why not leg protection? Even a shinpad composed of quilted fabric or boiled leather that could be wrapped up in your leg wraps would have made a world of difference.

[@legion9259]

It seems to me the heraldic cloth coverings of the armor were meant to be a monastic scapular, or at least in imitation of that monastic tradition

[@dblair1258]

Excellent video. Thanks.

[@dembro27]

Very cool! Teutonic Knights next? 👀

[@AceVendetta]

Just a thought: fashion often followed what the royalty wore. If royalty wore a crown over a nasal helm, it might appear more flat. This may lead to helmet makers to create helms that imitate the shape. Just a random thought, no historical backing

[@marosmolnar2749]

Kind of off topic realisation but i wouldnt guess that armor developed from mostly mail (early 14th century) to plate armor (end of 14th century) in less than 100 years. That is quite fast for medieval standarts. I wonder if Hundred years war helped this fast developement.

[@reaperwithnoname]

I've seen some images of kite shields in the 12th century where they're held by two straps in the hand instead of being strapped to the arm. Is there any evidence this practice was ever done in the 13th century, or ever done with heater shields?

[@808bigisland]

KT were very very few. As few as five KT were manning the few forts. Most gear was worn for a lifetime.

[@johnmead8437]

The introduction was enough to avoid this channel wasting any more of lifes allotment of time when seeking something interesting to learn

[@apayauq]

this ad was a lot less annoying than the raid ones haha i didnt even skip it

[@andrejmucic5003]

One of your best vids! Gratis.

[@Isaac_howell]

i think its quite interesting that the only depiction of daggers being used in the morgan bible, as far as i know, is of what appears to be an unarmoured brawl. Maybe they were prevalent as specialised self defence weapons in a civilian context before transitioning over into military use

[@masoluboxD]

I have always thought about templars using mainly the great helmets, I was so wrong.

[@konsumterra1]

enjoyed this - be interesting to see you review some osprey type books or bronze age kits of different periods and regions - i remember your bearded dragon vid but what is in the tanks on your shelf behind you? vid enjoyable as always

[@robertstrong6798]

I always thought there arms must be quite varied depending on the country they came from

[@dadventuretv2538]

Great vid. Interesting to see the Kettle Hat helm in such early artwork. I always thought of it as more of a late 14th and 15th Century helmet, but here it is in early to mid 13th Century Artwork. It’s one of my favorite helmets, and especially interesting as it even influenced (dare I say developed into?) the British helmet of WWI and WWII. Maybe you could do a vid on it some time?