Operant conditioning: Positive-and-negative reinforcement and punishment | MCAT | Khan Academy

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[@AristonSparta]

I really love your idea on positive reinforcement for safe driving. In hindsight, outside of insurance companies providing discounts, there really aren’t many incentives other than the obvious (biological preservation, societal safety, etc) for safe driving.

[@Yazzzzy]

Thanks, I need to know this for an exam coming up. The struggle of not paying attention in class lol.

[@anthonyfergerson3444]

Yasmin E same

[@nathalia8146]

More like the struggles of paying attention and still not understanding

[@ExpatJoel]

more like the struggle of not going to class

[@crystalkadletc1944]

nathalia yesssss

[@natnaelgetu9668]

where you at now yasmin

[@gerardtalbot6244]

A picture paints a thousand words, you my friend I thank you.

[@jenniferkline970]

Been studying this for awhile for an exam, great examples, really really helps!! Nice work!

[@zonanasir4148]

May I ask what were you studying? And what level??

[@ratphobia4692]

@@zonanasir4148I know this is 2 years later to a 10 year post, I am currently in psychology 101 learning about this! Exam is tmrw wish me luck

[@susanrolison5919]

Oh my gosh, thank you! I have been through so many classes and after viewing this video, it is the FIRST time I actually "see" it.

[@troydixon7]

Now I'm on my soap box about excelling. Holding the right mental attitude. Two modes of thought. There's a consequential style of learning like trial and error. The other opposite style of learning is a positive reinforcement. Let me give an example of how different learning styles are based upon mental attitudes. Literally the idea of being jealous or envious I believe requires a trial and error style of learning. On the other hand, if an individual is inspired by another, admires or looks up to good works, a negative style of learning can be harmful. Wishing or being doubtful is not the same as being jealous or envious.

[@nicholaspybus9949]

Something that really needs to be addressed that almost no one seems to focus on is that the desired "behavior" can be good or bad for the individual and what they define as good or bad is relative, unfortunately. In the case of the 'safe driving' example the desired behavior could be changed to 'unsafe driving' (psychotic, yes, but necessary for understanding the terms). In that case if you wanted someone to become an unsafe driver the positive reinforcement would be giving them a reward every time they drive without their seatbelt on or hitting them on the back of the head every time they put their seatbelt on. Both are positive reinforcers because you are introducing a stimulus to get the desired behavior even if the behavior is not good for the persons' well-being. In that case a negative reinforcer would be adding a buzz sound after the seatbelt has been put on and turning it off when the seatbelt is clicked off because we are reinforcing the desired behavior is unsafe driving. For positive punishment it would be issuing a ticket when that individual is found driving with their seatbelt off (since the desired behavior of unsafe driving wants to be reduced) and negative punishment would be driving suspensions. The reason I think this is important is because there are people out there whose desired behavior is for the negative impact of someone's well-being and abusive relationships are a prime example of this where someone will abuse someone (positive reinforcement) in order to get the desired behavior of complete obedience and submission to the individual which is important to understand in psychology and counselling.

[@uhnimates]

🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:01 🧠 Operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and consequences. 01:00 🏆 There are two main types of consequences: reinforcement and punishment. 02:20 ➕ Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (positive: adding something, negative: taking something away). 03:21 ➖ Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (positive: adding something, negative: taking something away). 06:07 ♻️ All consequences (reinforcement and punishment) have a reciprocal relationship with behavior and influence its future occurrence. Made with HARPA AI

[@ZERO-zu2mv]

positive reinforcement: giving a reward/ negative reinforcement: taking the reward away. / positive punishment: scaring the subject. / negative punishment: taking their reward away.

[@spots8060]

You have positive punishment wrong. Positive punishment is adding an aversive event to decrease a behavior. Fear has nothing to do with it.

[@ladykws]

BRAVO. Thank you for a clear and concise explanation. You made my brain smile; I think she got it, folks.

[@mehrijabrailin]

I literally learnt the subject from this video, great job and thank you a lot.

[@gwenlbzdJR1]

I think the examples of positive and negative punishment are incorrect for the example goal of "safe driving". Technically, to follow the same logic as you used for positive and negative reinforcement, you should have said that the impact of punishment would be to REDUCE the likelihood of safe driving happening in the future. Instead you switched the goal to reducing POOR driving. This switcharoo convolutes the lecture.

[@jaymsleedan]

Why would the impact of punishment reduce the likelihood of safe driving? Isn't the overall goal safe driving?

[@cmascarinas]

+Dan McLee Because "Reinforcement" was defined as "increase the likelihood that a target behavior will occur again". Therefore the inverse of that should be "Punishment -- DECREASE the likelihood that a target behavior will occur again."

[@anjunisingh6373]

I agree. The lecture became highly confusing to me because of this.

[@Aiden-xr1se]

The overall goal IS safe driving. The punishments were dealt due to bad driving in an attempt to encourage good driving.

[@rawpotatoes3785]

I don't think he said that if you read the captions.

[@danielajulio2522]

Thank you so much. It really helps to study for my exam! 😊

[@adriansanders1526]

I needed this . This was a really great example. Please post a video explaining Respondent or Classical condition ( Pavlov)

[@13tricey]

Must say excellent video. Such a simple example. Thanks.

[@jaymsleedan]

Now this makes sense., the goal for punishment would be to reduce the likelihood of "poor driving" by not "reducing safe driving". That then results in the Goal= safe driving.....THANK YOU

[@namansrivastava8300]

I was having much doubt in this topic but, you explained it quite well. Well done and Thank You So much

[@goooobrainy]

omg thank you so much for explaining this process so thoroughly. I was stuck for a while not understanding the differences between these concepts. But I do now, thanks!

[@mwendamwinga6542]

So helpful. Thanks soooo much

[@markbomvana1668]

This was a very complex theory before but not anymore. Thanks 👐

[@AgentMoAirsoft]

Put on 1.25 playback speed. Your welcome 😂

[@eddie1998ful]

lmao!!

[@ArielStar]

I like the normal speed.

[@alexelliottloughran93]

haha yeah

[@guilhermeadan2329]

lol perfect

[@ThemDevons]

✊🏽✊🏽

[@nigelhall3398]

There was another video I watched where the ticket example was actually an instance of negative punishment because it takes away your money. Seems like nobody really understands these concepts and they are worded very strangely. So glad Im not majoring psychology.

[@007Zangetzu]

It's not that people don't understand the concepts, it's that the concepts are flexible and they also depend on how one interprets the situation. Some people might consider having to do housework/cleaning as a punishment while others see it as enjoyable.

[@ianfinn6686]

True

[@EAPoliticsTV]

I know

[@starlingwatermelon24]

@@007Zangetzu or studying as it seems for a lot of students xD

[@xTHEGOLDFROSTYx]

thank you so much I now understand operant conditioning

[@dariusslade4953]

Presented like a real social worker 😊😊😊

[@adriansanders1526]

😂

[@yengsspecialtutorials1136]

Fantastic presentation

[@larissamanengeri1959]

Thank you so very much. I understand it better now. However, this gets complicated to me when it comes to testing. For example with Punishment, the Ticket. Yes, the driver is given a ticket but at the same time, that it's his or her money being taken away. Which means it can be both negative and positive?

[@philyeary8809]

Driver and ticket makes the State Money. Slavery.

[@pixietrixiegirl]

Great visualizations and example, finally understood this thoroughly

[@Julie200212]

Examples of safe driving are well put

[@xjt5998]

This is very informative! Thank you!

[@peakyblinders8748]

🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:30 🧠 *Operant conditioning explores the link between behaviors and their consequences, shaping future behaviors.* 01:00 🔄 *Consequences in operant conditioning involve reinforcement (positive and negative) and punishment (positive and negative).* 02:20 ➕ *Positive reinforcement adds something to increase a behavior (e.g., rewarding safe driving with a gift card).* 03:21 ➖ *Negative reinforcement removes something to increase a behavior (e.g., stopping a buzzer by wearing a seatbelt).* 04:27 ⛔ *Punishment decreases behavior tendencies, with positive punishment adding something (e.g., receiving a ticket for speeding) and negative punishment taking something away (e.g., losing a driver's license for consistent unsafe driving).* Made with HARPA AI

[@Jazzv13]

That helped a lot thank you!

[@rehansalman4874]

relieved .... from tension of tomorrow's class test... tnx a lot.. :)

[@jourdsteve]

Great explanation. Thank you!

[@ExpressionsofAwakening]

Finally! I understand this....great simple video...thanks!

[@chukwudicharles7916]

Thank you so much

[@janicelee8420]

In this case, is the buzzer a positive punisher that causes the behavior of safe driving to be negatively reinforced?

[@karlamiracle7013]

This was exceedingly helpful. Thank you very much ^-^

[@camelatigah2497]

This is really helpful.

[@monteirotx1]

Perfect explanation. Now I understand the differences.

[@ozdogwoman]

I need permission to use your KZbin videos at a dog training seminar I am presenting at. How do I contact someone for permission? Many thanks for such clear and *positive* information clearly presented.

[@mkeiselects]

with regards to negative reinforcement in this example, Im reminded of an issue that i have with this concept. this hypothetical points out what i mean perfectly. isn’t negative reinforcement in itself almost always predicated on punishment? the buzz before the seatbelt is added could be viewed as a punishment. many instances of negative reinforcement fit this mold. i sometimes wonder if negative reinforcement is under-explored or overvalued

[@sharikabaqual5367]

Thankuu sooo muchh ... You are a saviour ! 😊

[@vibhootikumar1177]

Nice explanation

[@bachnguyen6775]

Thank you very much!

[@borislappen2990]

Totally helps! Thank you very much!!!

[@Sara0_0b]

Helpful

[@shahanasanam7457]

Thank you

[@edwinbanogon5664]

Great and amazing teacher!!!

[@stacyherook8226]

Great video! Thank you!

[@WestVision]

your good at teaching

[@TangyTunes-ew6uu]

I love it.

[@Allgreenleaves]

Thax for your great lecture. I got it all clearly. examples make me understand

[@ughsirius]

Thank youuu

[@jesseberry7521]

I guess that's a very good way to explain it must be why all cars beep now if you get close to another car or a curb

[@TheBigReid23]

Great Video! Simple and elegant!

[@kaykaylo5828]

great example! thank you

[@laurenmeenhorst8046]

Great explanation!

[@natnaelgetu9668]

thank you bruh

[@lishaohlisha]

So clear now!! Thank you

[@joshmorgan4790]

That first diagram with the arrows is incorrect for negative reinforcement. It’s the only quadrant that happens before the behaviour, that is a very important factor of negative reinforcement. Behaviour ➡️consequence ➡️ +R/+P/-P With negative reinforcement. -R ➡️behaviour➡️consequence Seat belt alarm happens (-R) ➡️ person puts seat belt on (behaviour)➡️alarm turns off (consequence)

[@destined1diva]

Excellent. Simply demonstrated and easily understood. Great job. Thanks :-)

[@cherryg.3042]

Thank you!

[@gayathrimenon9357]

Thanks a ton man

[@coldstarrynight]

super super helpful!!

[@jennicakes632]

this helped a lot thank u

[@alesandroalberto1707]

I am a little bit struggling to find the distinction between negative reinforcement and positive punishment. Isn't that if the guy doesn't wear seat belt, and annoyed by a buzzing sound, are considerably a positive punishment?

[@alesandroalberto1707]

That is only confusion in a matter of context. However, the concept of taking away something as a practice of reinforcement are pretty difficult to understand.

[@SpecialistCMLSJ]

awesome great work makes sense totally

[@Carsal6116]

thanku

[@binyamy5170]

Very clarifying. Thank you !!! Regard Psych student

[@lillilac0688]

very helpful thanks

[@binayakumarshahi8744]

Thank you ....well explained...

[@zonanasir4148]

Is this concept taught? And to what students? We don't study this and I've noticed some of the comments are from students

[@guillesaldana]

This was on my MCAT

[@ValbbyRod]

Thanks for the upload

[@zakiyakhan5826]

Great job 👍

[@nejcfink5131]

Could we give someone mayo (spoiled) as a positive punishment (we add an unpleasant stimulus) so his/her chance of eating the sandwich would drop? When I get a task(exam), I dont know if I should take it as classical or operant conditioning. I know that by classical conditioning its always about association between 2 stimulus, normally one is reflex, one calls the situation the oder doesn/t, and we pair it with something so the ns goes to cs. And at operant you have more like consequences, and you associate if the action leads to a good pleasant consequence then the chance of the action in the future will be higher, and vice versa if the action leads to bad unpleasant consequence. One more example. I went to the doctor, and he said "this wont hurt at all" before giving us an injection, which felt like hell. So? I would understand this is typical for classical conditoning, we associate the "it wont hurt a bit" with pain, so next time when you are example at school and someone says "this wont hurt a bit" you run away. OTHER explanation (OPERANT CONDITIONING) for me would be, that we take this injection as a positive punishment, so it would reduce our action to go to the doctor, because we take it as a bad consequence? WHERE AM I WRONG? please please explain ...

[@LoveMe2Today]

I have a better understanding

[@darkis9154]

3:44 Isn't adding the buzzing sound considered positive punishment since the person didn't wear the seat belt?

[@joshmorgan4790]

It’s - R because the seatbelt buzzer happens before the behaviour, and makes a behaviour more likely to occur, The diagram he made is wrong which is why it’s confusing.

[@lucl5383]

This is the first time Kahn Academy was very unhelpful

[@Eric-yj5xg]

What about social conformity by negative renforcement from leaders or peer influences? Aka bullying someone to conform to certain believes. It would be nice if you did a topic on it. Like why do people hate something even if the outcome is positive (ex: gay people, racisim, age, etc.)

[@davesbabe42able]

This was so helpful! Thank you!

[@mercedesmalone973]

perfect clear and concide thanks so much

[@jasonzacharias2150]

KHAN!!!!!!!

[@hossamsamir1141]

How the machine understands that it is a positive reward or not, why it supposed that it was a positive reward it can't feel why not it repeats the wrong decision ?

[@eunicedanao1040]

I hope you give basic example for that but nonetheless the content is good :)

[@shreymishra2905]

Why punishment cannot be used as a negative reinforcer?

[@dewgyhouserm.d.4224]

If your goal is safe driving, speeding tickets are negative reinforcement. If your goal is reduce speeding, tickets are positive punishment.

[@scottbaron2785]

why did you leave out extinction?

[@remygonzalez1174]

scott baron extinction is one of the most important results of operant conditioning too!

[@hannahstyles8848]

How is a speeding ticket considered positive??

[@nicholaspybus9949]

It is but, unfortunately, this part is incorrect. He said that punishment is used to decrease the tendency that the behavior will occur again. In the case of safe driving punishment would be issued to decrease their tendency to drive safe. It should have been that a ticket was given when the person was driving safely (positive punishment) and the license was taken away when the person was driving safely (negative punishment) since the punishment was to decrease the likelihood of someone driving safely. Or that a reward like a gas card was given when a person drove without their seatbelt on (positive punishment) or a buzz was issued when the person put their seatbelt on and turned off when they took their seatbelt on (negative punishment).

[@SROD_559]

Wish me luck on my exam tomorrow😂 its do or die at this point 😅

[@computeryogi]

A ticket is taking your money away and marking your reputation as a driver negatively. Positive/Negative punishment distinction is problematic in this sense.

[@Overtime-Trucking]

E for effort on drawing

[@aliandbiancaahmad9331]

In this article you uploaded your said that a ticket is negative punishment as it is "taking away money". So is it largely due to your perception of whether a ticket is positive or negative? www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/a/classical-and-operant-conditioning-article

[@gauravk.s.326]

Career influencing tutorial

[@tenzinkunsang6601]

he made the concept very confusing.....

[@statistic420]

Anyone else use these videos to better understand dog training?

[@Troynjk]

a ticket can be considered as negative punishment cause it takes money away.

[@cmascarinas]

This is actually confusing. You said that "Reinforcement" was to "increase the likelihood of a target behavior occurring again." Therefore shouldn't "Punishment" be the opposite of that -- to "DECREASE the likelihood of a target behavior occurring again"? But in your example for Punishment, you increased the likelihood of good driving instead of decreasing it.

[@Creative.Pursuit]

U might be right I think. But simply put In order to get something like a reward you do the right thing is positive. Negative is getting someone to do the right thing by placing a negative aspect which they will have to remove. In order to get the gas money u put on ur seat belt. In order to stop the beeping you put on your seat belt. Its 2 different methods of making someone put on their seat belt. One is a reward the other to do right thing and 2nd is enforcing something negative until someone does the right thing. Positive Punishment is giving something to stop an act and negative is taking away something to stop an act. A parent can give a beating to stop the child from an act Or take away his or her video games. I think it's confusing because it seems as if positive punishment overlaps negative reinforcement. But there is a slight difference which might be the confusing part. In negative reinforcement the negative is there until the person does the right thing. In positive punishment the punishment is there after the act in order to make sure the same act doesn't happen again.

[@nouahlevi]

+cmascarinas read your last sentence again. In his punishment example he is trying to increase good driving and decrease bad driving. Reinforcement was to increase the likelyhood of good driving. Punishment was to decrease the likelyhood of bad driving.

[@harveyblackheart]

+levi nouah this is gonna seem nit-picky, but in part I think it's confusing, because it seems like the terms are being altered mid example. Like the seat belt thing. obviously an electronic mechanism in a car can't punish. It might make more sense if we were still using the parents trying to make the kid drive safer. Personally i'm having a lot of trouble spotting the distinction between adding a stimuli and subtracting one. In my psych class he told us essentially the same thing as here. But what I'm not getting is... when you take something away, like say... the car... your increasing the likelihood it wont happen again, but if the parent smacks them around until they submit...it's shitty, but aren't they also increasing the likelihood the kid will drive safer next time... out of fear...I mean that's terrible, but I don't see much of a distinction. you could re word it and shift the focus onto other areas of the story, but doesn't that make whether it's reinforcement or punishment sort of subjective? I've been trying to spot these in class and i always get confused. Like I understand it in principal, but I'm supposed to be able to spot the difference on an exam.

[@harveyblackheart]

+levi nouah this is gonna seem nit-picky, but in part I think it's confusing, because it seems like the terms are being altered mid example. Like the seat belt thing. obviously an electronic mechanism in a car can't punish. It might make more sense if we were still using the parents trying to make the kid drive safer. Personally i'm having a lot of trouble spotting the distinction between adding a stimuli and subtracting one. In my psych class he told us essentially the same thing as here. But what I'm not getting is... when you take something away, like say... the car... your increasing the likelihood it wont happen again, but if the parent smacks them around until they submit...it's shitty, but aren't they also increasing the likelihood the kid will drive safer next time... out of fear...I mean that's terrible, but I don't see much of a distinction. you could re word it and shift the focus onto other areas of the story, but doesn't that make whether it's reinforcement or punishment sort of subjective? I've been trying to spot these in class and i always get confused. Like I understand it in principal, but I'm supposed to be able to spot the difference on an exam.

[@harveyblackheart]

+levi nouah this is gonna seem nit-picky, but in part I think it's confusing, because it seems like the terms are being altered mid example. Like the seat belt thing. obviously an electronic mechanism in a car can't punish. It might make more sense if we were still using the parents trying to make the kid drive safer. Personally i'm having a lot of trouble spotting the distinction between adding a stimuli and subtracting one. In my psych class he told us essentially the same thing as here. But what I'm not getting is... when you take something away, like say... the car... your increasing the likelihood it wont happen again, but if the parent smacks them around until they submit...it's shitty, but aren't they also increasing the likelihood the kid will drive safer next time... out of fear...I mean that's terrible, but I don't see much of a distinction. you could re word it and shift the focus onto other areas of the story, but doesn't that make whether it's reinforcement or punishment sort of subjective? I've been trying to spot these in class and i always get confused. Like I understand it in principal, but I'm supposed to be able to spot the difference on an exam.

[@Chandler890]

is this guy accurate?

[@user-sp2kp9wf9o]

everything was good with this lecture until the example, it doesnt sound right.