Orbits For Earth-like Planets

Artifexian on how to put habitable, earth-like planets into orbit.
Topics discussed: Semi-major axis, Habitable Zones aka Goldilocks Zone, Eccentricity, Number of Planets vs Average Eccentricity, Apses (Periapsis and Apoapsis), Orbital Period, i.e., How Long Is a Year, Orbital Velocity, Inclination, Retrograde Orbits, HAT-P-7b, Longtitude of the Ascending Node and Argument of Periapsis. Enjoy!
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DISCUSS THIS EPISODE ON REDDIT: goo.gl/Qrd9T3
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ARTIFEXIAN ON THE INTERWEB:
KZbin: / artifexian
Facebook: / artifexian
Twitter: artifexian
Podcast: www.artifexian....
Reddit: / artifexian
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EQUATIONS:
Eccentricity Indicator: 0.584*N^(-1.2)
Periapsis: a(1-e)
Apoapsis: a(1+e)
Orbital Period: sqrt(a^3/M)
Orbital Velocity: sqrt(M/R)
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SYSTEM STATS:
STAR:
Mass: 0.75 solar masses
Luminosity: 0.37 Solar Lumens
Habitable Zone: 0.57 - 0.83 AU
Frost Line: 2.95 AU
Inner Limit: 0.075
Outer Limit: 30 AU
PLANET (A):
Semi-Major Axis: 0.41 AU
Eccentricity: 0.07
Longitude of the Ascending Node: 100 deg
Argument of Periapsis: 50 deg
Inclination: 2.14 deg
PLANET (B) - OUR HABITABLE PLANET:
Semi-Major Axis: 0.69 AU
Eccentricity: 0.03
Longitude of the Ascending Node: 0 deg
Argument of Periapsis: Undefined
Inclination: 0 deg
PLANET (C):
Semi-Major Axis: 1.29 AU
Eccentricity: 0.04
Longitude of the Ascending Node: 75 deg
Argument of Periapsis: 25 deg
Inclination: 1.28 deg
PLANET (D):
Semi-Major Axis: 3.95 AU
Eccentricity: 0.05
Longitude of the Ascending Node: 40 deg
Argument of Periapsis: 300 deg
Inclination: 1.72 deg
PLANET (E):
Semi-Major Axis: 7.5 AU
Eccentricity: 0.235
Longitude of the Ascending Node: 200 deg
Argument of Periapsis: 125 deg
Inclination: 4 deg
Thanks you all so much for watching (and reading)…Edgar out!
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"Unwritten Return" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0
creativecommons...

[@GabrielGABFonseca]

Sir, may I declare this undeniable fact in the most straightforward manner within my human grasp: You're awesome. Keep rocking' it.

[@Artifexian]

***** Haha, great comment. Tell you who is more awesome then me...people, like your good self, who watch my videos and continue to support the channel. :) Thanks a mil.

[@celtofcanaanesurix2245]

Could you do a video on what the temperature is when the planet is in different distances

[@celtofcanaanesurix2245]

+Aaron Lasby thanks I'll look it up

[@NikodAnimations]

According to the inverse-square law

[@Heschoscho]

as always, great video! really love this series, keep up the good work.

[@Artifexian]

Markus Mines Cheers Markus, thanks for watching :)

[@stupidsonicseriez8382]

Artifexian can I ask if a planet could surport life if it had an axial tilt of 90 degrese but was tidaly locked btw luv ur videos there awesome

[@tiagofreitas5383]

+Artifexian Could you do a video about a planet´s atmosphere, you know how to calculate the mass, and its composition etc. ? Please. It would be very helpful for me. Thank you

[@parthiancapitalist2733]

Stupid Sonic Seriez How could it spin?

[@kaireese6380]

If I have two stars (in a P-Type Binary System-the Tatooine system) do I use their combined masses in the equations that call for the mass of the planet's star?

[@therandomhat_]

Yes, the stars are close enough where they are in effect a single large star when it comes to using equations. Just remember P-Type binary star systems are a lot more unstable then regular star systems and won't have many planets.

[@angeldude101]

You're visualizing your orbits in Universe Sandbox? I'm writing my own simplistic simulator in Elm because these videos are just too cool.

[@daniel_rossy_explica]

Me too, but I would't say that is "simplistic: github.com/AzoeDesarrollos/worldbuilding

[@jackcarlin8125]

learning so much from your videos!!! keep it up!

[@johnydl]

You said that habitable planets would have a low orbital eccentricity would it be possible to construct a world that had summers and winters as a planet based on its Periapsis and Apoapsis rather than based on orbital tilts? How eccentric could this world be? It wouldn't be earth like but it should still be habitable right? If summers and winters happened near planetary equinoxes the two hemispheres might have vastly different evolutionary paths, the planetary tilt might mean the north might have a warmer earlier spring and a chillier autumn which could lead to year long mild zones near large bodies of water that keep the summer heat into the chilly winter and hold onto the winter cold as the warm spring happens, potentially giving areas that could be temperate year round jungles rather than tropical ones. Conversely the southern hemisphere would have sharper transitions between hot summers and cold winters, because their springs would be relatively cool their summers would onset very suddenly and autumns being warmer would mean the winters do the same, this could be lead to what might be temperate zones on a less eccentric planets being areas that might flash from tundra to desert and back each year the more equatorial areas flashing hotter faster than less equatorial areas but also able to accrue more heat to slowly release as winter onsets and having a longer start to winter than somewhere further polewards. I don't know if you'll read comments on 2 year old videos but it could make for an interesting video ;)

[@johnydl]

I Universe Sandboxed it out a few times and got varying results one example: Main Sequence star: all hydrogen 1.12 solar mass Planet Composition: Mass 2.16 Earths 37.5% Iron, 62.5% water, 0.004% water, Magnetic field 1.11 Gauss, Atmosphere 7.28E+18kg, Albido 0.29, IR emissivity 1 Planet orbit: Semi Major Axis 2.18 AU, Eccentricity 0.22, inclination 0, A of periapsis 0, obliquity 19.3, A of obliquity 90, rotational period 1.44 days I end up with a global temperature flowing from +46C to -15C and a chance of earthlike life is 60-70% depending on the time of year, I don't quite know how to solve the snowball problem initially but once life that might be stabilized simply by plantlife modifying albido based on colour and need (summer scorching heats -> lighter colours will dominate because easiest way to regulate temperature is to not get hot in the first place, winter low light -> darker colours because need all the energy possible)

[@abramocharles]

yes ensure no nearby orbits

[@sneakyturtle5425]

1:07 nice

[@TroubleeEntendre]

Are you going to do any more conlang videos? Those were really cool. Maybe a video series where you create a conlang, similar to how you've created a solar system here.

[@Artifexian]

TroubleeEntendre Yup, I'm alternating between physics and language. Next video (hopefully) will be a conlang video.

[@grimtheghastly8878]

About calculation the orbital period, what if your planet is located in a p-type configuration?

[@digital_matt]

Is there a way to figure out Milankovitch cycles from eccentricity?

[@MrRyanroberson1]

what of a high eccentricity non-axially-tilted world with a strong fluid magnetic core that repels its tiny home star? is that feasible as a sort of habitable mercury type style?

[@lock_ray]

Very nice, I'll definitely look check this video every now and then while building my world XD. The new music is gonna take some getting used to though :/

[@Artifexian]

Lock Ray I may change up the music again. Don't know. Need to loose the jazz in order to be less like minutephysics.

[@lock_ray]

Artifexian Heh, thanks for responding to every single comment I make on your vids, you're pretty awesome XD

[@Artifexian]

No probs, I try my best to reply as much as possible. If I don't reply, I'm scripting. Just a bit of heads up for the future. :)

[@noahnaugler7611]

how does this function with substantial Trojans? (bodies sharing orbits, at 120° translations)

[@ItsRetardedDuck]

what about non-habitable terrestrial planets? are the ranges for eccentricity etc. the same? (also for the planets mass range etc. because you covered only habitable planets this far??)

[@Artifexian]

Retarded Duck For non-habitable planet you can ramp up the eccentricity almost at will. In terms of mass, terrestrial planets can have a mass up to about 10 earth masses. Around 10 earth masses the planet transitions to a gas dwarf.

[@andradenelia82]

how do u make the things u draw move?

[@riverzebra]

Would a system of three planets in the same orbit (all the same distance from their star and spread out enough from each other) work?

[@Artifexian]

riverzebra Technically yes, you can use lagrange points. Realistically, two may be the limit. kzbin.info/www/bejne/Z4rEh4eNl8tjmMk

[@orionsuniverse6680]

Interesting video

[@pattydavidson8412]

what is the most planets you can have in a system

[@ryuko4478]

Patty Davidson depends on the star

[@bartonpaullevenson3427]

No one knows, but I'd say it's almost certainly less than 20.

[@allanjohnson8951]

Ah yes, Desmos, the lifesaver of any solar system builder.

[@milindgavhankar8913]

What is the possibility that two planets of unequal masses rotate around a star in the same orbit without colliding each other remaining equidistant from each other and different spins both having moons?

[@teli6350]

+James Lolan well, a horseshoe orbit like Janus and Epimetheus' orbits around Saturn may be possible for planets, but, very unlikely.

[@jameslolan829]

Professorbairos Yeah, and then the problem that they have moons..

[@nadhindrahakim4761]

Well, there are Lagrange points along the orbit.

[@nadhindrahakim4761]

Yeah, oops one of the moons (from the planet with a lower mass than the other) will collide with one of the planets due to the the other planet having a larger mass than the other the moon's orbit from one planet would be peturbed by the other planet.

[@coloradan2563]

I got 3.909 in the for the orbital period with a semi-major axis of 2.6 AU and a sun with 1.15 solar masses. Is this correct?

[@NikodAnimations]

1.15^3=1.32. 1.32x1.37=1.811. Your planet is too cold for macroscopic life

[@voidlesslove3123]

One these days Artifexian should be sponsored by Universe Sandbox

[@sclair2854]

Binary planets next? D:

[@Artifexian]

S Clair Already covered here kzbin.info/www/bejne/q3SrnKBoobtssLs and here kzbin.info/www/bejne/o4fLaWetd6iDldU

[@sclair2854]

Artifexian So planets just work the same way? The gravity of the star is negligible?

[@Artifexian]

S Clair For ease of worldbuilding, yes. Although real physics will be more rigorous. For close binaries (tatooine) just combine the mass of the two stars in all the above calculations. For distant binaries, just assume that the gravitational effect of the secondary bodies is negligible, i.e, don't factor the second star into your equations. Again, I want to stress that this is not real physics. This is purely to simplify the calculations whilst still giving plausible-ish results. After all a worldbuilder should spend more time creating stories than running calculations.

[@boxthememeguy]

nice

[@aubrypersilwill4146]

1:06 noice

[@NikodAnimations]

My planet's orbit is so close to the inner edge of the habitable zone that its orbital eccentricity has to be a ridiculously tiny 0.018. Or less. Let's pick 0.011. Edit: Wait, but the temperature becomes 27°C- Never mind, let's just add 0.005 AU to the planet, that brings it to 20°C Edit 2: Great, now that gives it temperature fluctuations of 13°C, let's decrease the albedo by 0.01, that will colden the place Edit 3: What if there is hardly any axial tilt, and the apses define the seasons? Here's what I settled on: Semimajor axis = 0.485 AU Albedo = Same as earth Eccentricity = 0.015

[@leewaters5949]

Hey, seasons are determined by tilt, not by distance from the sun. Summer is not always at perihelion, otherwise, the entire world would experience summer simultaneously.

[@NikodAnimations]

That is true, but with an eccentricity of 0.75, the distance to the sun will be the main factor (I think)

[@alexwang982]

watching this for KSP

[@scoutofthe107th]

i'm just saying i got a year of 401 days

[@Lucy-ng7cw]

1:07 wink wink ;)

[@inkyscrolls5193]

Haha! So mature.

[@haynakonobayan]

I don't get it ?

[@had1t1x85]

Just..... don't think about it.... and don't search it on google

[@otesunki]

I HATE 69

[@xrecus6978]

@@haynakonobayan Just a kid it's all good (you don't want to know)

[@Donglator]

teh kouipah belt

[@tophu7903]

My father gave me a small LoAN of a million dollars.

[@IvanKhamphoukeo]

Hehe lol 0.69 AU Aliens must have fun there But seriously, great vid

[@simonvreman]

Ivan Khamphoukeo 🤔

[@callumbrown2775]

nice

[@starwall8755]

What about binary star systems..?

[@ferociousfeind8538]

we've talked about these before, see previous videos. The most important restriction to keep in mind is _low eccentricity, keep the orbit in the habitable zone(s)._

[@lotusnaturals1897]

@@ferociousfeind8538 i think they mean for mass of star equations, do you combine them? find the average?

[@ferociousfeind8538]

@@lotusnaturals1897 for nearby-binary stars, combine the masses, and act as if they're one star. For distant-binary stars, build a star system around each one, and keep both far away from each other to maintain stability.

[@lotusnaturals1897]

@@ferociousfeind8538 thanks

[@brine_909]

I have a suggestion about a future video, could you make a video about greenhouse gasses/atmosphere and how it effects the surface temperature?

[@Artifexian]

Deaken B Surface temperature has been massively requested. If you go to the earths wikipedia page and look at the side bar....everything there will be covered! :)

[@brine_909]

awesome

[@anajohnson4988]

I am using universe sandbox 2 to make a solar system that I will make a book about So this is so helpful

[@deadchannel5933]

I hope you failed you piece of gunk

[@colettesini9480]

@@deadchannel5933 Fail*

[@brtzz2388]

@@colettesini9480 failed, since the writer assumed the project has already been finished

[@Nusszucker]

These videos are great, combined with the power of a simulator engine capable of creating stars planets and the like (a certain simulator that can be found an steam) I am now able to create believable star Systems for my SF Universe. Thank you :D

[@666chaox666]

Can't say I'm a fan of the music used in this video. I wanna say it's... distracting?! Like, even at a low volume, it still seems to make itself seem too noticeable. Like the music should be provided as background and try not to supersede the person talking. I'm not sure =/ Anyway, on a high note, thanks again for the edu-tainment! I always enjoy your vids!

[@Artifexian]

Chaox six Thanks for the feedback on the music...am searching for something suitable. The quest is far from complete. Thanks for watching, Chaox :)

[@Artifexian]

sytherhunter ThreeSixtyNoscope The track used in this video is a Kevin MacLeod track. The perfect music for me is somewhere in his back catalogue...I just need to find it.

[@kwinvdv]

The magnitude of the velocity of a planet will only be constant when its eccentricity is zero (aka circular). For elliptical orbits the magnitude of the velocity of the planet changes. It would be better to call it an approximation of the mean orbital speed.

[@Artifexian]

Kwin van der Veen Yes, you are correct. The orbital velocity given in the video is the average orbital velocity. Will be more clear in the future. Thanks for the feedback

[@Dedicatedfollower467]

watching this video helped me realize that i'd done the original math for my habitable zone wrong, so thanks!

[@kalez238]

Yay! Another Artifexian video! Great stuff as always, sir. Note: I'm split on my feelings for the new music. I wasn't a fan of it, but was able to ignore it rather quickly and forget about it the moment I began to focus on the information.

[@Artifexian]

***** Ye, that was the idea. I wanted some sort of music that just fades away so you never are forced to focus on it. I'm not 100% keen on this particular track myself either...will keep searching for something suitable. If you have any suggestions do let me know.

[@kalez238]

Artifexian Well, I think all of my suggestion would probably not be free-usage stuff. But keep trying! We are still here :P

[@cjt354]

How do you graph those ellipses on Desmos?

[@parthiancapitalist2733]

Would an eccentricity of 0.04 be habitable?

[@jaxblonk5127]

Entirely depends on the system, though in this particular case, well, probably, though it would make the seasons a bit more extreme, as you can imagine.

[@parthiancapitalist2733]

Jax Blonk the colder the better

[@aurora-kitsune]

he did say anything within 0.2 is fine, so though it would be a bit more extreme, it would work

[@faileduploader6366]

If Your Star Has A Companion No

[@fallenstar780]

@@faileduploader6366 i think he might have already touched on multi-star systems not being likely to support life (at least as we know it) on account of the two stars will both pull on the planet and shake it up, so the eccentricity would probably be less important than the fact that Your Star has a Companion, is that what you meant?

[@kevin-jd5rj]

Hi Artifexian, I am (attempting) building a system and there has two habitated planets of (essentially) equivalent size/density/mass, that are binary to eachother with a barycenter in the middle so that they orbit neatly around eachother, all around one star. Is this theoretically possible? Think 90 Antiope but planets, instead of asteroids. ive talked this over with another space friend and we both agree they'd probably be tidally locked, so you would not be able to see the other planet if you were on the far side. but on the face side, the other planet would probably take up quite a bit of the visual sky. I've put this into sandbox2 and it shows the oceans rapidly appearing and disappearing every time the planets complete one orbit. where does the water....go? if I were to impliment extreme tides in this world, would the water be physically brought up into the air by the other planets gravity? like..that one planet in interstellar? also, how long would it take the planets to completely orbit eachother..? these are a lot of questions and i'm sorry, but everyone i try to ask about this doesn't seem to want to talk to me about it. in my head it seems perfectly theoretically possible. im not sure why it's so difficult to talk about. any help is appreciated : )

[@tieler151]

Why are you changing your numbers from the last videos? It's really irritating for people using them

[@rnagy5583]

that is what a i call a perfect video. Gratulations! :-)

[@mh1ultramarine]

Could a planet not sustain life if it left the habitalbe zone at all? Could it not support life if the planet spent suffecent time, just with adaptations to survie the, Cold/hot season

[@VladVladislav790]

+Michael Hughes well, those adaptations most likely would be in a form of hibernation or crio-sleep of some sort. Not exacly the best way to ensure fast evolution rate, since the whole planet just freeze or melt most time of the year. But I guess, if it's OK to have more time for life to evolve than we had here on Earth. More complex adaptations allowing to be active during not-in-the-habitable-zone periods, would likely be developed at later stages of evolution, but if they are, that would sufficiently speed up things, I guess. Not to mention, bye-bye all the water, when planet is closest to a star, it'll be vapourized and blown away by solar wind, along with all the atmosphere. Not saying, it's impossible for life to start underground and develop there, we just didn't see examples IRL... yet.

[@useodyseeorbitchute9450]

Would a few last bacteria living near a thermal vent under a few km of ice count as "sustaining life"? Technically speaking yes, but you'd need high writing skills in order to write an interesting story about them. ;)

[@501stClonePilot]

*0.69* Me: N O I C E

[@dalesajdak422]

For a P-Type system would I combine the values of both stars?

[@nukl3argam3r38]

You Mean a Binary system with the Stars very close together? Then Yes. He already did a VIdeo about BInary Systems here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/Z5-5Y6ydmbCNadU

[@scottanderson8167]

I have not been able to sleep for weeks because you did not explain why the argument of periapsist is undefined. You will hear from my solicitor.

[@BewareTheCarpenter]

What is the maximum number habitable planets could you be able to fit into the orbit of one star? (Habitable to human-like lifeforms.)

[@_Aly_00_]

Depends on the star. Some have larger habitable zones than others. For example my star has a mass of 0.75 and a habitable zone of 0.5344 AU to 0.7706 AU so I can just about fit 2 stable planets in the habitable zone.

[@Mr2Syderguy]

I just recently stumbled on your channel as I was doing some research for a world I am building for a gaming campaign set. Love your work sir. one question, do you have a link to the orbital simulator?

[@kie927]

i know its been 3 years but he used desmos graphing calculator

[@airmanon7213]

So is it possible for a system to have more than one planet in the habitable zone?

[@ryuko4478]

Airmanon yes it's possible

[@sulien6835]

Depends on the size of the habitable zone. Planets can be packed fairly close together, the minimum distance between orbits being roughly 0.15 au. The habitable zone is likely to be extremely thicker than this, and so multiple orbits can fit within a single habitable zone.

[@davidk1308]

Yep! Venus, Earth, and Mars are all in the habitable zone, in the case of Venus, it's at least close/just outside. As for exoplanets, take TRAPPIST 1 (d, e, f, g), GJ 667 (c, e, f), GJ 180 (b, c), Tau Ceti (e, f), Kepler 62 (e, f), K2-72 (c, e), and Kepler 296 (e, f). That's 7 systems. 3 systems if you only count confirmed planets, and ones that are for certain in the HZ. We'll have more as research goes on.

[@bartonpaullevenson3427]

I sincerely doubt it. The continuously habitable zone (as opposed to the habitable zone most astronomers use) is not all that wide. I just calculated a range of 0.985 - 1.13 AU for Sol's CHZ, which gives it a spacing ratio of 1.15 and a probability of only 20% of one planet in the CHZ. Given the "forbidden zones" needed for stable planetary orbits, another one nearby is unlikely, though perhaps not impossible.

[@DanielFoulsham]

May I enquire which equations you used in for showing how eccentricity affects the orbits of planets between 1:27 and 2:03? i would like to try and visualise my orbits the same way that you did, and I cannot work out how

[@ryuko4478]

(x + f)^2 / a^2 + y^2 / b^2 = 1 you can calculate f easily using this formula: f = sqrt(a^2 - b^2)

[@James_Moton]

Or in other words, it's Perihelion and Aphelion must fall within the Habitable Zone.

[@demonking86420]

Sort of, since perihelion and aphelion are specific in relation to our Sun.

[@saltnpepper2465]

do you mean periapsis and apoapsis?

[@Deathnotefan97]

Now I'm just try to figure out a way to have a habitable planet with a large inclination relative to the other planets (as in, all the other planets are within 2-3 degrees of each other, but the main planet is like 20 or something) Is there a way to have a rouge planet, captured by a star, stabilize into a low eccentricity orbit? Normally captured objects have high eccentricities, but if there is a way to get around that, you could make the one planet with life be the oddball of the system

[@caspianharms5410]

Tankfully?

[@DuckGoesQuack]

Hey Edgar I was thinking, if we have a small habitable planet (think around 0,7 earth mass), orbiting a gas giant, that is then orbiting a sun, can the inclination then still be 0 and not screw it all up?

[@xoran4863]

Then the gas giant would define the elliptic plane.

[@evanweaver7373]

If you are wondering how to set the orbits eccentricity, I found it out. You find the average, and create a column of numbers, each number being the average eccentricity, and the number of those is the number of planets. Now, when you add a number to one, you have to subtract that from some others. If you add one that is more than the average, you take it away in halves or quarters 2 or 4 times. The same goes for if there are odd planets. You add an even number, and divide it by two, and subtract it twice. You then find the average of those and see if it matches. If so, you assign each one to a planet.

[@olivedikeocha1864]

Hi i,m jason

[@CH3LS3A]

this can be applied to other terrestrial planets? not just the habitable ones?

[@daniel_rossy_explica]

He never did a video on terrestial planets outside the habitable zone (all he cares about are habitable planets, gas giants, and dwarf planets apparently).

[@enkiimuto1041]

Can you make a video on habitable zones/orbits around binary star systems?

[@spluff5]

How do you calculate standard atmospheric pressure on a planet?

[@bartonpaullevenson3427]

The atmospheric pressure at sea level (or reference level) is the mass of the atmosphere per unit area, times the gravity. P = (M / A) g

[@RacingStripeAV]

I know it's not really tied to the orbital period, but would I also have to calculate rotational period too, or can that be literally any number I choose?

[@Artifexian]

Neo 2.4 Hylan-May Ye, you can kinda pick at will. But there are formulas; I'll cover them soon. In the mean time, consider the effects of an extremely fast rotation (short days) and an extremely slow rotation (long days)

[@danielefabbro822]

Yeah, for the planet that I needed, it's orbit was elliptical, not regular like Earth... That its still elliptical but more circular than what I needed. That's because I needed the effect of a long and harsh winter to come in and froze the planet. But I needed that this orbit was a kind of artificial-made effect. Maybe an huge asteroid impact or something like that. And a huge asteroid impact would have left also some kind of geological peculiar characteristics. A huge crater for start, probably flooded by sea water, then a series of magnetic anomalies. And an easy passage for heat from the planet core from the surface. So a warm sea basically. A perfect place where life can thrive possibly. While during summers the internal/crater sea would be probably too hot, during the long winter it would be an excellent place where to live while waiting for the winter to end. Peripheral regions of the planet surface to the crater would probably be more cold and polar capes would be probably more extended than Earth counterparts. But essentially, earth-life will be possible on this rock, except it will require for many species to migrate from a point to another during the various seasons of the year accordingly to the change of weather and temperatures. Sea life forms would probably need fat layers to resist at the freezing temperatures that will reach the planet during the winter, but ocean circulation will probably spread warm water from the crater sea to external oceans and so warm up a bit the oceans, creating a superficial layer of warm water that will keep the underneath layers of the ocean warm enough or at least not freezing to deny life to thrive. Still, major marine life will be present only on shorelines except for the photophobic life forms that could possibly live in the deep bottom of the oceans. This environment could perfectly suits fishes of all sorts and sizes, but it will require an evolution for mammals and reptiles to adapt to it. I'm kinda hyped for this idea. 🤩

[@spluff5]

How do you calculate surface temperature?

[@bartonpaullevenson3427]

saspcsus.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/64696386/planet%20temperatures%20with%20surface%20cooling%20parameterized.pdf

[@jackmiles5138]

Okay I have a question bc I'm confused is the average eccentricity the eccentricity of the planet I made or is it like a limit on eccentricities for other planet I make in my system?

[@kn1752]

how do i find the semi major axis

[@ophiocordyceps_]

so like how are you supposed to find the orbital period and velocity for circumbinary planets. my crops are dying and google tells me nothing

[@sharksuperiority9736]

If the planets periaspis is the exact same as the lower edge of the habitable zone, is it still habitable? Also my planet ended up with a year that is approximately 5 earth days long which is hilarious Also also, how do you check the orbital velocity of your planet in KM/S

[@thesunwillneverset]

A year late but for your second question: Find (mean) orbital velocity relative to Earth using video, look up value for Earth in km/s, multiply.

[@ElibertoYepez]

Did anyone else notice a little mistake he made at 3:23

[@GiliLuisJirehD]

this is all new concept for me but at the same time, exciting!!

[@complex314i]

Did you pick a = .69 to have a = ln(2)?

[@trevorrentfro1825]

My system has a yellow dwarf 90% the mass of the sun at its center with a nearly earth sized tidally locked planet, a gas giant 10 times bigger than Jupiter, a habitable super earth, an icy acidic planet, a gas dwarf and a super puff planet ( that migrated from the inner system ) would you say this is plausible?

[@maybeanonymous6846]

1:06 Nice.

[@petersmythe6462]

There has been some stuff recently about planets forming *way* off from the ecliptic. The protoplanetary disk apparently can get twisted near the star by even like 80 degrees.

[@annethereseeltervag3566]

This is my system: Sligdor: 0,55 Re 0,12 Me 0,188988157 AU e 0,001 i 1,2° LoAN 123° AoP 1° Thermador: 1,02 Re 1,01 Me 0,3 AU e 0,055 i 0,95° LoAN 12° AoP 198° Ternador: 1,1 Re 1,25 Me 0,6 AU e 0,0009 i 0° LoAN 0° AoP NaN Aquador: 2,5578 Re 10,5 Me 1,15 AU e 0,012 i 2,66° LoAN 311° AoP 359° Tampta: 7,755 Re 89Me 2,82 AU e 0,022 i 2,09° LoAN 16° AoP 302° Hamed: 7,055 Re 45 Me 4,66 AU e 0,0055 i 1,02° LoAN 118° AoP 332° Kadra: 3,822 Re 4,969 Me 6,56 AU e 0,005 i 0,01° LoAN 1° AoP 180° Kramner: 4,041 Re 4,289 Me 12,12 AU e 0,0004 i 0,05° LoAN 6° AoP 1° Hamrha: 6,452 Re 41,631 Me 21,03 AU e 0,011 i 1,44° LoAN 156° AoP 45°

[@annethereseeltervag3566]

Artifexian should make solar systems from the comment section. Everyone post your solar systems.

[@lightningsamurai6385]

I'm having trouble with making my solar system mostly it's my star I have a solar mass of 1.30 and a Luminosity is 2.86 which causing the sun to shrink and loses its habitable zone is there more you have to put in?

[@YYHoe]

This is how I determine the reference plane of my systems. If a system lacks any habitable planets or any gas giants with habitable moons, the reference plane is the star's equator. If a system has one habitable planet or gas giant with habitable moons, the reference plane is that planet's orbital plane. If a system has two or more habitable planets or gas giants with habitable moons, the reference plane is the inhabited planet's orbital plane. If a system has more than one inhabited planet, the reference plane is that of the one closest to the centre of the habitable zone. For example, I have made a system named Algo with sixteen planets. Four of them, Dessitel, Algodoo, Phun and Tundrayaal, orbit in the habitable zone. All four are inhabited. Thus, the system's "ecliptic" is the plane of Algodoo and Phun's orbit (they are co-orbital)

[@ThalassTKynn]

Are you building your world in Celestia, too? You have all the information you need to set it up.

[@Xx_BoogieBomber_xX]

What is that.

[@ThalassTKynn]

+Gertrude Smeetheens Celestia is a universe simulator for astronomy and fun. It uses real data for its stars and planets. But the data is in text format that is easy for humans to read so you can set up a fictional solar system quite easily.

[@teli6350]

+ThalassTKynn it looks like Artifexian is using Universe Sandbox 2.

[@bartonpaullevenson3427]

Limbach and Turner's number-of-planets/eccentricity relation is for the median eccentricity of the system, not the mean.

[@bertthepotato2738]

Do the Periapsis and Apoapsis have to be in the habitable zone or can they be slightly outside of the habitable zone?

[@jesseg.7095]

Hey I’m a good fan you should create a super Mercury 20 percent bigger then mars in a binary system with a white dwarf and a neutron star 🌎☄️

[@Moxie412]

the habitable zone for mine was 0.57-0.822 it was creepy when you wrote it down😕

[@theDCification]

I know other's have said it but the new format feels slowed down and I guess a little boring from what I'm used to. Can't say I'm a fan.

[@alexxio8656]

What would earths eccentricity be my first terrestrial is basically earth but larger and I want the orbits to be accurate

[@therandomhat_]

Look it up on Wikipedia :). It's eccentricity is 0.0167086, but you don't need it to be that accurate.

[@AlphonseAlexandrePushkalPratap]

great video sir

[@faileduploader6366]

You Could Do 180° Retrograde Orbit If You Are A+

[@mantacreep9953]

Is there a video for other terrastrial planets?

[@GameTornado01]

Can a planet be eccentric in two directions?

[@EtrielDevyt]

Growing the nails out, edgar?

[@orionsuniverse6680]

Interesting video!

[@darkmelvinperezstarx8978]

I have 6 planets!!!

[@nicc7638]

The au was nice👌

[@amehak1922]

Can you do a video on rotation period?

[@msolec2000]

So... 241 earth days... But what's its speed of rotation?

[@Artifexian]

msolec2000 I'll be covering rotation rates in a separate video. Need to break things up at to ensure that each individual video isn't too long.

[@Alexandra-ip2by]

Artifexian where is that video?

[@PlanetESPYREX]

equations for desmos?

[@kef6517]

Nice