Chapter 2.5: Michel Foucault, power

This video is part of the series: 'The Philosophy of the Humanities' which you can find here • Philosophy of the Huma...
For more videos on Philosophy by Victor Gijsbers go to:
/ @victorgijsbers
Intromusic: "Styley" by Gorowski: (www.wmrecording...)

[@Mark-te7xw]

I learned more from a 9 minute video than a 3 hour class. Thanks Jesus!

[@sunov5416]

Random Viewer 😂😂😂😂

[@junkybabes]

Jesus Christ sounds very smart!!

[@MotivationDose29]

😂

[@janikamahmud9121]

same here

[@BoundInChains]

The Lord is good.

[@bebeezra]

I am pleasantly surprised by how succinct and high quality this video is.

[@rithikacarol3328]

God bless your soul. This is so easy to understand. It’s 3 AM and I’m able to clearly understand despite being tired

[@getsmartquick]

So basically Foucault is advocating soft power with the guiles of feminine charm if I truly understand this correctly

[@44aske]

@@getsmartquick Correct

[@toobakhanani8775]

I scored an A in my Philosophy course thanks to you. There are many philosophy channels but you are the best

[@ianmcdermott5215]

Can someone please help me on a essay I am writing, In my essay I have been tasked with analysing an organisation operations from a postmodernist perspective using a theme of power as context, I have talked a lot about the repressive power (as mentioned in the essay)so managers exploiting workers, but not so much the normalizing power. What would be an example of this from an organisations point of view?

Actually, most things we can find online about Foucault are rather superficial. You did a great job explaining Foucault's views about how power works through many examples you gave. Thanks for that, it's much appreciated.

[@henkjanssen1252]

Victor we love you. It's funny, when I was an undergrad I was obliged to follow this guy's course, and it got lost completely on 19 year old me. Now, years later, I come back here out of free will and I can appreciate much more of what Foucault was trying to get at. These videos are very helpful.

[@juancmf9634]

out of free will? jk xD

[@dummy-c8k]

You will be back again, trust me.

[@surbhihandajindal793]

this scholar was seriously headache for me! but you ,, have made things very simple ... thank u so much dude......

[@SvartVargSkog]

foucault is a headache and insult for every intelligent person. that happens :)

[@xxx6555]

Foucault is difficult, but not that difficult. Especially the book on which the video was based, Discipline and Punish, is not that difficult. If you insist you even couldn't understand this book, I suggest you test your IQ.

[@superduperjew]

@@xxx6555 anyone that appeals to iq probably lacks it

[@insertintube]

@@xxx6555 - IQ test does not produce nor indicate subjective truth, but rather it is just another category of discursive/normalizing power. It is a reduction of all possible questions we can ask about intelligence into a specific and narrow discourse that is shaped and dominated by a particular Episteme.

[@HegemonicMarxism]

@@SvartVargSkog 😂

[@sebastianmartinez4504]

Thank you Victor. Curently going over Foucault in law school. You explain this philosophy so much better than our textbook and our lecturer combined. Great delivery.

[@TigerPrawn_]

In what context?

[@zirongliu1703]

This is one of the clearest videos on philosophy I've ever watched.

[@apophenomenon]

I share this video every time in class pretty much every semester.

[@bongamkhize2108]

This just rescued my whole paper...thank you.

[@wombatpuppy4436]

This was the best video of Foucault I saw in the last few days

[@dolphinka]

Thank you for the lecture, so much easier to undertand than the uni lecture I have attended. It makes me think about what's happening now with the pandemic. Back in March 2020, the normalizing power was in place and people were compliant with the lockdown and caring so much about themselves and others. However, with the goverments mix messages, and as a result loss of trust, created a need for repressive power with the scaremongering and discussions about mandating medical treatments (i.e. vaccination).

[@akhilife_t]

Reminds me of Sartre... "the self is the self to others. Without others there is no self."

[@malongdu]

Where did you find that quote?

[@TheDoveandme]

I have listened to many talks but you explains simply. Thanks

[@imkongjamir8143]

I somehow understood White's metahistory and Foucault's theory of power courtesy your lectures!

[@dulomdampu2902]

The best you tube teacher i hve ever came across.this is the way a youtube teacher shld deliver a speech ..lucidly and articulately..thank you sir... Kindly make more video on sociology 😍🤗😘

[@eleftheriosepikuridis9110]

Wait this man didn't only teach me Kant but now also Foucault?! What a Hero

[@bradleygardener1254]

wow my dude - trying to get this a digestable way for students - this hit the spot

[@KEYstisia97]

i've been searching, reading and try to understand this since yesterday. Finally! thank god i find this vids

[@vikrantvijit1436]

Thanks for enlightening me about the most profound powerful perspectives of greatest lord of philosophy in human history of thought forms that transformed whole world.

[@joes.2111]

Thank you sir!! I was looking for a video to help me explain Foucault, and until now, have only found misinformation about Foucault’s theories. Not only was this not the case with your video, you also explained it in the most useful, clear and concise terms that very few professors could.

[@komathimuthurajaa]

A very simple yet clear explanation.

[@soumyajyotimukherjee4752]

Thanks man. You're better than an entire semester of classes

[@ibtisamelayan3163]

This is amazing. You made Foucault easier to understand. Thank you.

[@AadivasiKnowledgeResearch8725]

Watching your video from India🇮🇳. Precise and to the point explanation. Watched others' video too on Foucault, but after watching your video I realized that those videos were like beating around the bush.

[@LucKy-kd7fs]

Very nicely and simply explained. I saw many videos related to this but they only used heavy words and made me even more confused than I already was.

[@aysoodaagh3167]

Wow! This is truly wonderful!

[@terrymcternan6917]

This has really helped me in my Critical Understanding of Power within Communities as part of my 2nd year BACD undergraduate course at UofG. Thank you 😊

[@monirashormin528]

I never thought understanding Foucault is so easy. Thanks for the 9-minute video.

[@WalkerHK]

This guy is pretty good at delivering a lecture!

[@jlupus8804]

When he says “nobody’s free”, I think the more correct approach would be “no one is completely free”. There’s a lot of taboos we can break and still keep our jobs or stay out of jail despite doing so. And we all hold some power over other people, even if we don’t realize it.

[@kamildemir4337]

I have learnt so much for my political sociology exam. Thanks a lot guys :)

[@LTDsaint15]

Hats off to you and your colleagues! Thank you very much!

[@yuval8804]

Excellent explanation and delivery!

[@sinbadthesailor1668]

Thanks. This is very concise and succinct.

[@neoepicurean3772]

Great stuff. I'm thinking about studying at Leiden after watching so many of these videos.

[@marwasa]

Thank you. great explanations. clear and well spoken. well done.

[@nilukshiniravichandran2683]

Thank you! It helps for my exam.

[@eliteenglishlearningcenter3101]

He describes power of two levels: Empirical and theoretical. Empirical comprises three types: sovereign, disciplinary and bio power. In theoretical power, he illustrates the features, characteristics of power and its operation. Force relation is spread throughout the society and can only be seen in interplay.

[@PhilipHardie-de7ji]

the lecture is amazing and inspiring so much! thanks a lot!

[@rakheegahlyan1054]

Wonderfully explained! Huge thanks and lots of best wishes, Dear!!

[@subekshadahal1424]

Really a clearcut idea about Michiel Foucault: Knowledge and power. Repressive power and normalizing power. he focuses on normalizing power instead of repressive power.

[@themolkbrotherful]

The most useful vid to understand foucault, danku wel meneer !

[@polymathmuffin7461]

Amazing explanation! kudos to the teacher 🤗

[@pieternaude1469]

Brilliant. Thank you so much. Was dying under the complexity of Foucault's discourse. I would just suggest that you substitute 'science' for 'knowledge' in the last part of the video. This is because knowledge can apply to a broader field of human concerns which is why Foucault specifically uses this term.

[@VictorGijsbers]

You mean substituting 'knowledge' for 'science', right? I agree that that would be completely correct. I chose to talk about science here because the video is part of a course on the philosophy of the human sciences; if it had been a stand-alone video about Foucault, I would probably have used the broader term.

[@pieternaude1469]

I completely understand. So you were applying Foucault's theory to a very specific set of discourses. Going to recommend your video to the students in my course and tutorial group!!

[@writinghealth]

Naude, are you in South Africa or Namibia? Your last name is Afrikaans, unless it is also Dutch.

[@pieternaude1469]

Haha yes I am indeed South African and I am fluent in Afrikaans. However, Naude is a surname of French Huguenot descent.

[@writinghealth]

+Pieter Naude a bon. are you teaching at UCT my alma mater? i woild love to have a digital, techno mediated coffee with you would you like google chat? my email is writinghealth @gmail.com

[@thebluechipinvestor]

Thanks a lot!! You really simplified Foucault for me!

[@TheControlBlue]

We build the Family, the Hierarchies, the Systems of Knowledge, those are not created by Society, Society merely has the role to reinforce some of them.

[@mrs.albertcamus7930]

This is GOLD!!! Thank you so much

[@Chris-gm4hk]

"Normalized Power" is just another way of describing hegemony.

[@jonassalk2516]

Praise the Lord... this was good...

[@MrFOXGBI]

Wow... muito bom. Top das galáxias. Agora vai!

[@erinwolf1563]

I hardly like philosophy videos but I just had to like yours... I came here because i have exams today on this complex topic but you made it look too easy and interesting... I'm almost forgetting that I'm studying this for exam, its too interesting 😂😂😂...

[@oke-tilltiarks83]

amazingly said

[@eleventeenable]

Very simply and nicely explained! thanks, It's finally clear to me

[@nourhanelsawy312]

I can't thank you more , you made it perfectly easy . I couldn't make a head nor a tail out of it before this video

[@brandonking2967]

Thanks for this video! I was trying to find a third theorist for my essay on power and you have made up my mind. His view on power is very unique, yet its use almost seems common sense once you are aware of it.

[@arvindraman2200]

If I may ask, who were the other two?

[@TheBigFella]

This was excellent- thank you for taking the time to put it together ❤

[@maguled]

Excellent.

[@kernel83]

So: * Orwell's "1984" = repressive power, * Huxley's "Brave New World" = normalizing power.

[@ibrahimayube2474]

(Voorbereiding op Wetenschapsfilosofie op de UL volgend semester 😅) Klasse uitlegvideo's!

[@sanjaybohra1]

Great class, looking forward to more.

[@dharanisingha8734]

wonderful time understanding Foucault.. 👍

[@kushaldevghimire942]

Best on Contents and personality both!

[@liliako311]

just awesome lecture with great examples 😍

[@aletheiajak6373]

The best explanation ever! Thank's man.

[@ricochetsixtyten]

The thought that my entire ego is basically a creation of society is quite a terrifying thought.

[@despoofficial]

very easy to listen to. love it

[@marcpadilla1094]

Normalized power is balanced power. Makes people freer and more productive knowing that threats are minimal ,and acting on their own behalf benefits everyone is society.

[@carstenhaderer1470]

very nicely explained !

[@Vipashayana.]

Love, gratitude and regards from India 🇮🇳❤️

[@acelyabal5969]

This is an amazing video! Thank you!

[@SK-le1gm]

Power is the “gravity” of the social world.

[@rohanmathew5728]

Can consider exemplifying even more.

[@thenowchurch6419]

Good job, you are a great communicator. I must challenge Foucault's views on power though. All human power over other humans is repressive, whether normalizing or not. We do not demand that the cashier at the grocery attend to us at check out and we do not threaten her, but there is always the implied threat that if dissatisfied we could get her in trouble or fired. I say human power is a threat, whether explicit or implicit.

[@khushbuseth8539]

Thank u so much ...for this amazing video ❤️...great explanation

[@gersonvicuna5003]

Yes ,that's true ,most of the powers are very hind in any society

[@gianni206]

Today i got mad cuz my mom was backseat driving again, but then i realized "why should i act up? I'm the one driving the car. I'm the one with the power. I can't act like someone who's about to lose it." Now i'm wondering if this video, which i saw months ago, played a role in that.

[@maheensheriff355]

Foucoult made simple. I think I'll at least be able to swim through the exam rather than drown altogether

[@astonesthrow]

Humanity is on its way back to Eden. A 'theocracy' is coming, with each human governing himself through insight and wisdom in harmony with natural law.

[@khan88-l1z]

Why our academic scholar write so nice like this guy explains love to hear from you

[@HazriHaili]

I found the terms normalising and repressive power in the video confusing as in his book discipline and punish he used a different term. This lecture was great in understanding basic concepts but it was hard when I went back to Foucault's book used the term sovereign and discipline power instead.

[@ianmcdermott5215]

Is discipline the same as repressive power im guessing?

[@alexeyprofi3951]

@@ianmcdermott5215 no

[@nainakundra347]

Beautiful video! I really understood this concept

[@yonayoan]

THANK YOU JESUS

[@bandatarana]

Thank you for this! Great work 👍🏻

[@pedagangstarling4468]

*semoga gak salah translate* Dalam perkuliahan kali ini, kita akan melihat pemikiran Foucault tentang kuasa (power) serta bagaimana Foucault menemukan kaitan antara kuasa dan ilmu pengetahuan (power and science). Kita juga akan melihat bagaimana Foucault memberikan kepada kita perspektif baru tentang kuasa (power). Perspektif itu menuntun kita untuk menemukan kuasa (power) di tempat-tempat yang tidak pernah kita kira sebelumnya. Termasuk di universitas dan di pengetahuan ilmiah (scientific knowledge). Untuk memahami cara berpikir Foucault, kita terlebih dahulu membedakan dua jenis kuasa (power), kuasa represif (repressive power) dan kuasa normalisasi (normalizing power). Berpikir tentang kuasa represi termasuk cara berpikir tradisional. Berbeda dengan cara berpikir tradisional, Foucault melihat bahwa kuasa dalam banyak hal--bahkan yang paling penting--dalam masyarakat modern saat ini tidak represif sama sekali. Kuasa dalam masyarakat modern bekerja lewat cara yang lebih halus dan dengan cara yang kurang terlihat. Kuasa inilah yang diterjemahkan oleh Foucault sebagai kuasa normalisasi (normalizing power). Mari kita mulai dengan kuasa represif (repressive power). Ketika kita berpikir tentang seseorang yang menggunakan kuasa, imej yang muncul di benak kita adalah seperti ini: hakim memerintahkan terpidana dijebloskan ke penjara selama 20 tahun; suatu negara menggunakan kekuatan militer yang unggul untuk menaklukkan negara lain; bos yang marah memerintahkan pegawainya untuk mengerjakan tugas sesuai dengan yang ia titahkan kalau tidak ingin dipecat, dan masih banyak lagi. Ketika kita membayangkan kuasa (power), yang cenderung muncul ialah kekerasan baik itu secara fisik maupun mental baik itu nyata atau sekadar ancaman. Inilah ide tentang kuasa yang represif. Anda ingin melakukan satu hal, tetapi orang lain menggunakan kuasanya untuk memaksa Anda melakukan yang ia mau. Kuasa represif tidak dapat dibantah lagi memang sangat efektif. Tetapi ada juga anggapan bahwa kasus-kasus tersebut di atas muncul karena adanya kegagalan. Negara memenjarakan pelaku kriminal karena ada hukum yang dilanggar; negara yang lebih besar menginvasi negara lain yang lebih kecil jika gagal membuat negara lain yang lebih kecil tersebut melakukan yang diinginkan; dan bos yang mengancam seorang pegawai sejatinya tidak benar-benar memegang kontrol. Bos yang benar-benar memegang kontrol tidak perlu sampai mengancam anak buahnya. Kuasa represif (repressive power)--yang tidak sudah diragukan lagi sebagai wujud kuasa yang paling nyata--sebenarnya tergolong dalam tingkat kedua. Jika Anda benar-benar berkuasa penuh (powerfull), Anda tidak perlu sampai menggunakan kuasa. Hidup kita dibentuk berdasarkan kuasa represif (repressive power) atau di bawah ancaman kuasa represif hanya terjadi dalam peristiwa tertentu. Sebagai contoh: mencuri. Hanya sedikit dari kita yang dipenjara karena mencuri. Dan sekali lagi, bukan itu masalahnya di mana sebagian dari kita tidak ingin mencuri karena takut dipenjara atau takut akan bayang-bayang penjara. Kita tidak mencuri di supermarket hanya karena rasa takut bakal tepergok polisi. Tidak, kita bahkan tidak berpikir untuk mencuri. Jika kita menemukan dompet yang jatuh dan di dalamnya ada uang 100 euro, kita akan mengembalikan kepada si pemilik secara utuh berikut seluruh uang di dalamnya. Kita adalah tipe orang yang seperti itu. Dan itulah ide Foucault tentang asal mula kuasa normalisasi (normalizing power). Kuasa represif memaksa kita melakukan yang tidak ingin kita lakukan, di sisi lain kuasa normalisasi membuat kita melakukan apa seharusnya kita lakukan. Kuasa normalisasi membuat kita menjadi orang yang secara otomatis atas kehendak sendiri melakukan apa yang masyarakat inginkan. Jika orang tua kita, sekolah, dan sebagainya, sukses mengajarkan kita untuk tidak mencuri, itu artinya kita telah masuk dalam golongan orang-orang yang baru saja dideskripsikan. Orang yang tidak bisa membayangkan dirinya mencuri apa pun. Jika mereka sukses menanamkan pentingnya pendidikan dan gelar, itu artinya Anda sekarang menjadi mahasiswa yang termotivasi belajar dengan baik di kampus dan meraih gelar dalam empat tahun. Dan tentu saja, ketika Anda menjadi mahasiswa, masyarakat mengizinkan Anda melakukan hal-hal bodoh seperti terlalu banyak minum-minuman berakohol, menghisap ganja, gagal dalam mata kuliah. Masyarakat bisa memaklumi hal itu. Karena masyarakat menyadari ketika Anda telah selesai berkuliah, Anda tidak sekadar siap tetapi juga bersemangat untuk bergabung dalam angkatan kerja. Buat diri Anda bermanfaat, bayar pajak, tidak melanggar hukum, atau dalam kata lain Anda menjadi anggota masyarakat yang normal. Normal, itu kata kuncinya di sini. Kuasa normalisasi adalah kuasa/kekuatan yang menentukan apa yang kita lihat sebagai normal. Kuasa normalisasi mengkonstruk cara pandang kita terhadap dunia dan diri kita sendiri. Kuasa normalisasi membentuk apa yang kita percayai, apa yang kita inginkan, dan apa yang menjadi keputusan kita. Di saat yang bersamaan, kuasa normalisasi memberikan kepada kita ide bahwa hal-hal itu merupakan keyakinan kita sendiri, hasrat kita sendiri, dan keputusan kita sendiri. Tidak ada satupun yang memaksakan hal-hal tersebut (keyakinan, hasrat, dan keputusan) kepada kita. Dan kondisi tersebut memang benar. Sekalipun hidup kita telah dibentuk oleh kuasa normalisasi dari masyarakat, itu tetaplah hidup kita. Foucault skeptis dengan begitu ekstremnya terhadap konsep bahwa ada "Anda yang sesungguhnya" yang bersembunyi di bawah lutut terhadap apa yang telah dibuat masyarakat. Tanpa masyarakat, Anda tidak akan menjadi seorang pribadi sama sekali. Kita semua selalu dan akan ternormalisasikan dalam cara-cara yang lebih luas. Saya katakan sebelumnya bahwa kuasa represif masuk dalam jajaran kuasa tingkat kedua. Jika Anda menggunakan ancaman atau kekuatan untuk membuat orang melakukan apa yang Anda inginkan, Anda telah menyelesaikan persoalan yang secara ideal sebenarnya tidak beralasan. Idealnya orang melakukan apa yang Anda inginkan tanpa ancaman. Mereka melakukan apa yang Anda inginkan hanya karena itulah yang menurut mereka hal yang seharusnya mereka lakukan. Ini, tentu saja, merupakan pencapaian kuasa normalisasi. Kuasa normalisasi merupakan kuasa tingkat pertama. Kuasa yang memastikan Anda dan saya tidak harus dipenjara karena bagaimanapun juga kita tidak akan mencuri. Kuasa yang membuat kita melakukan apa yang bos kita inginkan karena kita percaya dengan adanya hierarki dan hasrat untuk mencapai hierarki yang lebih tinggi tersebut serta menjadi bos di masa depan. Lebih jauh Foucault mengatakan, ketika kuasa represif bekerja dalam institusi dan individu yang lebih spesifik seperti kekuatan polisi, tentara, bos, hakim, politisi, kuasa normalisasi ada di mana-mana. Keluarga adalah sumber kuasa normalisasi. Begitu juga dengan sekolah, universitas, rumah sakit, klinik psikiater, bahkan iklan televisi yang memberitahu saya agar saya seharusnya mencium aroma kesturi dan jahe. Jika kita ingin memahami bagaimana kuasa beroperasi, itulah institusi-institusi yang harus kita analisis dan pahami. Kerja Foucault dalam banyak hal didedikasikan untuk menguraikan bagaimana kuasa beroperasi. Dua hal menyertai cara pandang Foucault. Pertama, kuasa tidak dimiliki oleh beberapa individu atas banyak orang, tetapi setiap orang tunduk pada kekuasaan. Masyarakat memberikan ide kepada karyawan bagaimana seharusnya bersikap serta kepada bos bagaimana bos seharusnya bertindak. Sang bos mungkin lebih memiliki kuasa represif, tapi kedua belah pihak sama-sama tunduk pada kuasa normalisasi. Itu juga berlaku kepada semua orang. Bahwa tidak ada seorang pun yang terbebas dari kuasa normalisasi. Kedua, pengetahuan ilmiah (scientific knowledge) tidak bisa dilepaskan dari kuasa. Di satu sisi, institusi yang menghasilkan dan menyebarkan pengetahuan ilmiah pada saat bersamaan menjadi sumber kuasa normalisasi. Pendidikan universitas mengubah mahasiswa menjadi pribadi yang berpikir dan bertindak dalam cara tertentu. Dan pada saat Anda bekerja sebagai ilmuwan, Anda akan memiliki cara berpikir yang sangat mendalam sampai Anda tidak akan pernah menyingkirkannya lagi. Tapi mungkin yang lebih penting lagi, pengetahuan ilmiah itu sendiri menjadi standar normalisasi yang begitu ekstrem. Berdasarkan ilmu pengetahuan, dokter menentukan apakah saya sehat atau sakit. Dan itulah yang normal berdasarkan masyarakat. Berdasarkan ilmu pengetahuan, psikiater menentukan saya sehat atau memiliki gejala penyakit mental. Berdasarkan ilmu pengetahuan, ekonom menentukan pada umur berapa saya berhenti bekerja. Berdaarkan ilmu pengetahuan, sejarawan menentukan apa yang saya pikirkan terhadap asal usul masyarakat saya. Pengetahuan tidak bisa dipisahkan dari kuasa. Sebuah tempat yang begitu eksterm memiliki peran penting dalam struktur sosial di sekitar kita dan struktur sosial tersebut secara berkesinambungan mengerahkan kuasa normalisasi terhadap kita. Lalu apa gunanya kita mengetahui itu semua? Kembali, Foucault tidak percaya bahwa Anda bisa secara radikal membongkar hal-hal yang masyarakat telah terapkan kepada Anda. Karena dengan begitu, tidak akan ada lagi yang tersisa. Tetapi Foucault percaya bahwa dengan mengetahui itu bahwa kita tunduk terhadap kuasa, kita bisa sedikit otonom. Dan jika tetap tidak mengetahui tentang hal ini, ironisnya percaya diri kita bebas seperti burung.

[@kartab5397]

Thanks so so much...... Simply explainef

[@silpa__3740]

U r jst awesome

[@vivekjha1185]

Thank you very much for this series. It is really helpful.

[@LunaMoon84]

honestly i was scrunching my head so much about this. Thanks

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I just love you

[@mateenraza7340]

Subscribed in an instant.

[@muhammadibrahim8312]

amazing

[@SteveSpears-Kuhlah]

So, mathematics is is merely a cultural phenomenon. Good to know.

[@Mutantcy1992]

Yep, before human societies, if there were two apples under a tree, and two more fell, you wouldn't be able to say how many apples were now under the tree

[@MariaS-kq6qu]

Thank you

[@locodooms]

It seems to me that, talking about the idea of power is subjective. Foucault describes how power is inescapable from all these different sources being science, sociological etc. The issue I have is that he frames it in a negative, pessimistic and nihilistic manor, as 'power' could also be viewed as competence in any hierarchy. Especially when a tyranny isn't present. (the premise of western culture.) with the information that he gives you, you are then left with the question of how you use and interpret that information in the world around you. And as it stands, he never quite seems to reach any ideas beyond the rather deconstructive nature of pulling everything apart. The logical utility in criticism isn't to pull everything to the ground so you don't have a platform to stand on at all. Criticism is there to pragmatically asses a situation so you can improve and tweak peaces of the circumstance of the situation around you. He just seems to never have any utility.

[@alexeyprofi3951]

yes I agree

[@beyondias]

Thank you so much Sir....

[@sandeepchauhan2030]

really good work and thanks for it ...

[@mazlumtas9052]

This lecture is methodologically super organised, I really liked the end of the video where I can breathe to have a moral vigor to have a relative free will as its extrapolated by Immanuel Kant‘ s definition enlightenment

[@shahbazhussain7712]

very nice insight! a big thank to you