Megastructures: Hollow Earth

Earth is immense, but we only live on a thin shell of its surface. So what if we built a planet with only that thin shell, or with several layers of them?
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Credits:
Megastructures: Hollow Earth
Episode 453, June 27, 2024
Written, Narrated & Produced by: Isaac Arthur
Graphics:
Apogii.uk
Jarred Eagley
Jeremy Jozwik
Ken York YD Visual
Sergio Botero
Steve Bowers
Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound Epidemic Sound epidemicsound.c...
Lombus,"Cosmic Soup"

[@harbl99]

"...the occasional adventurous spirit wearing a tinfoil hat as a fashion statement." Diplomatic.

[@pokemasterhamertime77]

Very diplomatic

[@intellectually_lazy]

yeah, well, i've known people who've done exactly that

[@79tomato1]

Thanks!

[@LoganKearsley]

You missed out on how we specifically know that there is a liquid layer to the core: shear waves don't move through it, creating a shadow zone for shear waves but not pressure waves.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Fair point, though mostly I just wanted to establish one intuitively clear way in which we can look deep down, very few folks need convincing and can get the details elsewhere as there's good geology shows, I just didn't want to put doubt in folks heads about how we know what's down there then leave it hanging. :)

[@christianpnorris]

​@@isaacarthurSFIAwanting to infer that "the science is settled" when it isn't because...?

[@flowinsounds]

there are 5 states of matter. Gas and Plasma were left out of the analysis

[@ColonelEviscerator]

That's what THEY want us to think.

[@Vaeldarg]

@@christianpnorris Geological science that is that basic? It very much IS settled. Hence how they can do more complicated science like picking out specific interesting bits like what seems to be a piece of Thea still being down there. The scientists generally know what they're talking about, no amount of pseudo-intellectual wannabe-science is going to change that.

[@cheradenine1980]

Attention Comments Section! Read MATTER by Ian M Banks. Set in and around the ShellWorld “Sursamen”. Probably the best space opera concerning this type of megastructure you will ever read

[@Kindrin]

Imagine living to see such structures built...

[@akapilka]

I've always thought about shelling the hell out of Venus, a upper atmosphere layer where there's normal atmospheric pressure and air enough for us to live there, and we're set. Bonus point, we get a gargantuan reserve of O² that we'll be depleting gradually until we're able to also mine the hell out of Venus, it's all advantages.

[@colin8696908]

Another shell worlds video. yesssss. If I can make a suggestion you might find some interesting ideas from the book "The Star Maker." one idea I thought was kind of cool is the idea of emergent hive minds forming from actions instead of individuals like an ant colony but multiplied by a billion until it becomes self aware.

[@fuzzywolfcub]

Also makes me think of the old cartoon "Spartacus and the Sun beneath the sea"

[@fanOmry]

Well, a story I've been working on has the premise that Lifeforce is an actual thing, and is a form of Dark Matter. I.E. Dark Matter is sources from the stars themselves and life. And its interacation with the world is the statistical effect on and of patterns... In the Story, humanity discovers (and at first deny) this because it turned out that spin gravity *is not* the same as mass-energy derived gravity. The life force flies out through the floor. And while mitigated eventually, by having counter moving shells, extra microbes sandwiched between them, and reducing that gravity in the first place... ... As well as instituting a *mindful training* that counters the *framedrag based biological degradation.* Eventually, there are so many of them in orbit around earth, that they begin to act like Greenhouse gases for life force, for earth. Now people are encouraged to go live up there... But if they want to retain their earth citizenship so they can comeback as they please and the like, they pay taxes. So now, those who live in LEO, actually have the same *condition* as we do in the IRL present, while those who live back home on solid ground now live in an almost magical environment. Eventually the lifeforce gathers down and begins to change earth, and eventually the whole solar system...

[@soccerandtrack10]

"Im gunna stop the bad wolf,so the bad wolf dont bite no more. Im gunna stop the bad wolf,so the bad wolf dont bite no more."

[@cannonfodder4376]

A wonderful Arthursday video, as always Isaac.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@uisgeuisce]

Hey Arthur! ✨

[@glorbojibbins2485]

Hey Arnold!

[@patricktilton5377]

How about building a hollow shell around the Sun, but leaving a 'trench' open around the Sun's equatorial zone -- the Ecliptic -- so that the planets (especially Earth, if not Pluto due to its orbit being inclined too much) can still be illuminated by the Sun. In order for such a NON-ROTATING shell to have a 1-gee gravity on its outer surface, the shell would have to be around 5 or 6 solar radii in radius, if I remember right -- its been years since I imagined this sorta Dyson-like sphere and calculated its size so as to produce a 1-gee surface gravity. The trick, though, is to ensure that it doesn't spin relative to the 'fixed' stars. Similar such Star-shells could be constructed around other stars, perhaps made up of fragmented planets from each system (assuming there was no Life on those planets, so that they could be used as raw materials to build the Star-shell. Imagine having Holes in the shell, allowing radiant energy from the encased star to shine out -- perhaps fitted with lenses enabling laser beams aimed towards other star systems to provide propulsion for solar sails -- like in Robert Forward's ROCHEWORLD series of novels. Comets approaching perihelion would have to be dealt with, of course, to prevent them from slamming into the Star-shell, as with 'sun-grazer' asteroids and the like. How many Earth-areas of space would a Sun-enclosing Star-shell have, compared to Niven's Ringworld?

[@stonergaming-vy8ub]

Great episode!

[@no2party]

And now you've got me exited to play Santuary: Shattered Sun.

[@talkeverything1813]

if you builed shell on top of you it will pull you upwards a little bit so you feal gravity weeken little bit

[@John_Cole]

That’s How You Explained Hollow Earth After You Watch "Godzilla VS Kong" & "Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire" Or Read "The Concept Of Hell & Heaven" Or Anything Like That.

[@cynfrank3197]

U overwhelm me. I’ve been a fan since pandemic. But I’m glad I found channel. You make science fun and interesting ❤❤ya 🙋🏾‍♀️

[@TheRolemodel1337]

can you please play stellaris and talk through the techs and the various sci-fi references in anomalies and such?

[@jerramygipson6560]

Are there any science fiction novels set on an Alderson Disc? It doesn't seem to be well covered.

[@A-Milkdromeda-Laniakea-Hominid]

Bespoke planets. Seems very Dr. Who!

[@EliasMheart]

8:40 ... Wouldn't you get interference from multiple sources of seismic waves, which are different from the way it is?

[@brasscog8890]

? I'm really interested in the massive gravitational effect of buildinding something like this in a solar system. It must through off any orbits of any other object in the system.

[@thependulum9005]

I watched your Giant Robots Power Suits video where you talk about Mechs, but what about Power Armor like that of the T51b from Fallout 3 and the larger Incarnations from Fallout 4? I would consider small Power Armor as a Power suites And larger Power Armor as exo rigs. What would your thoughts be?

[@jlmwatchman]

starts telling us about the science of the hollow earth. He finishes the video with the megastructures that someday may be made by humans. I am all for manmade worlds, but on a smaller scale. Even the milewide cylinders that I have mentioned in my comments are too big to imagine happening in the near future. One thing I was happy to hear Isaac say was that man-made worlds will need protection from electromagnetic pulses. The pulses through the inner solar system are mostly from our star. I can’t see us ever making a star to shine over a man-made world. Particularly when LEDs are cheaper and need less power to make, let alone use. The protection from the solar rays on Earth is the magnetosphere, which I’m sure you all know about. Two manmade nuclear magnetospheres at each end of the Protection Cylinder’s I have commented about is the thing to use. I found a page that may help explain a manmade nuclear magnetosphere.

[@buckanderson3520]

To be clear I don't believe in a hollow earth but I do wonder about how the dynamics of gravity change from Earth's surface moving towards it's center. I would think that Earth's gravity is strongest at it's surface because it's entire mass is beneath you then as you move towards the center it changes as the mass above you increases while the mass below you decreases. It's a thought I haven't fully examined yet but interesting.

[@youcanhandlethetruth4695]

Exactly The Center would have to Be Neutral or should a say a Neutron Star. The So rounding Mass would Pull away from it by its own Mass, wich would still keep the Center Neutral, sinse its Pulling from all Directions. It has do Become Hollow over time and the Centrifugal Force is going to pull the Shell Further away, making it thiner. Thats where Expanding Earth Fact comes in.

[@Yoel_Mizrachi]

Sweet, my topic suggestion months ago turn to a video

[@MidwitObservations]

Love you SFIA!

[@eric212234]

We did find dna evidence for a species of fish in lake vostok, though it's thought to be contamination.

[@notreallydaedalus]

Nurse, this patient needs a drink and a snack, stat!

[@samiam4544]

Ants technically already rule this planet. Above and bleow.

[@blackflagsnroses6013]

There’s been some fiasco in media over potentially finding Dyson spheres. Thoughts?

[@armendfiqi]

Thoughts are they are all stupid and need to develop brains.... we can't prove there isnt a flying giant ball of spaghetti either doesn't mean it exists. It's pobably dogshit in the telescopes or something

[@jonathanj.3695]

Isn't the Earth technically hollow at its core? I mean, isn't it just liquid magma in the middle?

[@arkblazer1]

Oh good and i was just reading ian bank's matter.

[@honeybear278]

I think most of these constructs are more possible to build than to build a ship which is capable of 0.3 c i think... sorry for bad english

[@trispretty]

What accent is this. I find it delightful to listen to, but i can't for the life of me figure it out

[@djschultz1970]

Orth is a mess. Well Said Isaac.

[@marcelgrabowski5939]

Conspiracy Theorists after watching it: There is no sky! There is next shell, and another, and another! Space programs are actaully exploring shells instead of going to space!

[@deg12k]

Yay!

[@ChibiSteak]

16:14

[@vapormissile]

Our moon isn't hollow. It totally isn't an ark, and nobody flew it here 70,000 yeara ago from a passing star.

[@DmitriVanderbilt]

You're strawmanning what "hollow Earth" theory really is, it's not that the Earth is a shell like a Kinder Surprise, it's more that there are giant natural caves in many places, large enough to house entire ecosystems, or their own native (or non-native) civilizations.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Well no, I specifically said it comes in many varieties and encompasses that too, but the big hollow planet is the best known and there's strawmanning in saying so, especially in a conversation that's focused on construction of the same.

[@Cytl-bu3nq]

you use the term "laugh off certain ideas", but yet use matrioshka worlds as plausible even though we only have theory to prove that they actually exist. Since this delves into the realm of science fiction anyway, seeing as how we lack the knowledge or capability to even begin to create these structures, hence why they are "theory", you are ignoring that which you so often repeat on this show: Clarke's Third Law: Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Could a highly enough advanced civilization be capable of creating a "hollow world" that fools the people living on its surface into believing it is solid and liquid all the way to the core? I'm sure that some people in the comments section will make fun of this and throw insults because that's how people are

[@SoumyaGuharoy-m9r]

4th to comment.

[@ravensnflies8167]

ewmer fudd woud wike to have a wud.

[@artseye00]

Sroked on this topic !! Mahalo IzkArt 🫡

[@Thaumogenesis]

Really walking on eggshells here.

[@Ratstail91]

That made me crack up.

[@vapormissile]

​@@Ratstail91no topic is too-scary for *US* - because we aren't chickens.

[@thepeps101]

Really breaking thin ground with this comment.

[@seriousmaran9414]

Yeah, but it would also be very expensive, you would really have to shell out to buy one... 😊 You are yolking, right? Better stop egging people on.

[@Bear-form]

I see what you did there.

[@comentedonakeyboard]

A hollow planet would also offer a lot of internal storage place (i.e. for snacks and drinks)

[@rgjr702]

My room is a hollow earth then

[@bigjermboktown6976]

You're consistent content and narration abilities are second to none. I enjoy this channel very much and your voice honestly brings me comfort.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you, it's also nice to hear :)

[@WTFoolproof]

I feel the same way and on top of that, I have done worthy combat with a similar speech challenge and it makes public speaking different than the non-stop talking I do everywhere else.

[@Furyhound]

Shells worlds would make a good variation of Shield world, where the entire planet is a bunker.

[@jotasietesiete4397]

A bunker built on the lowest layer of a birch world would be basically inpenetrable, like you could have a rkv machine gun and you'd still need milkennia to get down there

[@classarank7youtubeherokeyb63]

Bunker planets are totally overrated IMO. They might withstand a dozen or so assaults but it's only a matter of time before someone finds an ancient alien superfortress and throws it at you.

[@Furyhound]

@@classarank7youtubeherokeyb63 actually i imagine such worlds would be intended as staggeringly immense ship yards, or in anticipation of a pulsars planet sterilizing beam.

[@classarank7youtubeherokeyb63]

@@Furyhound That was just a 40k joke. It’s where “the planet broke before the guard did” came from if you’ve ever heard it. A shipyard planet sounds pretty awesome. Pretty sure there was an episode on it but I’ll need to rewatch it. Either way, I can’t imagine a shipyard planet being any more secure than a modern day shipyard. Granted, I know nothing about shipyards and ship construction, but you’re not really concerned with a siege or military attack most of the time. When you are, I’m pretty sure you just put some military nearby. Most security would be protecting valuable assets and secrets. You don’t need heavy artillery for that, just security checkpoints and some on site security for someone who tries to run past them. Security will take up space and resources that could be used for shipbuilding so there’s not much point in using more than necessary. An actual fortress world is for when your planet sits in the only way out of the gates of hell and satan’s armies want through.

[@thesilentscreamer1595]

The Forerunners from HALO already have those. They used these shell worlds to protect themselves from the Flood and the firing of the Halo Array.

[@VogtTD]

It would be cool if Isaac would discuss the city from Blame!

[@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x]

That would be cool. But I think he is not that much into Japanese Sci Fi in general, apart from the obvious exceptions.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

@@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x True. I usually find the animation style form the 80s/90s era about as visually painful to watch as the old hanna-barabara cartoons, so I never got too into robotech,, dragonballz, etc, but I know some of the big ones and I've heard of that megacity, it even made it into our Cosmic Capitals episode first draft but got cut for time constraints and because I'm not really clear how it is constructed.

[@chickennugget481]

that would be really cool

[@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x]

@@isaacarthurSFIA Nice to see you here, Isaac! 🖖🏻 Well, you are MUCH more versed than me when it comes to video games and literature. We are huge nerds as we are, we should live multiple lifetimes to be able to know every facets of pop culture equally. There is Netflix original Blame! Anime movie (2017) on Netflix that I intend to watch but never got around to do it, still in my super long list on my Netflix however. (Too much content on the streaming services.) But *Tsutomu Nihei* is among my favorites and I've read everything he did multiple times. What you need to know about him is that he is a cyberpunk-biopunk mangaka and professional architect. His cities and architecture are super well detailed to an amazing level. He has a few rivals and even fewer can surpass his art that should take him awesomely long time and effort and love to create. If some crazy devils like _Kentaro Miura_ weren't around... 😁 Or of course several western artists like the French greats. Or _Geof Darrow_ or _Bryan Hitch._ Hitch's art is very cinematic and detailed, and his work was the main inspiration behind the look and feel of the MCU for example. If you are interested about them Chris of *Comic Tropes* fame had very good videos about all of their careers available right here on KZbin. (I'm not saying realism and detailed art is superior, don't get me wrong. Far from it IMO. But now I'm really rambling, sorry.) Edited some typos.

[@ironl4nd]

@@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x Miura isn´t around anymore. R.I.P.

[@59vibhusharma31]

Isaac, I wanted to ask you to do a video on a topic which is not much talked about. What shall we do as a common person to prepare for the future. Every era of humanity has some changes but our era now has so many changes that it is somewhat uncomparable. I think people who really know what will be the paradigm shift in society are usually not the one with greatest audience but you seem to be the exeption. So a video about what to do now for future(ai, space colonization etc) would be amazing.

[@swamphawk6227]

You should consider a bushcraft/prepper channel, judging byt the way the world is going haha

[@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x]

​@@swamphawk6227 Indeed. And homestead and farming channels.

[@59vibhusharma31]

@@swamphawk6227 I have watched some bushcraft channel but according to even the bushcraft channels, doing actual bushcraft is last resort and you should attempt other options.

[@59vibhusharma31]

@@swamphawk6227 but still thank you for your comment

[@EnneaIsInterested]

Make a personal game plan for when a relative gets dementia.

[@animistchannel]

Other than material inefficiency, the problem with these mega-megastructures comes down to politics (at least as long as humans will human). Humans naturally form civic units of 10,000-60,000 population, and whenever a settlement reaches a command heirarchy multiple of 3-7 times that, it must have another layer of government or beaurocratic authority to manage the size unit below, and each level consumes at least as much resources as the last, until the diseconomy of scales causes an organizational quagmire or collapse -- i.e. death by red tape. These large societies also end up with a severe disconnect between the good of the people and the self-serving parasitism or organizational inertia and depersonalization by administrators. Given this inevitable progress of Parkinson's Law and the Peter Principle, the more efficient and effective long-term plan for expansion would be with structures in the single-unit or canton/county size, something like a 2km diameter by 8km long rotating cylinder, with 6 or 12 such cylinders in a pack. Each cylinder (remembering multiple decks somewhat like these shell worlds) would be a county or canton with tens of thousands of citizens, and there would only need to be a top committee of those dozen "mayors" of each cylinder to make general planning decisions for the total structure. For most in-cylinder rules or decisions, this is still within the practical scope of direct democracy and/or a "council of elders" type system that has been shown to be stable and responsive even in harsh climates with limited technological luxury on earth for thousands of years. Major metropolises and worlds of billions or trillions of citizens may sound glorious to the pharoahanically minded, but they are practically a doomsday recipe for corruption and negligence waiting to happen -- which is where earth has found itself in the last few centuries, and high-population societies like China found themselves repeatedly even thousands of years ago. When there is that much disconnect between leadership and the common good, there is too much room for depersonalizing the population and leadership blindness, until it spoils the fun for everyone. As Laotse put it as early as 400bc: "When the rulers eat too much tax-grain, the whole country suffers." The O'Neill Cylinder packs thus have the advantage being both much more efficient as a habitation per material strategy, and they play to the strengths of human nature rather than fighting against it.

[@captain_buggles]

Even though I get what you're saying, I think the unspoken implication that it's just suddenly too impractical to just have the Shellworld setup be run a similar way, with the main difference just being that all subunits are a lot closer together, feels too arbitrary. There'd have to be an overarching broader ruleset for not engaging in things that would harm your neighbors, but that seems like it'd already be necessary for the more spaced out habitats anyway. It also shouldn't be overlooked that this'd have large benefits in regards to how easily and quickly a large population could travel and trade amongst itself, and I feel like it could further disincentivise bad leadership and provide a stronger safety net for those impacted. Bad subunits, in theory, would be both easier to escape and easier to reach to aid, and people could more easily be exposed to other ways of life to help avoid issues with becoming excessively close-minded and insular. Even if nobody directly comes to interfere with bad subunits, I'd think the odds would naturally lean towards them being unstable and short-lived in the shellworld setup.

[@assemblyrequired7342]

Quite a great coincidence that you should cover Hollow Earth, because I listened to about a story of a supposedly true story from 1829 of an adventure inside the Earth called "The Smoky God" on another channel called The InBetween. As I thought, you've confirmed that the only way that a planet like the Earth could be hollow is if it were artificially created, or augmented/hollowed out and terraformed. And then there is having to actually generate gravity for the inner surface, like the one described in The Smoky God. I would imagine that gravity might get all sorts of wonky as you head towards the entrance hole, because you would have not one, but two gravity fields interacting with each other! One being the Light/Heat Core (which would we would naturally feel on the surface/crust), and the other being the artificial/Compensatory Gravity Field specifically for the Inner Surface. I can't begin to imagine how two gravity fields would play on an aircraft, but I imagine there would be some sort of turbulence. There might even be wind currents interacting with each other from the core world and the surface. I would also imagine that the edge/thickness of the Entrance Holes would be many, many miles in diameter, at least the size of a small moon, and this would probably be designed to exert their own gravity, so you'd barely even notice a curve on the horizon as you crossed through the entrance, let alone feel like you were falling at a 90 degree angle. You would likely see ocean in the distance all around you, and notice the Sun in one part of the sky facing out from the hole, and the Inner Sun in glowing from the direction of the core.

[@389293912]

Look for signs witten by Arne Saknussemm!

[@deker0954]

Their goose was cooked if the powder had not kept its ginger.

[@JohnPritzlaff]

We need new directional maglev tech to pair with other required gravity train-related tech advancements, enabling curved tracks somehow safely and thus making gravity trains worth it. Looking forward to this episode big time.

[@thepepper191]

I wonder if the KZbin algorithm will put a community note on this video because of the title 😂

[@risenarchangel6046]

I would like to see a video based upon the context of ancient humans traveling through the galaxy, you know something like Halo and maybe a theory of why we don’t see them or any other civilization is because of a megastructure like the rings that resets life every so many thousands years. He could call it the Halo Paradox.

[@nunyadayumbusiness591]

You mean his video "cyclic apocalypse"? Or are you trying to get him to read your Halo fan-fic?

[@Russo-Delenda-Est]

"...for the world is hollow, and I have touched the sky!"

[@zackkelley2940]

ST: TOS from the episode of the same name.^^

[@comentedonakeyboard]

🖖

[@mjk9388]

@Isaac Arthur - can we put "Space Marines" up on a Poll? It doesn't necessarily have to be about mech suits or anything (you've covered some of that already), but it would be interesting to get your POV on it given your military experience.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Yes, we'll but that up there on a poll

[@sulljoh1]

I much prefer this conspiracy theory* over the lame flat earth one *Yes, we know it's a megastructure 😛

[@christophermullins7163]

I believe that the most likely scenario is that intelligent and advanced beings have been tampering with earth for billions of years. (Cambrian explosion etc)

[@lonjohnson5161]

Could we put Zero-G worlds up as an option on a poll? My interest was sparked by considering the interior of a hollow world and realizing that there are possibilities. Larry Niven explored one in The Integral Trees and The Smoke Ring. One could argue that the ISS is one, although it may be too small to deserve the "world" label.

[@christianpnorris]

Skynet the first ceiling truss?

[@vi6ddarkking]

A with the Supermassive Black Hole at the center of the galaxy Birch World Is likely the Pinnacles of a K3 civilization's engineering projects for quite a while. And despite the already bonkers living space a single layer would bring us. There is absolutely no reason not to just keep bulding more and more layers. At that point we'll be doing things out of sheer boredom.

[@andrasbiro3007]

When you have a quintillion citizens, and all of them are extremely antisocial.

[@anvos658]

There is a very good reason and its called not wanting new neighbors that make you live in a bubble, whose existence obstructs your own ability to go places. Theses things are also putting all your eggs in one layered basket.

[@buckanderson3520]

I'm seriously considering the possibility that black holes are actually 2 dimensional objects possessing no interior because in a mind boggling sense we(space, the universe) are the interior meaning we are the 3rd dimension of a black hole. Imagine the surface of a black hole as being infinitely thin or dense such that it has no depth. It appears from our perspective to be 3d because we move freely in space but it's surface, the information it contains, is constrained to 2d. Also I believe that black holes cause expansion or are at least the boundary by which expansion can be measured or defined. If I were to attach two ends a rubber band to fixed points such that it made a straight line it would be measured to be a certain length but if I curve or stretch it out of shape it would measure as longer. And if I measure the distance between the two fixed points only according to the length of the rubber band then you would have to conclude that the distance between them expanded. Likewise curving spacetime is by definition expanding it. But I also suspect that there is a perceived distance between things in the universe as measured from our pov and an absolute distance between things as measured from the constant speed of light. It's difficult to imagine because I haven't figured out how to incorporate time into it. But anyway I just wanted to share my thoughts because no one I personally know thinks about these types of things.

[@Shin_Lona]

What if our universe was just a black hole of the 4th dimensional universe? 🤔

[@a.N.....]

Solid ball earth gang here

[@johnandrews1334]

Hollow planet that's only purpose is as a bell

[@annoyed707]

This takes living in Mom's basement to a whole new level.

[@youcanhandlethetruth4695]

If Gravity is because of Mass, right in the Center of a Sphere would be Neutral, since the Mass around it would all Pull at it. Wich means over time the Center would become Hollow, always at the Neutral Spot and the Shell would slowly get Thinner and Bigger over Time. Thats why all Things are Hollow.

[@zarroth]

Not exactly. Mass is not evenly distributed around the planet, or any other planet for that matter, so the center of gravity is NOT the center of the planet. Check out the gravity maps that were created via satellites. The lowest gravity on the planet is in India, and actually lines up with their ancient stories about Krishna landing there. Would make sense to land in the area with the lowest gravity to make it easier to leave later on. While I think the aliens angle is nonsense, using them to entice people to pass on the knowledge in the form of folklore does make sense to me and it clearly worked.

[@youcanhandlethetruth4695]

@@zarroth I did not mean a PERFECT 100% Sphere. Even if it is a little Uneven, it would still create a Neutral Blob in the Center that Pulls away over Time. It is a Fact even Astronomers or NASA Admits, that Planets/Stars Grow. Now is More Matter Accumulated over Time? Or is it because the Outer Layer is Being Pulled Away and thint as I Explained? Is the Mass from Space Dust enough to make the World Grow that much? I doubt it. There is also the Rusting Core Theory, Because Iron get 8X Bigger when it Oxidises. Check out the Video Expanding Earth. I Have it reposted as My First/ Oldest Video with a Little Change. Its is Really Interesting and would explain allot of things, Mainstream Science can not.

[@Grevnor]

Happy Arthursday everybody!

[@nicksavage4763]

I HAVE BEEN in a BOAT ON A LARGE LAKE FILLED WITH FISH INSIDE A MOUNTAIN. CANNOT IMAGINE IT IS THE ONLY LOST SEA. THERE MUST BE EVEN BIGGER ONES THAT HAVENT BEEN ACCESSED YET.

[@zarroth]

There is one under death valley as well. It's got one of a kind species of fish in it that do not exist anywhere else in the world. Meanwhile the surface is a furnace :)

[@Andrew-qw1kq]

We don't go into the caverns, the Shrike is down there.

[@malcolmt7883]

The first American overseas scientific expedition was originally meant to search for the holes-in-the-poles. It later became the Wilkes Expedition. The Smithsonian was created to display the expedition's massive collection.

[@bromine_35]

If Agartha isn't real, we'll make it real

[@Shin_Lona]

All hail Rigden Iyepo, King of the World!

[@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x]

We should build a shell world in the future with at least ten shells. They should be based on: Real Earth surface (multiple geological time periods in different shells), Agartha, Pellucidar, GoT (as tv show opening it is pictured as a hollow Earth) and MonsterVerse version of hollow Earth. With all layers containing the fictional inhabitants realized as the mixture robots, "hard-light"/photomic-forcfield holograms, artificial living organisms and nano swarms.

[@kovi-kovi-viko]

Y'know what they say, "an architect's dream is an engineer's nightmare", and you're going to give engineers a coma. It's so fantastical that it's boring. if you're going to have big monsters in there, you might as well use genetic manipulation instead of typical nanoswarms or "holograms". We have the power to make TEN layers, including a couple others that are essentially full-scale interactive movies. It feels like a genuine cop-out to me.

[@brunocesarcerqueira2525]

The craziest thing about what you mentioned. It's just that based on everything we learned from Isaac Arthur, all of this is possible to build by a K2, or K3 civilization.

[@brunocesarcerqueira2525]

And a K2 or K3 Civilization like ours would actually produce this out of sheer boredom. If FTL travel were truly impossible, we would do anything to fill our Solar System and local group of stars with something full of interesting things. At least it's better to spend time and resources on wars out of sheer boredom.

[@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x]

@@brunocesarcerqueira2525 Agreed. And we could wage wars against dragons with Renaissance level weapons or kaijus, lizardmen, apemen, real extinct animals and alternative fictional dinosaurs using late from late 19th to mid 21st century weapons. Entertainment, sports and exercises, hunting, fulfilling aggressive urges, (by then) deep history and even deeper geologic and paleontological history, reenactment of sorts and ancient literature learning and now rolled all into one. Schools could make field trips in case of literal on hand experience is appreciated instead of the indistinguishably real simulations. Even bodyless stored minds could travel this way with rented bioengineered cyborg bodies. Or The same with then current "actual" biological humanity as they would be very different from us. All in the Klemperer rosette system of our descendants' shell worlds, sprinkled with all kinds of smaller scale but still large space stations in between. Super easy to travel in between worlds is a huge bonus.

[@jessegauthier6985]

Surprised this didn't get one of those youtube disinformation pins

[@whendarknessfalls6969]

The core of "earth" is the core to Sol's companion star being "orbited" by Terra and Theia making earth.

[@jonathanhensley6141]

Imagine the power output a shell world would produce and i would love to see a scyfy series or movies about shell worlds.

[@pmcmanus420]

The fungii of... Yuggoth!!! 😮😮😮

[@ArinRose-id7ju]

I cant comment on Nebula but I found you there and I totally love your videos thank you so much for all the hard work!

[@DonCDXX]

I've long daydreamed about the idea of a shell world around a gas giant in the habitable area of a K type star. A gas giant the size of Jupiter at the distance to have 1G on the shell would be hundreds of times the surface area of Earth.

[@mr.smoothiehuman]

clearly the aliens are living under the shell of the earth! /s

[@christophermullins7163]

There most certainly are nonhuman advanced civilizations that have bases on earth. Earth has had massive manipulation for millions of years. Mainstream denies it but the evidence is everywhere.

[@comentedonakeyboard]

Nope, actualy it's the Dinos, who went paranoid and build a shell around the world, to fake their extinction.

[@kovi-kovi-viko]

​@@comentedonakeyboard Maybe the aliens are the dinosaurs we dug up along the way. Weyland-Yutani's going to have a field day when they hear of the clever girl.

[@comentedonakeyboard]

@@kovi-kovi-viko rummor has it they've allready secured the naming rights for "Jurasic fried Dinos"

[@deker0954]

Inside the sun.

[@grandfrosty]

I was NEVER a huge fan of "dark matter", it's intellectually relieving to have heard recently that the theory has been reasonably debunked...And our planet is crusty!

[@wayneosborne2506]

I think mond was debunked ish. Not necessarily dark matter in general.

[@R.Instro]

@@wayneosborne2506 @grandfrosty The TL;DR is, this is a terminology problem. "Dark matter" as a substance may or may not exist, but the gravitational effects we observe DEFINITELY do. These effects look a lot like some sort of unobservable stuff exists which is acting on the things we can see according to rules we already understand. Unfortunately, BOTH the issue AND its proposed solutions are collectively referred to as "dark matter," and this results in a ton of (needless) confusion. Bottom line: naming the observed effects the same thing as one set of possible explanations is just another reason why astronomers should NOT be allowed to name things, lol. "Dark matter" does neatly describe what we observe: at large scales, stuff behaves as though there is far more matter present than what we can see, and it requires very little modification of the rules of gravity we currently understand to make it all work. The trick is, the term _also_ describes several possible solutions which have been proposed to explain those observations, usually by invoking some type of non-visible stuff ("dark matter") to account for the gravitational effects we observe, with observed effects depending only on the distribution of the invisible material through spacetime, just like with "regular" matter. In this respect, the many variants of MOND can *ALSO* be considered theories which attempt to explain "dark matter" (the effects), even though MOND-style theories try to explain the observations without using any of the substance(s) which one might call "dark matter." At this point, there are problems with all of these proposed theories, full stop. Lambda cold dark matter currently leads the discussion only because it seems to align more fully (not completely, by any stretch) with the observational evidence than the others, but again, that's not to say there's no evidence supporting any of those others either. Lambda CDM is by NO means "proven," nor is it free of issues or contradicting observations in its own right, as many scientists and science communicators have recently pointed out. As such, the search for the true culprit behind our observations continues apace. Keep your MOND-o-meters handy! "We do science because we DON'T know!" - Dr. Pamela Gay

[@whendarknessfalls6969]

Dark matter and dark energy are any matter/energy that is yet discovered, but we know something is there. Say you have a battery and a solar panels that say you're getting 20watts of power but only 5 of it is from the solar panels, Then the 15 is technically dark energy

[@reporeport]

one of your best episodes, Isaac!

[@Just_A_Simple_Time_Traveller]

Nice

[@mattparker9726]

@Isaac Arthur yeah megastructures are cool to think about, but I'm more interested in how we can get off the planet yesterday? Like what about taking near earth objects like nickel iron asteroids, and putting them in geostationary orbit, and my thought is then using some of the extracted material to make a 22 thousand mile long pipe, with a retractable hose on the end to suck some O2 off the top of the atmosphere, and just firing your rocket engine during, to keep up velocity. Food can obviously be grown in space. Water might be a problem on such a small asteroid. I'd like to see Ceres moved right next to earth, but something that massive would likely have to be carefully balanced. Your thoughts on the next decade of space habitats?

[@multifarian]

I'm really waiting for the Magastructures: Disasters series.. Like, what if we have an orbital ring, with space elevators, but now - because humans, asteroid, gravity-wave - part of it came down.. like.. hard.. So we end up with a sortakinda tube-ramp that goes up into space, but is also slowly torn apart by earths's spin... dragging it's tail end across the surface of earth... Or we make a Dyson sphere and, oh - hello perseid meteor shower.. now there's holes in our sphere.. Or, when we talk space elevators.. say these go to just above low earth orbit to avoid the satellites.. but then.. kessler syndrome... Though I'm always positively triggered by the Megastructure series, I'm also always left wondering about doomsday scenarios with these things.. Mainly because of the amazing pictures my mind comes up with but also.. I guess as humans we're wired that way? Either way - it'd be interesting.. I think... from an man-made-act-of-god-level-disaster point of view... ;)

[@frankkoslowski6917]

Wow! Based on an exact understanding of God's own creation when making Earth. It could even support a breathable atmosphere. Right? 😃

[@JaniLassila]

Could it be theoretically possible that the space in Hollow Earth would be bigger on the inside than the outside in such a manner, that the boundary of different curvatures of space (aka. surface of the hollow Earth) would be actually flat or very close to flat (when observed from the inside)? If it is possible, what kind of exotic particles would be required to pull that off (I guess dark matter won't do, even if it exist)?

[@christianpnorris]

If there is supposedly more subterranian water than on the surface, wouldn't we expect that there is also more air farther inside as well? I can't see the difficulty in the concept that, if mass is the "cause" of gravity's effect, that an accretion would occur at the outer limits of it's effect creating a (reasonably thick if becoming solid) shell or bubble of stratifications equal on either side of the "g zone" with gravity equal(ish) on either side, maybe lighter on mountaintop irregularities... No? Let's go see!

[@WTFoolproof]

My mind kept substituting Jim Gaffigan saying "hollow pocket" or "magma pocket" whenever you said it. I try for a "fool's mate" in hollow earth debates by pointing out the cave systems prove partial hollowness and that partially refutes any solid earth theory. after all I am trying to win the crowd not my opponent.

[@barghestblue731]

Lol, what's Less Wrong got on you Isaac to make you do an episode on Roko's Basilisk? At least it should be an easy episode considering you've already gone over why it's a less than coherent idea in various other videos. Although admittedly, not on specifically: an A.I. creating a digital hell to throw people it feels did not sufficiently contribute to it's creation into, but the various parts of all that. My favorite part of its Wikipedia page is that it uses the Harry Potter definition of Basilisk and not the medieval version it says it's using.

[@EnneaIsInterested]

Instead of very deep oceans, you could just have some Underdarks, and they could function effectively as more-productive ecosystems, and you could use the Underdark rivers and lakes as part of your nutrient pump systems, it would just yield more productivity than in the aphotic zone on Earth.

[@thetruth45678]

I do enjoy Marvel Comics' Savage Lands hollow Earth. It has dinosaurs.

[@straagzthemc4614]

Hey I've wondered for a bit now, would the gravity at the poles be different to the equator? Would earth's angular momentum go against the pull of gravity at the equator?

[@RamielNagisa]

What are your thoughts/theories on Betelgeuse and its supposed appearance in relation to our current theories on stars and physics? (I ask because I recall seeing an article claiming it looks weird and “physics says it shouldn’t” or something similar)

[@tommymickey5388]

They have seismic causing technology. HAARP is one version of something like that but i believe HAARP is more diverse with what they can get it to do

[@ChaJ67]

Especially after last night's presidential debate, we know about roundish things that are hollow, but they are not shell worlds and there is definitely nothing adventurous to explore inside.

[@alanweiman1521]

I been working on ceres as a shell world and have been hung up on maths. How would I go about calculating the effect of a shell worlds rotation with 1 or 2 layers filled with water?

[@Femaiden]

if you made a hollow world with layers of living space inside it, then how does society decide who lives on what layer? are certain layers more desirable than others? are the rich going to get to live on the best layer, while the poor get banished to the worst layers? will the poor end up living on layers that get no sunlight and over generations, they will mutate and evolve to a different breed of humans that can exist without sunlight, like The Morlocks?

[@389293912]

Just use the material to make ring worlds that support themselves with centrifugal force. I see no benefit in making spheres.