Life on the Moon, Lagrange Points Around Lagrange Points, JWST Time Cost | Q&A 260

[@artboy57]

" ..It beats so many other ways of wasting your time!..." So true. I don't understand why more people aren't excited by astronomy and science in general, it's never been easier to find fun, interesting topics to dive into. You're the man.

[@intomusicable]

wasting time ..money.., there is no proof space excists , they have to agree to theire assumptions .., and off they go.., lots more theories , this theory of space violates the second law of thermodynamics .., thats a red flag , nature tells us there is lots more wrong with this theory.., so it seems the horse jumped the gun .., but is not aware yet ..: ) , this stuff should not excite anyone who is aware .., were waisting more than time in this case .., no good for nothing ., tc ..

[@notmyname327]

A couple of weeks ago I finished grinding the mirrors for a 6 inch f8 telescope and it was so rewarding. The process may be tedious for some people but I found it quite meditative and relaxing. Right now I'm waiting for the mirrors to be coated while I'm building the tube and mount. I can't wait to take a look at some clusters with my own telescope, the views may not be quite perfect, but I feel like I can capture the photons with my own hands.

[@MrEh5]

Is a company coating them for you?

[@notmyname327]

@@MrEh5 I'm not in the US. One of the members of my astronomy club knows a guy who does the coating for all members who need it. Another member wants to build his own coating machine so we don't depend on an external source, but it takes time.

[@Quickcat21MK]

Thank you again for answering my question. Astronomy is my favorite topic. I can't wait for what lies ahead.

[@agentdarkboote]

Risa My question was answered!! I'm so sad to have missed the live stream!

[@foxrings]

OMG it's been like 3 weeks since a Lagrange point question.

[@todddaniels1812]

3 weeks too long

[@kvonIII]

Yo dawg, I heard you like Lagrange points

[@foxrings]

@@kvonIII now you can orbit while you orbit X•D

[@MrMarkmeadowland]

I was honestly wondering, but it still felt fun to poke the bear. 😄

[@Flowmystic]

In my almost 20 years of KZbin, this channel is the best and most satisfying.

[@bert.pasquale]

“Take pictures of exoplanets” = a single pixel. Which is significant because it means that we can perform spectroscopy on the planet.

[@dmondot]

According to Hollywood, if you zoom in enough on that 1 pixel, you might see what aliens are having for lunch.

[@danielroche3862]

Truly appreciate your dedication and love of all of the above.

[@dannypope1860]

I’m convinced there is still ancient, microbial life on Mars, deeper underground.

[@vapormissile]

There still is, but there used to be too.

[@doncarlodivargas5497]

4:51 regarding life on moon or mars, even if it is primitive life, the interesting part would be if it structured as life on earth, with DNA, and based on carbon etc

[@doncarlodivargas5497]

@smeeself - perhaps scientists somehow can find a pattern in two samples?

[@kenwatkins9385]

Belos!!!!!! Great question with the seemingly infinite number of sources of space and astronomy news. And much of it suspect! Great answer, you are one of my favorites, but I appreciate your suggestions for others. I can’t remember half of your specific suggestions, but I put enough stock in your answer that I am sending myself a reminder of this episode for that help in the future!

[@AlanSchneider-q4w]

Excellent Q&A show this week. I like the long versions. Well done! And thank you

[@timpointing]

Yes. The Earth has tonnes of atmosphere. The total mass of the Earth's atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion tonnes. Just the *bottom meter* of the atmosphere of the Earth weights in at about 600 billion tonnes! If the Earth is losing about 100 tonnes per day, we have enough to last quite a while (> 100 billion years, neglecting the whole red giant phase of the sun and the like!)

[@jonathanhughes8679]

It’s probably one of two things when it comes to life. Either life is really hard to get started making it almost impossible to get started and it might be that earth is a special place and perfect for life might be the only place. Or life is really easy to start and it’s everywhere.

[@ericsmith6394]

A sun shade at L1 can use itself as a solar sail to provide propulsion. It could be stable without fuel for however long we can get the steering to work.

[@theblackswan2373]

Hay Frasier: Thank you so much for all your hard work!

[@michaeljames5936]

"A telescope is coming, whose lens cap, I am unworthy to remove."

[@tonyelbows]

mocking God

[@Bandit-u3u]

ESA swept

[@Goodtown325]

I have 3 questions: 1) career development: I'm currently looking to start my PhD in Astronomy, besides the roles of astronomer and professor, what other jobs are there for someone with a PhD in Astronomy? 2) Astronomical Mission Design: just like starlink satelites launched and flying in flocks, couldn't the same concept be applied to a telescope design? I'm imagining a formation of cubesats with deployable solar shades and mirrors that work in concert to reflect light to a collector. This would make this flock easy to deploy in the very near future rather than waiting for a booster with a large enough faring for a very large, very fragile origami transformer satellite like James Webb? 3) Orbital Dynamics: would it be possible to place an object in an orbit around the moon with a 1 month orbital period, so it basically stays in permanent shadow of the moon, protecting it from solar radiation similar to the earth moon L2 would protect an object from earth based radio transmissions?

[@gravelpit5680]

The Moons nodal cycle may require that object to correct its orbit more often than Earth satellites. Precession of the moon is pretty wild. It might not matter at all but I like that question, it's intriguing.. good one

[@Goodtown325]

@@gravelpit5680 thank you. I had the idea during my undergraduate, but we didn't have the expertise in orbital dynamics to analyze the concept.

[@Goodtown325]

Interstellar void civilizations

[@gravelpit5680]

@Goodtown325 yeah, there's gotta be something out there in the most l9nely places in the universe. those voids are mesmerizing

[@joshuaboulee8190]

Life on the moon was my favorite story this week

[@olliverklozov2789]

Loved House of Suns, my fave standalone is Pushing Ice.

[@vansdan.]

house of suns is maybe my favorite sci fi book ever! pushing ice is also so crazy, i love it

[@marvinmauldin4361]

In 1955 my high school physics teacher got me interested in making a telescope, so I ordered a 6" Pyrex mirror kit preground to a 48" focal length. It had several grades of carborundum grinding powder, polishing rouge, and pitch to make the pitch lap, and a polishing tool made out of the thick plate glass grinding tool. I bought all three volumes of the best books on telescope mirror making of the time. My dad and I made a work table from a three foot high barrel. I had instructions for making a tube from plastic pipe and a mount from plumbing parts. Also how to make and use a device, mainly a razor blade on a stick, to check the focal length and figure (shape of the curve ) of the mirror. When I started to grind, I soon hit a string of tiny bubbles in the glass that made pits in the surface. Okay, I'll grind past them. When I started, I was a junior in high school. By the time I got past the bubbles and started the final stages of polishing, I was a junior in college, and had lost my enthusiasm because of all the other stuff I was doing. I still have everything, but am beginning to doubt that I'll finish it.

[@mattscott8961]

I was an optical mechanic many moons ago - grinding your own telescope lens would not be a simple task - well not difficult - but VERY time consuming, and once you'd paid for fluids and polishes - probably not really worth it in the end...

[@Hackanhacker]

I cannot wait For the few next telescop omg :D

[@terryharding4185]

Thank you as always Fraser and team! Risa

[@caerdwyn7467]

Remus. I ground my own primary and secondary mirrors for an f/6 8" Newtonian way back in high school. You can, too! QUESTION: If NASA can't afford to operate Chandra, why not just give it outright to JAXA or the ESA? I'm sure they'd love to have a Great Observatory for free and can find budget to operate it.

[@caerdwyn7467]

(Not with sandpaper though :) You have a pad of very, very hard resin covered with jeweler's rouge abrasive. As you grind and develop the most awesome shoulder, neck and arm muscles ever, it naturally assumes a convex parabolic shape that matches the concave parabolic shape that will begin to form on your mirror blank. You do Focault tests to check accuracy, polish it smooooooth, then silver it. The mirror blanks have a rough parabolic shape already cut into them, saving a ton of time. Sure, it's a lot cheaper to buy completed mirrors and build the mount yourself, but if you want it to be YOUR scope, well...)

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Astrophysicists from the UK, EU, etc. who use Chandra at no charge can ask the taxpayers of their respective countries to contribute to its operational expenses.

[@acmelka]

Betazed 32:00. Another problem with a shade at L1 Lagrange is the thing willhave to resist enormous solar wind forces. Basically a sun shade is a solar sail right?

[@POLICECAMERA6688]

Great, these are fascinating topics for my new research. Thank you very much.

[@joaodecarvalho7012]

Thanks for answering!

[@richiebricker]

D. Becky channel is a good one for noobs to learn from . shes good at explaining complex things for regular people to understand

[@frasercain]

Yeah, she's fantastic.

[@Roguescienceguy]

The problem I had with her from the beginning is that she kind of acts like she has the answer to everything. She is very vocal in defending her position while completely dismissing other approaches. She and guys like Brian Keating represent typical academic hubris. Sabine, Dr. Kipping and Fraser here are better at navigating the continuously evolving world of scientific exploration. She is still great and so is Brian, but they might want to be a bit more open minded.

[@rovanderby759]

YEs, and so is Anton Petrov

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

@@Roguescienceguy My impression of her is quite different: No matter if she presents her own or different viewpoints, she always talks about the pro and contra, and is always free to admit when the available evidence is not conclusive. Sabine Hossenfelder, on the other hand, often is quite snarky and tends to dismiss valid other viewpoints. (Not always, but in my impression, that happens with her more often than with Dr. Becky.)

[@GwydionFrost]

I think the biggest issue with a mega-sized solar shade is fighting the solar wind you'd be blocking... Although that would be a perfect power source for it.

[@mglmouser]

Speaking of extremophiles, whatever happened to exploration of Lake Vostok? It was touted as being the best test bed for a sub-glacier exploration probe that would help develop probes for Enceladus and other glacier moons.

[@michaeljames5936]

Your comment on far-future existential dread reminds me of the story, of an old lady at a public-science lecture on the solar system. She approaches the lecturer after and ask 'How many years, until the sun swallows the Earth?'. To which he replies ' Two Billion'. The lady looks visibly relieved 'Oh! Thank heavens. I thought you said two MILLION!.'

[@gravelpit5680]

I can't remember what it is but aren't both of those way off? I thought it was like 700 million years tops? Maybe that's just when Earth will be nothing but lava and radiation but it will actually take another 700 million years to actually dissolve into the sun.

[@CarFreeSegnitz]

@@gravelpit5680Our sun is getting hotter as it gets older, slowly transitioning from hydrogen fusion to helium fusion. In around 600-700 million years the Earth will be too hot to have liquid water on the surface. Life will have a very hard time. But the sun will not have expanded enough to eat Earth. Our sun will expanded into its red giant phase in 2-3 billion years, swallowing Mercury and Venus for sure and maybe Earth as well. Our sun may have lost enough mass to solar wind and mass-energy conversion that Earth’s orbit may expand enough to skirt our sun’s red giant phase. Our distant descendants could move Earth to a wider orbit via a project of gravity passes of Earth with asteroids. An even grander plan involves star lifting, extracting mass off the sun to mitigate its red giant phase and give it a much longer lifespan.

[@Mr_Kyle_]

Janus Follow-up questions: What atomic particles is the solar wind comprised of - is it just photons, or are there electrons, protons, neutrinos, etc? If so, what is the mass of the solar wind, and is that taken into consideration when calculating "dark gravity" around stellar masses? Thanks

[@crowlsyong]

I liked the Lagrange point question.

[@cipi432]

16:10. Isn’t it easier to pick ip planets closer to their star? That would make more sense

[@chris-terrell-liveactive]

Are the plumes from Enceladus depleting the moon of a significant volume of water that might have a serious impact on a sub surface ocean?

[@Zachmman1997]

I’m willing to bet microscopic life is basically everywhere in the universe. Some forms of it are very resilient. Once we start having maned missions to mars I bet we will find some. As far as complex life, I bet it’s still pretty common. We just haven’t found any YET as far as intelligent life, I’m also willing to bet it is much more common than we think. We just haven’t found it yet. The universe is a huge place to look

[@gravelpit5680]

​@smeeself nah he's right, we just haven't gravity lensed an Alien city on some exoplanet 1327 lightyears away.... Given enough time, chimps with typewriters will write Shakespeare. There's so many stars and so much time. I don't think contact is possible but I'd bet a paycheck they will spot technosignature before 2100. It's doesn't even have to mean they're alive, we might see ruins of cities that were abandoned 4 million years ago, or a half finished mega structure. Once we learn to use a star as a gravity lens, we will literally see MANY things that will blow people's minds.

[@Bluelagoonstudios]

And, also, every day there is something the science is learning things, since JB, it becomes harder to shift things from one another, with the overload of pictures and also on earth new innovations. And this is for decades to come, I hope. The law of Moore doesn't apply for science as a whole. It's constantly moving, although I think we just have scratched the surface. PS: I'm thanking the team for going in depth over all the content. I subscribed right now, so maybe you will see me again.

[@fredi9204]

I'd like to see Starship dispense 8 meter mirrors in orbit to create a swarm of space telescopes. Like, every time they have room on some other launch, put mirrors there. In couple of years we'll be reading alien license plates

[@heisenberg69]

What is above his shoulder? I see the book shelf, is that it?

[@trent797]

Thanks for the QnA. What do the words in top right corner mean?

[@EinsteinsHair]

6:03 Vote on the story you like best, by mentioning its Star Trek planet name, in the comments.

[@friedhelmmunker7284]

SiFi movie - Monster Waterbears destroy the moon base.

[@Goodtown325]

Makes me wonder just what other microbes we have sent into the solar system. The Voyager probes could be our own accidental version of panspermia! Lol.

[@friedhelmmunker7284]

@@Goodtown325 Apollo 12 (1969) broad some peaches from Surveyor 3 (1967) back. Include microbes in the camera box. It is posible the microbes surviewed 2 Years on the moon. Or the microbes are from the Astronauts or later in the Labor into the Probe.

[@jamesgreenfield2744]

Thank you Frasier for all that you do! I've been listening to your podcast episodes for about a year now, I started about halfway through 2020 and I'm today in February of 2024 so I'll get to hear the answer to this question soonish! (if it makes the podcast

[@marvinmauldin4361]

In 1955 my high school physics teacher got me interested in building a reflecting telescope, so I ordered a kit to make a six inch mirror. It had a Pyrex mirror blank roughly ground to a 48 inch focal length, a six inch plate glass grinding tool with a matching convex surface, different grades of grinding compound, pitch (a kind of tar) to make a surface to hold the final polishing rouge, and instructions. My dad made a work bench that could be moved in and out of my closet. The mirror blank had strings of tiny bubbles In it, which i kept breaking into, but thought I could get past. After 90 hours of grinding and polishing and regrinding and repolishing, I lost my enthusiasm, especially when a Foucault test with a razor blade and a pinhole light revealed that the curvature figure was fair, but the focal length had increased to 64 inches, which would make the telescope rather ungainly, and there were still tiny bubble holes. I still have everything somewhere.

[@michaelgian2649]

Andoria Life beyond Earth is the big question. That it may be seeded from, or to, us adds depth and dimension to it.

[@BabyMakR]

Vulcan. Could make the big heavy parts like the mirror and frame etc, on the moon, then using parts delivered from the Earth, put it together and launch it on mass drivers. This eliminates the complexity of having to fold everything up. Launching from the moon means the 'aero shell' can be as big as it needs to be (It would still be needed as there is some dust around the moon, but it could be launched off the moon and using some small thrusters, bring the Pe up to a safe altitude and then be intercepted by the transport stage to take it out to whatever orbit it needs to go to.

[@ronhenke3018]

Yes. We are really sure.

[@Zachmman1997]

If there was a 1:1 copy of earth somewhere out there, what’s the maximum distance we could detect intelligent life/ radio transmission with 100% certainly, given our current technology?

[@alangarland8571]

Even if there was a 1:1 copy of Earth at Alpha Centuri it's doubtful that our current technology could detect intelligent life with 100% certainty.

[@rhoddryice5412]

Aeturen 15:00 I think you should have mentioned your interview “Turning the Sun Into a Giant Telescope with Dr. Slava Turyshev” A really cool concept.

[@bbbenj]

Thanks a lot 👍 👍

[@jimsteen911]

13:50 “on the question of the cause of Enceladus’ heating;” I’d like to clarify the answer to this question. While the host laid out two scenarios which could contribute to the thermal properties needed to sustain liquid water over a minimum of ~10x10^5 years, and given any constraints on how long these processes have been spewing material into space is speculative guess work. However, if one consults the literature on this question, one finds general agreement in that whether it’s tidal heating or radioactive decay-or both-there still remains a rather large discrepancy. This is a genuine mystery🥶-one nthat I believe many people would be very interested in. And there are many such instances, indeed almost every one, where popular science band/or the scientists themselves do not convey the fundamental work needed yet to be done but rather the sense that everything is known or is in the bag at least. It’s took my becoming an autodidact auto didact and reading the papers do you understand all these things myself.

[@sidneyking11]

Have they can up with a solution for moon time?

[@sjzara]

Betazed is a great question. So many predictions of the future of the Earth and the solar system ignore the possibilities of technology.

[@jonlyons85]

As fun as the idea of a Dyson Sphere is, any civilization sufficiently advanced enough to build one would also be sufficiently advanced enough to capture and utilize the heat / infrared radiation as well.

[@paulwollenzein-zn1lh]

Larry Niven talks about moving planets in a book named, "A WORLD OUT OF TIME". They used a GIGANTIC spaceship and built in laser. And it has a GIGANTIC partial sphere attached to one end. The open end, the other end is closed. Ok? So they orbit this around Uranus or Neptune. Then they drive it INTO the atmosphere of that gas giant. It slams into the upper atmosphere imparting some of the momentum to the planet. Giving you a planetary drive. This is NOT very efficient but it does work in the book. They bring this duo up to Earth and the Earth is gently plucked out of it regular orbit around the sun. Now you ask why did they need to move Earth? I won't give away any more of the book, other than to say that the Sun starts to act up and they needed to move Earth, and QUICKLY! And that's how they decided to move the Earth so quickly. The main reason for using this type of motor was that you would need to move the mass of the ENTIRE Earth. Put motors on the Earth and Any mistakes you make get transferred directly to the earth's crust. To big of a mistake and they would end up doing the same thing that the Sun would have. But if you put a drive on a gas giant and make a mistake? Then any mistake is made in/ on the gas giant. And no it is Not very fast. It takes a while to move Earth to a stable and cooler orbit. Again where Earth ends up and the why I'll let you read the book. It's one of my favorite books to read before sleeping. But that is just My personal choice. Larry Niven is well known for explaining what, and sometimes how things work. So you can have crazy things that you think, hey that just might work...!

[@JohnSmith-bs6qb]

Loved that book!

[@Nowherenear-w1d]

Hm, curious could black holes be evaporating with neutrinos from it's core. They don't interact with matter, but of course they interact with space-time tissue. Could they escape?

[@olorin4317]

Vendikar Could spiral arms almost be like galactic Lagrange points between the collective mass at the center of a galaxy and the mass of the dark matter halo?

[@ryanb9749]

I mentioned life could be on the moon recently a few feet under the surface... there could be pockets of water vapor, hydrogen, and oxygen trapped in pockets under the rocks.

[@Pat19997]

Build a large telescope similar to a telescoping umbrella.

[@Kerrsartisticgifts]

What about a telescope that can resolve geographic features on an exoplanet? Which is the closest Lagrange point that gets enough solar energy to support greenhouses for us?

[@physicswcccd]

Why not an array composed of collapsible reflective dishes. A few hundred dispersed over a radius of 1 AU could achieve the resolution needed to image terrestrial exoplanets.

[@filonin2]

Optical light interferometry is very difficult.

[@jakeoltmans3]

Do we have to be on the love to ask questions?

[@realanthonyrich]

Thank you for everything you do to educate us, Fraser and the whole team. Is it possible to send a spaceship towards the interstellar space but perpendicular to the Solar system's plane? Edit1. Fraser, you've never mentioned David Butler and his priceless KZbin channel.

[@Qrul]

Cheleb I have wondered about this.

[@robwalker4548]

We already know there is life on the moon. The Items on the Surveyor Apollo return showed the microbes in the camera survived their time on the moon. -- update -- although I notice now they are not as sure as the clean room where they tested the camera might not have been as clean as they thought.

[@Kittyinshadows]

Do binary star systems have lagrange points? If so does that affect where planets orbit them?

[@Whichbindoesthisgoin]

For more space & science there is a great daily channel by Anton Petrov, access is restricted though, you have to be a wonderful person. 🤓

[@zaftfjes]

Wouldnt the heat tought to be emited from dyson spheres and visible in infrared also be energy that an advanced civilasation also should be able to harvest, and thus be invisible?

[@seditt5146]

Remus : Had to like that question, I am literally polishing a piece of glass right now lol. Granted, its for a Microscope but still. BTW, Naaa Do it, its great, very zen!

[@underthestaircase]

Why don't they make the telescope apart of the rocket itself? I mean not the fuselage or engines portion but make it like an umbrella where a stealth is set to pop off and then it pops open after it make it to destination.

[@andreask.2675]

If the Roman Space Telescope can image exojupiters, would it be able to pick up light from orbiting exomoons and see e.g. signatures of ozon there?

[@universemaps]

How do astronauts on the ISS and the Moon perceive colors? Do they experience an overall lack of warmth compared to people within the atmosphere?

[@djblackprincecdn]

Could we 'hack' the Milankovitch cycles to create the ideal climate on Earth and other planets?

[@filonin2]

Only if you can change the orbit of said planets.

[@robertunderwood1011]

On Mars, why don’t the valleys Marianas fill up from the dust blowing in the atmosphere? seems like there would be a constant cascade of dust falling in from over the edge

[@monkeynomics8995]

We're gooing tooooo the moooon

[@lucidmoses]

So, the Earths Lagrange Point's Lagrange Points would proportionally be able to hold a grain of sand but it seems to me that distance is such that it would likely still be in the Earth's Lagrange Point. Yes?

[@chubbyadler3276]

As a side discussion of Betazed, I'm wondering what would happen to Earth and her ecosystem if we was to, say, warp her to the Mars obit, but 180 degrees across from the sun with its current output. I realize we would cool off quite a bit, but how drastically?

[@booradley4237]

I'll watch this tomorrow... but c'mon, lagrange around lagrange 😂

[@robertwcote]

Wait so if we look at really distant galaxies (i.e. - very long ago) and see that they're moving away from us faster than more local objects, why do we say the universe is accelerating? If it was moving faster earlier, then it's decelerating. What gives?

[@gravelpit5680]

Youre gonna have to wrap your head around it on Wikipedia. Any way, Hubble Flow ain't up for debate bud.

[@gravelpit5680]

the galaxies aren't actually going faster, the space between us is expanding and stretching their light enroute to us. It's confusing sometimes, like how the universe is only 13 billion years old but we can see galaxies 25 billion lightyears away. Hubble's Law

[@jiafjioawefjio3f9034]

Fraser please say “Sorry about tomorrow’s process”. Why did you switch from Star Wars planet names to Star Trek planet names? Thank you.

[@aurtisanminer2827]

Wouldn’t it be insane if subsurface life were lurking on a majority of rocky planets and moons just waiting for the proper conditions to sprout to the surface?

[@therealanyaku]

As someone who has ground their own 8" mirror, I have to say you overstated the labors of DIY, On the other hand, that was before the Chinese brought prices down, and I did it at an open workshop under the guidance of volunteer professionals who knew what they were doing.

[@frasercain]

How many hours did it take?

[@WilliamAArnett]

@@frasercainI ground a 10 inch mirror a few years ago. IIRC it took about 40 hours of boring work. But the hard part is the last little bit to get it just perfect . For that I made a special testing device which got me close but I still had to take it to a telescope making workshop at our local observatory to get it perfect. Then I had to get someone to coat it with aluminum. I ended up with a very good mirror but it was the journey not the destination that had the most value :-)

[@therealanyaku]

@@frasercain About a dozen Friday or Saturday evenings, including watching demos and talks by the volunteers, maybe 25 or so hours of actual grinding.

[@Spherical_Cow]

Fun fact about Dust-Obscured Galaxies, the acronym for which is DOG... Not content with this, astronomers have cristened a class of objects, *hot DOG* - which are, rather obviously, highly luminous (in the infrared) dust-obscured galaxies. Not joking; this is a real thing - and I'm totally sure nobody ever sniggered while coming up with the name for that particular category. 😏

[@Raz.C]

Re - water plumes Does this water have escape velocity? Or does it all come back to the moon in question, coating the surface with a fine spray of snow? If it DOES have escape velocity, where is all that water going? Shouldn't there be a solid ice-moon somewhere nearby?

[@colinp2238]

There's also Dr Becky Smethurst who has a good way to explain things to the layman. I find it difficult to understand how rogue planets can support life as they don't get a steady flow of energy from a star.

[@filonin2]

Internal heat from initial impact formation and radioactive decay lasts for billions of years. Look to Earth for your example. If the Earth was a rogue planet, life would still be possible as the oceans would not freeze solid due to increased salinity and the ice above insulating the heat from below. The crust, which is full of bacteria and archaea, would also remain warm and the denizens of those depths would hardly notice if the Sun ceased to exist. Life will be possible on (in) Earth until the last liquid water freezes near the cooling core billions of years from now if the Sun fails to destroy the Earth when it expands.

[@KarldorisLambley]

shouldn't that be 'the l4 and l5 are the Trojan and Greek camp regions?' not just Trojan?

[@andywallace56]

Osmosis... Yeah definitely the way it works for me. I love these videos and kudos for the shout-out to coolwolrds, another great channel worth a visit. I whole-heartedly agree they, like Fraser, are legit (fed up filtering out AI generated nonsense for example.) Both deliver science to the masses who would, otherwise, be none the wiser. Thank you.

[@corychristensen5917]

There has to be signs of life on the moon. Where the space suits used for tye Apollo missions 100% bacteria free?

[@peters616]

The DOGs only correspond to 3 of the 7 potential Dyson spheres - not that I think the others are likely alien tech but it sounded like you thought it explained all 7.

[@frasercain]

In the paper, the researchers said it was a likely explanation for all of them, beyond the three that were certain.

[@peters616]

True it does say that, but I read it as more of a hypothesis that needs further verification since no emissions are currently evident near those 4 stars.

[@Leafbinder]

(Risa) Hey Fraser is there any Science based Lasers being built in Space to power Solar Sailed Spacecraft?

[@warpeace8891]

Water is the best solvent we know of. What else is in that water jetting into space?

[@Andre_XX]

"Big glass hockey puck" - only a Canadian!

[@steveschnetzler5471]

Yes, enjoyed house of suns.

[@zrebbesh]

We have discovered living organisms inside rocks that have been sealed inside, without external nutrients, light, or air for literally millions of years, living on energy from nearby radiation raising molecules to a higher energy state every once in a while, that divide only once in thousands of years. Those could live on the moon for millions of years.

[@cltr8011]

Aeturen!!!❤

[@physicswcccd]

Hawking radiation doesn't come OUT OF black holes. It is the result of pair production just outside the event horizon. Pair production happens everywhere but is normally undetectable. But near the event horizon some particles are drawn past the event horizon leaving their antiparticles without a partner. This makes the virtual particles more real. Eventually many of these particles find other antiparticles which annihilate them to produce gamma rays. The gravitational redshift increases the wavelength.

[@physicswcccd]

Hawking radiation, like all EM waves travels just shy of 300000000 m/s

[@clints7834]

By the time I'm old, we might see evidence of life by using a telescope. As fast as technology evolves, sometimes it seems revert to crawling. How would we detect life? What evidence would we look for?

[@filonin2]

Technological chemicals in the atmosphere, like cfc's would be a dead giveaway.

[@JoshShultzandKids]

I vote Risa

[@sjzara]

Dark energy isn’t going to rip the universe apart. It only rips galaxy clusters apart. Recent studies suggesting dark energy may be changing are currently talking about it decreasing, not increasing.

[@RonColeArt]

I felt like the only person on Earth brave enough to ask about life in the Moon. I think it's there.