Making Ethylene (Refrigerant R1150)

First off, huge thanks to Exotic Chem Lab for helping me with this video. He's provided me with the valuable information I need to create my own DIY cryocooler. He just started his youtube channel, which you can find at the link below:
/ @exotic_chem_lab
In this video, I'll be making Ethylene (also called "Ethene", but not to be confused with "Ethane") gas to use as a refrigerant in the second stage of a two-stage vapor-compression system.
Ethylene has the formula C2H4 (as opposed to Ethane, which is C2H6), and has a boiling point of -104C. However, at a pressure of about 16 bar, its boiling point rises to -37C. This means if i compress it to at least 16 bar and then cool it with the evaporator coil from my propane-based vapor compression system, i can force it to liquify, and then expand it in an evaporator to below -100C. This would technically qualify as cryogenic, at least according to US EPA specifications, which considers any temperature below -90C to be "cryogenic".
Typically, a cascade refrigerator would use R508 as its second stage refrigerant, but this substance is no longer produced for environmental reasons, so it's prohibitively expensive. This makes Ethylene the only practical alternative for a hobbyist. Ethylene is also sold as "R1150" refrigerant, but difficult and expensive to acquire in this form. In some countries it may require a license to buy.
Fortunately, DIY production is relatively simple. By boiling ethanol and passing the vapors over an activated alumina (Al2O3) catalyst, the ethanol molecule is dehydrated as follows: C2H6O = C2H4 (gas) + H2O (gas). The output gases are then bubbled through liquid water, and the steam condenses, leaving behind the ethylene gas.
The only catch is that the dehydration has to proceed within a certain temperature range. The optimal temperature for ethylene production is about 450C +/-50C or so. Once the catalyst drops below 350-400C, the majority of the ethanol becomes diethyl ether or (C2H5)2O. Above about 500C, the ethanol molecule starts to decompose entirely, producing pure hydrogen and pure carbon. For this reason, it's necessary to use a thermocouple in the catalyst vessel to ensure optimal temperature is maintained.
Ethylene has a very distinct smell that many people describe as "faintly sweet and musky". To me, the smell is very similar to rotting/overly ripe fruit. It quickly becomes nauseating and can cause dizziness depending on the concentration. A more serious hazard of this gas is that it has almost exactly the same density as air. This means if undisturbed, a cloud of highly flammable ethylene can sit in one spot instead of sinking to the floor like propane or floating up and escaping like methane or hydrogen.
For storage, i collected the ethylene gas in a beach ball then used a fridge compressor to force it into a 2.5 gallon (9.5L) air tank, which had been evacuated, flushed with propane multiple times, then evacuated again to ensure no explosive mixture would occur. This will then be fed into the low-pressure side of the second stage of my vapor compression system when it's built.
Music Used:
Fortaleza - Topher Mohr and Alex Elena
Lobby Time - Kevin MacLeod
Bossa Antigua - Kevin MacLeod

[@NileRed]

Really impressive video!

[@christopherwilliamson5433]

Nice seeing you here

[@tpcqwe]

Yeah

[@blakes8901]

YES!

[@funnylife7454]

Nice

[@Cnzxco]

Lol

[@robmckennie4203]

one thing that absolutely shocks and impresses me about this channel is the pace at which videos are coming out, the last 6 months seems like years worth of work

[@DoubleF3lix]

yea this is nuts

[@helldad4689]

Yeah this guy is going into like Applied Science level depth on this project and just absolutely cranking out the videos. It's nuts. Between the work and video editing, he's gotta be spending like 20 hrs a week minimum to get these out this fast. Insane.

[@xmysef4920]

@@helldad4689 Indeed. Much respect to the guy

[@EchoLog]

Culmination of interdisciplinary interests and skills.

[@xavierdemers-bouchard2747]

Yup. He's in the zone. Amazing and I'm grateful to get to witness it

[@Strykenine]

Dietary supplement for sea turtles f**king savage.

[@flantc]

That he says it so deadpan is perfect!

[@allangibson8494]

And it’s actually a good food source - algae grows rapidly on the plastic particles which is not toxic to sea turtles… Large sheets or ropes of plastic (like fishing nets and six packs rings) do block their digestion however…

[@CriticoolHit]

@@allangibson8494 did you just argue in favor of-- You know what. Never mind. Next video.

[@T3sl4]

@@CriticoolHit A good food source, perhaps; a healthy food source, well see, that's another matter!

[@ATomRileyA]

@@T3sl4 Its got electrolytes its what turtles crave...

[@jhonbus]

Absolutely love this video. As someone who got a degree in chemical engineering and therefore spent many, many, MANY hours learning every minute detail of designing and building plug flow reactors, understanding their governing thermodynamic equations, solving differential equations to characterise the fluid dynamics of the packed catalyst beds, understanding the materials science of the various alloys used to build them and the physical chemistry involved with zeolite-catalysed reactions, drilling down into details of details of details I never could have imagined existing before... It absolutely blew my mind to see someone casually building a packed-bed plug-flow reactor from plumbing parts and unspecified alumina beads in his garage, and the damn thing actually working! Seriously, well done! (Deep down I'm almost insulted by the fact you managed to get a decent yield without doing any equations to work out the reaction rate, and therefore flow rate and reactor length required 😂) I think your "missing mass" is probably unreacted ethanol and possibly some diethyl ether that makes it past the collector bottle (I'd call that a blowdown drum 😂) and dissolves into the bubbler water and or adsorbs onto your silica gel dessicant. The bubbler will probably catch nearly all the ethanol, and a bit of the ether (particularly as it picks up more ethanol) The burning of your collected liquid looks to me like it's due mainly to ethanol burning, nice and calm and blue. I'd expect ether to burn off much more excitingly if it were the major component. I suspect a good fraction (half?) of the diethyl ether your reactor produces is ending up in your final product and I would suggest trying to do a thorough job of removing it because it's just such an horrific fire hazard. Although its boiling point is like 35*C, it has an insanely high vapor pressure so most of it will stay as vapor at atmospheric pressure even when cooled below this. Even at 0 degrees its vapor pressure is something like 1/3 of an atmosphere so that's why I suspect you have a lot in your collected product.

[@jhonbus]

Oh, diethyl ether also has a sickening sweet smell, to me that's what it sounded like you were describing.

[@jhonbus]

Oh one more thing (sorry!) - I think your burner design probably needs more outlet holes or a more restrictive venturi inlet to work as intended. Looks like the flow in the pipe is stagnating because the outlet resistance is too much, so the pressure in the pipe matches the atmospheric pressure and the venturi can't draw in air. That said it might be for the best because it seems to do the job well enough, and unless you're quite careful with the nozzle design, there's nothing to stop the flame front moving inside the pipe if the mixture inside it is flammable. You can pack the pipe with some sort of metal mesh to mitigate this but obviously that creates a lot more resistance to the flow.

[@leocurious9919]

Any idea how I could calculate the change in temperature in a PFR? Not something complicated, just a simple 1D-model (so everything symmetrical essentially) with a fluid flowing through a packed bed, resulting in a reaction given pressure and temperature. But this releases reaction heat, which is then not just spread within the bed (lets call it conduction) but is also transported along the PFR with the fluid. So the next section of the PFR sees a hotter fluid, which means faster reaction, so more heat, so section 3 gets even hotter etc. I have a python model with the reaction and everything, but how to calculate dT/dz (z = lenght)? Sorry for this random question, but I dont exactly often run into other chemical engineers that do things like that. I deal with rotary kilns normally, hence most of the things are known. But in a rotary kiln the fluid does not pass through the solid, so this side of things is, sadly, unknown to me. But I want to get a simulation running to prove (or disprove) something I once told a client... just a gut feeling, but it seems to make sense (that the heat can accumulate and cause issues). And yes, I know that this can happen in PFR with calatysts (have seen ex-molten catalyst in a ammonia reactor), but in this case it is a ad/desorption (for regeneration) or a Cu-Zeolith, so things are somewhat different.

[@T3sl4]

Great info! A curiosity: does this reaction equilibriate much? -- would excess H2O shift the balance in favor of ethanol or diethyl ether? (Also for reference, what's the equilibrium constant at ~1atm?) Is diethyl ether dissociated to ethylene on further heating? Seems possible the flow rate is too high, causing uneven temperatures (lower at the inlet, and in the center of the catalyst fill) as well as not having enough dwell time for reaction. Hmm, excess diethyl ether vapor should condense at the bottom of the pressure vessel, for the same reason water does (when compressing atmosphere). Not as much, relatively speaking, of course, but it should be at least diagnostic.

[@leocurious9919]

@@T3sl4 The reverse reaction, ethanol via hydration of ethene, is how a lot of industrial ethanol is produced. So that equilibrium will absolutely be shifted to ethanol with more water. The direction you take is endothermic, so heating helps both with reaction rate and conversion. The endothermic nature of the reaction actively helps reducing the temperature gradient in your reactor. However, getting a really isothermic reactor is essentially impossible. Even without any reactions happening, just moving a fluid through the reactor and ignoring radial gradients, you would have to adjust the heating along the length very carefully to get somewhat close. The equilibrium is highly temperature dependant, so I am not sure if one value would help you much. There are lots of papers on this... if you really want to dive into this and make some simulations. In any way, given your success, you dont need to waste any time on any of this. It works super good already. It is not like ethanol is expensive or you need scale production up 100x. You are not going to condense ether like that. It is mixed with ethylene, lowering the partial pressure. You would need very low temperatures to get most of it out of the stream. However, that would be a good idea as a step between the bubbler and the desiccant: Cooling it to... say -20 °C. And yes, for the same reason water condenses the ether will too once the pressure is high enough, since the partial pressure goes up too.

[@TheHuntermj]

Ether as a byproduct? This reaction keeps getting better!

[@captainotto]

"There is nothing more hopeless and depraved as a man on an ether binge."

[@mduckernz]

@@captainotto I dunno about “nothing more” but yes it gets pretty depraved lmao. Feeling like a solvent plant definitely doesn’t help Edit: err, reeking. Not feeling. Well, that too I guess!

[@captainotto]

@@mduckernz Hunter S. Thompson - Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas But even if you read the book or saw the movie, you can't be blamed for missing it because I butchered the hell out of the quote and failed to attribute it.

[@senorjp21]

For your calculations, the mass you distilled from the flask of everclear wouldn't be 100% ethanol because ethanol and water form an azeotrope. A mixture of 8% water and 92% ethanol has the lowest boiling point, so that was probably what you distilled over. Making your own ethene is astounding. Impressive yield.

[@rollei35mm]

The azeotrope is actually 96.4% I believe

[@wazaagbreak-head6039]

@@rollei35mm uhm ackshually 🤓🤓

[@rollei35mm]

@@wazaagbreak-head6039 I don't study chemistry to not be insufferable, hahaha

[@djsnowman06]

​@@rollei35mm yeah from my home um "experiments"... Can confirm 96% lol

[@LordDragox412]

@@wazaagbreak-head6039 How do you mess that up. Like seriously, how? There's so many places where you could type that comment and be funny, yet you picked the one place where it makes *YOU* become the joke. That's honestly impressive, but not in a good way.

[@ericlotze7724]

As an (Bio-) Petrochemical AND Open Source Hardware nerd who wants to be able to make like *all the things* at a community/makerspace scale, this is AMAZING! Granted may need to be modified etc, and some things require larger scale (i wrote some wiki page on this), but having this chemical at this scale is an amazing addition to the toolkit! Really neat video, keep up the great work!

[@proaapopvp9648]

💀

[@64-bit63]

Mee too

[@ailijic]

I wish my chemistry teachers had been half as interesting as you.

[@ruddigger83]

As a refrigeration mechanic I love the content and interesting take on all this. I’m currently sourcing all the parts I need for a cascade system.. Keep up the great content 👍

[@TheCanadianChemist]

Very cool video! I suspect that the liquid you collected after passing the ethanol over the catalyst is mostly a mixture of water and unreacted ethanol. Diethyl ether is immiscible with water, and only slightly soluble, so you would expect to see a separate layer if an appreciable quantity of ether was produced. Ethanol is also less dense than water, but fully miscible with water, so this may explain the lower density of the mixture. A lower concentration ethanol/water mixture isn't super flammable though, so you may be right that there is a little bit of diethyl ether dissolved in the water which caused the mixture to ignite. If you distilled the mixture to determine the composition, I suspect you'd find that it is mostly unreacted ethanol and water. I'm excited to see you use the ethylene as a refrigerant and look forward to that video! Great job.

[@JustAnotherAlchemist]

Would be nice to se it fractionally distilled, just for the science.

[@snapst]

in my experience it smells more than diethyl ether and something else, and not like ethanol at all. also it can be oily and stick to the bubbler - so I hope you got your dog a new bowl.

[@garbleduser]

Could ethanol contamination allow ether to become missable in the aqueous solution?

[@TheCanadianChemist]

@@garbleduser ooh, very possible. Ethanol and ether are miscible. I agree that fractional distillation would be nice just to see what the composition is.

[@bentboybbz]

My IQ is for sure too low to speculate but maybe because of the way he heated the catalyst he had a range of temperatures at different places. Maybe a more consistent way to control temperature throughout the catalyst might help. Again I may not even be making sense I definitely am not even a novice.

[@xappz]

Wow, this is awesome! One thing that might improve your yield is actually pre-heating the ethanol vapor. It's hitting the catalyst at ~100C, so it takes the first few inches in the catalyst bed to actually get it up to 450C, so you're running with low selectivity on the first bit of the reactor. You could accomplish this by filling the first several inches with an inert material with a high thermal capacity to get the ethanol up to temperature so when it hits the catalyst it's at your target temp. Broken/ground glass should do the trick if you don't want anything fancy!

[@xavierdemers-bouchard2747]

Sir, I admire your pirate attitude. Can't be any freeer as a person than when you take simple chemistry and apply it carefully to obtain difficult to get components. Your thoroughness in calculating yields and identifying by products are a testament to your interest in handling this stuff safely. I want to be like you when I grow up.

[@Preinstallable]

It isn’t difficult to get, it’s just marked up so much by corporate greed.

[@JohnDoeWasntTaken]

@@Preinstallable I agree but also disagree, since something being marked up to prohibitive levels is the definition of difficult to get. For the average person, when they see their options of "shell out for "store-bought" ethylene" or "build your own packed-bed plug-flow reactor", they're probably going to mentally file that under "difficult to get".

[@Preinstallable]

@@JohnDoeWasntTaken Fair enough. Difficult to avoid paying exorbitant prices for.

[@davidwilliams5497]

I want to subscribe, but I feel like it’ll get me placed on some kinda watch list. Ehh, what the hell. These videos are worth it.

[@hamadaag5659]

This is really interesting since a way of creating ethylene that I'm familiar with (and you kinda hinted at it in the beginning) is using sulfuric acid, the entire reaction uses sulfuric acid heated to 180°C: Ethanol ---(H2SO4 @ 180°C)---> ethylene + water you can see the benefits of that since it requires a much lower temperature that the method you used. Interestingly enough you could also use the same setup but at 140°C to make ethers as well and I think Neilred used it to make diethyl ether from ethanol quite a while back.

[@jhonbus]

I'd be really wary of using the sulfuric acid method because it's also very likely to generate some amount of diethyl sulfate, which is a strong alkylating agent. Very toxic, very carcinogenic, very very nasty.

[@snowdaysrule]

​@@jhonbus Good call. Apparently diethyl sulfate can be made by bubbling ethylene gas into hot, concentrated sulfuric acid so this really is a valid concern.

[@cyborgninjamonkey]

I was going to mention this. I've used this plenty of times with various alcohols (think I managed acetylene from 1,2-propadiol with a peroxide kick once) and it's got so many advantages on laboratory scale. You just need a flask, a heat source, and sulfuric acid; they only need be good enough quality to get the job done; and you can use all of the components for whatever else you want if you're satisfied with your alkyne gas situation because there's no special apparatus. PS: yes the sulfate ester byproducts are carcinogenic as hell they're alkylating agents, if you're collecting the alkene gas you're making for non immediate use or making enough that alcohol addition dropwise is too slow, you need to run the output through alkali before getting your mortal, cancer vulnerable fingies near it.

[@BulkierFive921]

I’ve been following this closely. I do HVAC Service for work, and have played with my own R290/Propane system before that had great results. I built my own tiny little system from scrap Dehumidifier parts, and I’ve also used it in a Window AC for shiggles. Both worked great! I’ve got so many random parts, this project seems like something I should try myself!

[@BulkierFive921]

I also have a small collection of old refrigerators. I have a GE DR1 Monitor Top which is the “first” electric home fridge. It uses SO2 as refrigerant and that stuff is nasty. I do not want another whiff of that. I had to dispose of that with a bit of simple chemistry, and the perfect replacement refrigerant for the thing is R152A aka Air Duster cans! I ended up having to fix a leak in the bottom of the compressor, and I’ve had it sitting with 150psi of nitrogen in it for probably 6 months now. Can’t wait to fill it up again and get it cooling

[@danielrugeles1103]

Bro this is my favorite KZbin series so far. Can’t wait for the next episode!

[@BDJones055]

Bro I don't understand a word that's that but I love watching this series.

[@Pr0xy_xx]

Been watching this channel for a while but this project has made this my all time favorite channel. I've wanted to make a cryocooler for a while now and the amount of information with detailed explanation of the build and data analysis is GOLD. Can't wait till you get your first drop of cryogenic liquid!

[@axieman6196]

thanks man, after watching many of your videos I feel like real ice wizard

[@paradiseisland69]

I like the editing especially the Minecraf joke.

[@tinwhisperer]

great video series! thank you for taking the time to put together these videos.

[@DJ_Ravioli]

As a researcher working in steam reformation you absolutely nailed it. Gas heated reactors can be very hard to tune and can give all sorts of weird results due to the larger temperature gradients. The second batch also looks like you may have started reforming. The water gets used in the water gas shift reaction to make H2 and CO2.

[@1spaghetti32]

This channel is amazing! Nice work!

[@kprz2024]

congrats on your ethylene creation. love the videos! keep them coming

[@EnigmaScience]

Found your channel a couple of days before and watched all of your videos with great pleasure. It's so nice to see someone explaining such complex topics and building real-life working prototypes. Thank you for making videos at such an incredible pace, but please, don't get burnt out from such an overwhelming load. Wish you success in all your experiments and steady growth to your channel. You definitely deserve a million subs at least!

[@bobedwards8896]

I appreciate u sharing this with us, love these videos.

[@victorreppeto7050]

I am so envious of your motivation to start and then work on and then complete such a long involved experiment and film it at the same time. Once again I can only say thank you.

[@teresashinkansen9402]

Some CPU overclockers have made the craziest cascade systems ive seen, there is a guy who made a 3 stage one with methane as refrigerant in the 3rd stage and he was planing to add some other gases to the 3rd stage to lower even more the temperature, if i recall correctly he wanted to use a mixture of methane with a bit of argon to go below -170C°

[@StephanAhonen]

Is silicon even a semiconductor at those temperatures???

[@teresashinkansen9402]

@@StephanAhonen Yeah, they even use liquid nitrogen but they usually have to start the CPU at higher temperatures else it crashes, I don't know exactly why but it happens.

[@poprawa]

@@StephanAhonen This is cooling stack temperature, not silicon. CPU is not conducting heat internally to get anywhere near those temps

[@quint3ssent1a]

​@@StephanAhonen dont forget that it's all done to dissipate heat from overclocked CPU.

[@Assault_Butter_Knife]

But... why? Isn't there a preferred temperature for CPUs to operate at which they are the most efficient? Wouldn't -170c just brick it because it's not designed to operate at those temperatures? Aren't electronics in general less efficient at colder temps?

[@belminzuljko1043]

I really enjoy your videos, thanks!

[@Yannique1]

Thank you for the very interesting videos!

[@davidmartens6401]

I love deep dives like this. Definitely unique methods.

[@rushoffman965]

I am so excited for the next part!

[@alex4alexn]

This is the best experiment series on youtube, i cannot wait to see your next cooler design and to really get those low temps

[@TimNeumann]

I'm so desperate for the next video, that I'm watching this a second time now.

[@derekturner3272]

So happy I found this channel! Very cool project, narrated at a pace that keeps you 100% focused with no fluff. Wish I could give more than one thumbs up!

[@snapst]

smell-test is not a great thing for cancerogenic anesthetic, but it works. I've made ethylene with the same method in lab, with just a butane torch heating it. FTIR showed almost complete conversion and MS showed lots of ethanol with the gas. your cleaning steps are very nice. i did run my catalyst in quartz tube, so i could eyeball the yellowing of the catalyst, and ethanol I evaporated in the same quartz tube from mineral wool. but I did not need 60 liters. Good Luck!

[@Exotic_Chem_Lab]

Nothing is carcinogenic here

[@MikrySoft]

@@Exotic_Chem_Lab I wouldn't be so sure, maybe the OP is in California?

[@jonasghafur4940]

There is no evidence for carcinogenicity of diethyl ether, and no reproductive effects have been reported. Chronic exposure to diethyl ether vapor may lead to loss of appetite, exhaustion, drowsiness, dizziness, and other cns effects.

[@poshhippie6446]

I always wanted to do this exact process for KZbin for the same purpose, I'm glad someone beat me to it!

[@venuccicze2181]

Your projects are so fun ❤

[@PJ3721]

Your an absolute mad man and I love it! Subscribed!

[@EpicManaphyDude]

this is cool asf. i’m here for the long run man. you got it!

[@lumotroph]

Brilliant work! Keep it up, I could watch these all afternoon

[@niemam5825]

Dude... just... big respect!

[@Its-07]

Greatest knowledgeable videos ever۔۔۔۔❤

[@wesameldinelshafey3032]

Always wonderful I wish you this forever💪

[@blakewendland8378]

I’m obsessed with this project! Can’t wait for the finale!!

[@guillaumecharbonneau3014]

Very nice video. Love what you do.

[@EvocativeKitsune]

Wow, you make this look so easy!

[@travisgriggs]

These videos are great. Nice work!

[@cetyl2626]

Wow! The videos keep getting better!

[@mandardeodhar400]

Amazing work and very well presented. Thank you.

[@newtonbomb]

Great video, can't wait for the next in the series!

[@markus4334]

Magnificent channel !

[@philosothink]

I worked for a rural HVAC company for 23yrs, and my boss passed away, so I took over. I'd been putting off my EPA test for 18yrs. I studied for two weekends, paid the $50 and passed it. It's an easy test, and the license is forever.

[@Ariccio123]

Oooh what's the test called? Maybe I'll study and take it just for shits!

[@philthompson9633]

I’m impressed. Your engineering , chemical and mechanical are truly spot on.

[@alexfunke214]

Superb analysis of process. Good science! Thanks

[@steveskouson9620]

That shot of your 2 stage system, caught my eye. Early last summer, our AC started leaking R 22 out of it. Compressor was leaking. So, I started running R 290 in it. (Well, not refrigerant grade, but BBQ grade.) One bottle lasted all summer, and the landlord was able to find a replacement unit MUCH cheaper, out of our "warm" season Phoenix Az. Bought a weedburner from Horror Fright, cut the line, cut a line on my cheap set of AC gauges, and shot some R 290 in. Left the tank and gauges under the AC, so I wouldn't be carrying them up and down. At least once a week, or more often. steve

[@oddzc]

Love this content so much and your dry sense of humour.

[@xDevscom_EE]

Cool, thanks for video. There are also "autocascade" phase-change systems, using mix of different refrigerants while using the same compressor in system. Polycold is (was?) one of the famous manufacturers of such systems for industrial use. You still need oil separator, compatible refrigerants and some heat exchangers for system to work, but at least don't need additional compressor. Oil separator is needed for reaching low temperatures, otherwise it will freeze up and clog the capillary tube restriction.

[@per995]

It is a lot of cold storage brands out there, mainly running at -152C. Using auto cascade as you mention, but very few use a single stage system. The first stage pre-cool the auto cascade second stage system. Horrible pressure even with two stage due to the high pressure gases time to reach a condensation temperature. Often two oil separator in series and capillary tube heaters kicking in on cycle off periods by a timer to clean oil off the tubes. Very expensive gas mixtures on them with critically share of the gas un the mixed blend and the total amount.

[@allawa]

Just stumbled across this video which led me to your channel. Very good videos very informative and funny at the same time

[@demandred1957]

Dude, thats dope. I got a old two stage system that needs a refill.

[@mangeshgaikwad345]

amazing dedication 👌

[@Scott-hf2qz]

I love how clear and concise your explanations are. Nerdy science stuff is awesome. :D

[@editopic7169]

Very nice setup!

[@37gang37]

like always this channel deserves a instant like 🎉

[@Ma_X64]

A truly engineering approach to the task! Beautifully done!

[@327efrain]

I have zero desire to do anything in these videos but I am hooked. Saw this video just came out so I subscribed cuz I want to see what your home made system can accomplish

[@bobr9731]

Amazing video. Thank you.

[@theinternetis7250]

What a god damn pro, cant wait to see what you got next

[@tehlaser]

Loving your graphics and editing, btw. The style jives well with your deadpan without getting in the way of clarity.

[@jeffmorrison5834]

This is fantastic and interesting!!

[@grifftech]

Man I love your content!!

[@friball8728]

Very informative, now I wanna try...

[@rockapedra1130]

Very cool. It worked and didn't blow up. A+

[@za.z.6061]

Great explanations!

[@Allan_aka_RocKITEman]

Great video, HP...👍

[@mafiosomax7423]

This is a really impressive project. I like your scientific approach and it really shows in the complexity of the projects you seem to be able to accomplish with ease. Really really stoked to see you liquify nitrogen soon!

[@IcECreAm-sv2qv]

man, this is sweet! I can’t wait to see the cascade system next vid

[@oak_meadow9533]

I love that gasometer!😊

[@Rakuza780]

Cool video, fyi in your last video you had a heat exchanger, if you reverse the flow on one side you'll increase your effciency using contraflow cooling which uses "warm" coolant to pre-cool the "hot" coolant and cold coolant to chill the "warm(previously hot coolant)" down could gain you a few % in effciency for a change of plumbing

[@realcygnus]

Nifty ! Even though I know very little about chemistry I'm sure enjoying this series.

[@alhutcheson418]

Cool stuff. Really funny to make your own refrigerant good bit

[@ishigamiyu1991]

I absolutely love this guy

[@anbumohan04]

Bro, love your channel 🎉

[@shanepowers7566]

I can’t hardly wait for the next video.

[@mrmatt2525able]

Amazing work

[@clownbooface2624]

Your videos are very educational with a hint of entertainment, I look forward to singed eyebrows from knowledge gained here😁

[@miklov]

Inspiring and great content! Thank you!

[@an_R_key]

this is brilliant!

[@karstenkunneman5219]

I've seen plenty of DIY chemistry, but I think this is the first time I've seen DIY chemical engineering

[@zenmark42]

hell yeah. This is super interesting stuff. you've convinced me to start fucking around with DIY refrigeration.

[@beautifulsmall]

You know its good when it takes an hour to watch 18minutes. So much invention , so much Science, its inspiring. The problem solving with modern day off the shelf parts is as impressive as the calculations. The numbers dont need to be exact, its the method which is demonstrated that hopefully leads to understanding in such a way that it is raw , Kg,m,s . Impressed by the whole project at every stage.

[@Aaku13]

Holy shit love the editing on this video man. You're doing super interesting things and you make it super funny and entertaining ❤

[@prte100]

This is so awesome, i dont liked chemistry in school, but you teach here real life knowledge what is massive and could even be necessary to know, I dont know, just cool :)

[@jozefnovak7750]

Super! Thank you very much!

[@georgeh5075]

Subscribed when I saw the thumbnail... No regrets.

[@ernestoterrazas3480]

Great video as the first, very interesting and very well presented congratulations is a great work

[@sebastianiragorri6884]

Congrats!

[@TeslaFactory]

Depending on if the ethanol dehydration is endo or exothermic, this might also be affecting your catalyst temperature profile. Love your work!

[@jamesfmforce6790]

Math skills, hand skills, and strong problem solving. You are an impressive human, appreciate you sharing your world with us.

[@JD-by9np]

Man glad you made this, theres some ultra low quality video of a guy doing the same but he left out a lot of details that you included. Time for me to break out the alumina I bought a year ago!