Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum to Eocene-Oligocene Cooling | GEO GIRL

[@GEOGIRL]

Hey everyone! I just wanted to make a correction, that is on the timeline figure at the beginning of the video, I had the Mesozoic Era circled, but I should've had the Cenozoic Era to the left of it circled, so my bad. ;) I hope you all enjoy the video! I find this climate pattern during the Paleogene so interesting!! :D

[@TheChuckwagonLite]

Can you explain how granite forms?

[@GEOGIRL]

@@TheChuckwagonLite Yea, here's a video that might be helpful for that: kzbin.info/www/bejne/rmLWZIePi8iWmaM And also, kzbin.info/www/bejne/jJu8ooV_fZp0ntU In the first one I discuss at the beginning how coarse grained vs fine grained igneous rocks form (granite is coarse grained so it formed beneath Earth's surface & is therefore called instrusive as opposed to extrusive rocks that form at Earth's surface and are fine grained), and then I talk about the ways in which granitic (or intrusive) rocks can form and create dikes sills and other structures in the second video :) Probably my favorite igneous petrology video though is the one about actual volcanic eruptions (so extrusive rocks rather than those like granite), but it's so interesting how the eruptions are controlled by the magmas composition: kzbin.info/www/bejne/rpyZZqydirZ7qs0 Sorry to bombard you with videos, but if you are asking this question, I think you'll enjoy them ;)

[@TheRexisFern]

Watching change through the millions of years show a flow like breathing or a heartbeat. It shows how alive the entire planet is! And how everything adapts, even to the changes that space and the earth itself throws out!

[@GEOGIRL]

I know, isn't it so incredible?! I find it so facinating to see how things have been cylcing throughout Earth history and how life always seems to come back after major devastation.

[@georgefspicka5483]

You're burning out my brain ;) This is truly a cornucopia of knowledge, thank you. I know I'll have to view it again to glean out more knowledge. Question: I've seen articles that suggest that it was the Chesapeake Bay Bolide that was the reason for the Eocene-Oligocene Extinction, along with Siberia's Popigai impact structure, which might be a even larger fragment of the bolide. I liked what you mentioned also. Perhaps it was a combination :) 🤔

[@DrSmooth2000]

Never heard that... bit fancier and dated (1980, paper reworked like 2011?) GG might know if otherwise explained... but was noted summers were Eocene-y but the winters got cold. A fallout winter would be pan seasonal and global? Lunar Volcanism was proposed to have sent ejecta into our shared orbit zone and we were Ringed Planet!! 🪐🌍🪐 at such an angle it'd shade the winter hemisphere Occurred to me a comet/fragment could have been trapped by moon-earth. Perhaps bollide impact on to moon? Slyly having been ringed would leave no evidence; just shooting stars for couple million years as it deteriorated Signs of recent lunar Volcanism circa 35mya would help but not hard evidence...

[@robinleow185]

Hi Rachel, the video does not explain why in the Middle Eocene, high latitudes began cooling. How CO2 and water vapour decreased and O2 increased there? I understand Australia drifting away from Antarctica and the opening of the Drake Passage and because of that resulted to the thermohaline circulation leading to increased OC burial and positive feedbacks caused more cooling but what caused the initial cooling of the high latitudes and glaciation of Antarctica? Thank you.

[@noitalfed]

Thanks! This video feels relevant to me this summer (2023) because it paints a picture of what earth looked like during one previous warming cycle and current weather is evidence that is where we are headed.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yea, it's getting pretty crazy out there isn't it! I am actually currently packing for a trip to Canada, and having been in texas the last couple months I am just so ready to get out of this heat! lol Thanks so much! ;)

[@JoesFirewoodVideos]

High temperature here yesterday barely made it over 40. Lowes this morning was in the 20’s. Good working weather. #GlobalWarming I ❤️ GEO GIRL.

[@GEOGIRL]

Seems pretty cold to a Texan like me hahaha!

[@punditgi]

Geo Girl is first rate! Many thanks for your excellent video! 🎉😊

[@curtisblake261]

It always cracks me up when Geo Girl laughs about something very arcane and technical. On the upside, that laugh does make me pay more attention to what she is trying to convey.

[@a.randomjack6661]

Bonjour Geo Girl, I'm at 17 minutes into your excellent video. There's another feedback, 'Observations show marine clouds amplify warming' that likely played a role in the PETM. That's a new article, but marine cloud feedback has been in climate science for a few years. It's an interesting topic to look into as it is new and evolving, It's the first time I read about 'observations' of that feedback. I meed an update. Thank you for your informative videos.

[@GEOGIRL]

Hi there, thanks so much for the info! I think I have heard something about that cloud feedback you're talking about, but it's interesting that it would contribute to just warming, because I would imagine the water vapor would contribute to warming, but the high albedo of the clouds would contribute to cooling. I'll have to look into it and maybe I can make a video about it in the future because it sounds so cool! And relevent! ;D Anyway, thanks again for the comment, and I am glad you enjoyed the video ;)

[@a.randomjack6661]

@@GEOGIRL My pleasure Ma'am. First time I heard about was in 2019, this lecture: kzbin.info/www/bejne/m3jWma2sgKaAadk It's presentation by NASA scientist/modeller, Professor Tapio Schneider, "Clouds and the Climate Tipping Point." I hope the link will sticks, enjoy :)

[@DrSmooth2000]

Cloud theory is all the rage here in 2024

[@MTWRESwapnilNareshNaranje]

Very interesting and informative video👍👍 You are extremely smart and passionate about your work. Keep making such videos on new and obscure topics in Earth's History.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks so much for the comment! I am so glad you see my passion come through, I really do enjoy this stuff so much :D Thanks for the encouragement as well ;) I really appreciate it

[@Smilo-the-Sabertooth]

Climate change is something that I’m really interested in studying because it is thought to be one of the biggest causes of many extinctions. The way it effected certain environments and vegetation which effected the herbivores that depended on certain vegetation which also effected the predators that ate the herbivores. Only the most adaptable animals were able to survive these dramatic changes.

[@a.randomjack6661]

And the most lucky.... We should all understand what 'Black Swans' events are. It's the realm of improbabilities. Interesting mathematical concept too. Remember, we were rats when the asteroid hit 65 millions years ago. How unlikely was the probability of us? Or to elephants and dolphins. Evolution is flabbergasting.

[@GEOGIRL]

You're absolutely right, it is such a huge contrbuter to extinctions! There are of course tectonics and asteroid impacts that can start extinction events, but the actual extinctions are almost always due to the climate change that was caused by the initial trigger event. Just like today, humans are contributing to global warming directly, but to the extinctions caused by global warming indirectly. Climate change is just one of those topics that we need to understand in order to understand the Earth as a whole.

[@Smilo-the-Sabertooth]

@@GEOGIRL Very true my friend. I’m really looking forward to seeing your Paleogene Life video. Thanks for another fascinating and outstanding video, you never disappoint. I really look forward to learning more with you Rachel. You’re absolutely amazing. 😊❤😉👍

[@coreywiley3981]

It is weird how 10 million years of that Eocene optimum is just a drop in the bucket in geological time. Like that little line on that graph represents about 5 times the amount of time that there has been from the time of Homo Erectus 2 million years ago until now. Unfathomable to my quickly aging 75 year lifespan brain.

[@NullHand]

Deep time is hard. Considering our estimates for the average mammalian species time-till -extinction is just 1 to 3 million years. And that 10 million year PETM blip is more time than ALL the species of homo have been on the planet. As far as planetary geology is concerned, all us multicellulars are just Mayflies....

[@nicholasmaude6906]

When methane oxidises in the atmosphere, Rachel, it doesn't just form CO2 but also H2O in the form of water-vapour which too is also a greenhouse-gas.

[@qwerty6574]

Atmospheric water condenses:)

[@nicholasmaude6906]

@@qwerty6574 If the conditions are right and keep in mind as I previously pointed out water-vapour is a greenhouse-gas.

[@yancgc5098]

What about the Azolla event, where freshwater fern Azolla were present in the Arctic Ocean and were supposedly the ones that removed about 80% of CO2 in the Eocene epoch, being one of the major contributors to the Late Cenozoic Ice Age? Going from 3500 ppm of CO2 to 650 ppm is a tremendous drop, so they were probably the biggest contributor to the global cooling.

[@gustavopereira9328]

Your KZbin channel is simply superb, I thank you for the great work you have been doing through widespreading science across the world. Keep going with the good job = D

[@GEOGIRL]

Wow, this is so sweet, I don't know how I missed this comment! Thank you so much! :D

[@shaunholt]

Quick question. If you could examine a rock, but aren't allowed to cut into it or break it apart, how could you identify it? What would you do to examine it? Bonus info: you're told the rock floats in water. - for a scene in a book I'm working on. Extra bonus into. It's volcanic rock.

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha, well once you said floats on water I immediately thought pumice. Or at least some sort of vesicular volcanic, but it's gotta be pumice right? I would imagine any geologist told that the rocck floats on water would know, but honestly pumice is so distinct anyway, that even looking at it in hand sample without cutting it open would be easy to identify.

[@nicholasmaude6906]

If you could've travelled back in time to the PETM, Rachel, you could've gone swimming and sunbathed on the coast of Greenland but you might run into a crocodilian or two😉😁. On another note IIRC the Eocene-Oligocene cooling not only marked the first glaciation of Antartica it's when the grasses appeared enmass.

[@GEOGIRL]

OMG! That is so crazy to think about! 😯

[@GG-dx6cu]

@3.36 If Methan from below the permafrost got into the atmosphere because of melting hydrates, what made the hydrates melt … was the triggering event of PETM a random fluctuation of temperature? … by the way, I enjoy your show - excellent stuff

[@fpgt91]

Noticed you have the start of modern ice age beneath the Eocene-Oligocene Cooling... However, the onset of of our modern ice age (ice-house) is set at ~2.58 million years ago, marking the start of the Quaternary period (also known as the Pleistocene glaciation). While the growth of the Antarctic ice-sheet did occur during the Eocene-Oligocene it isn't until we get ice-sheets forming at both the south and north poles that we consider the transition from hot-house to ice-house to be complete and to have entered our modern ice age. If the Isthmus of Panama doesn't close, you get no ice-sheets in northern latitudes and we don't get the massive ice sheets that followed thereafter. Let's not forget that Milankovitch Cycles also become a dominant signal throughout the Quaternary, though they are absent prior. There are many other reasons (loess deposits, etc.) as to why Quaternary geologists define the start of our modern ice-age at 2.58 Ma, and not prior.

[@Beastclub679]

Very very nice video..👌👌and you looking so beautiful and cute..👍👌😇😇🍻🍻

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ☺☺

[@Beastclub679]

@@GEOGIRL most welcome geo girl..🙃🙃

[@revolvermaster4939]

Been a long time since I was in school and a lot of what I was taught is obsolete, but you cover a semester in 15 minutes 👍

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks! :)

[@curtisblake261]

She has what I would call a high information density. You can get more information from Geo Girl in an hour or two than you would likely get from a year of college. No pressure GG 😊.

[@gingazaurus]

Thank you for this informative video.

[@philipm3173]

Where can the Paleocene - Eocene boundary be found in the geologic record?

[@curtisblake261]

All this talk about methane release reminds me of the dietary consequences of the Finnish diaspora where I grew up.

[@princeshukla7661]

Today I was eagerly waiting for your video because because of this you talk to me

[@everettbrown2057]

Super informative, love the video

[@omeryalcnsar2391]

Tersiyerdeki ( SENOZOIK ) memeli patlaması müthiş. Özellikle Eosende Camelus Bactrianus ve Camelus Dromadarius..... Saygılar ....

[@NG-fk6wc]

Nice job

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you!

[@princeshukla7661]

Love from INDIA

[@GEOGIRL]

[@Ektor-yj4pu]

Early Eocene Earth during the Climate Optimum must have been like Heaven, a tropical planet almost equally warm from the south pole to the north pole and almost completely covered in jungles and deciduous forests. I wish I could see it.

[@philosophem1629]

what is yuor opinion on azolla event?

[@princeshukla7661]

Today your tshirt and you both look very beautiful ;):^)

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you ;) As always you are too sweet!

[@nicholasmaude6906]

Since this video deals with the early Cenozoic, Rachael, I thought I'd post the below link to a new PBS Eons video about the origins of Sea Horses which should interest you: kzbin.info/www/bejne/jqK8lp9jdpdsmsU Enjoy🙂.

[@omeryalcnsar2391]

Efsanesin Rachel....

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@Get_to_the_Point]

Fascinating.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks! ;)

[@robmcelwee389]

Azolla Event.

[@princeshukla7661]

Ohhh hello geo girl

[@GEOGIRL]

Hello! Hope you enjoy the video! :D

[@princeshukla7661]

@@GEOGIRL yes so much and so informative video

[@nuoiptertermer4484]

I thought the current ice age was thought to have begun some 2.58 million years ago.

[@ainaojo925]

We know during this time the ice age was cold 🥶 cave lions during this time we see man 👨 first appeared and hyenas woolly rhino and mammoth 🦣 cave bears 🐻 which were herbivore so modern animals like monkeys 🙈 insects 🐜 snakes 🐍 and gators 🐊

[@TheChuckwagonLite]

This is really interesting even though most of it goes over my head

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha, well I am glad you liked it regardless ;) Thank you for the comment! :D

[@TheChuckwagonLite]

@@GEOGIRL i should say goes under my feet. Dad joke #1

[@GEOGIRL]

@@TheChuckwagonLite Hahaha I actually loved that joke 😂

[@billallen275]

3:48 NOT Carbon Dioxide...

[@GEOGIRL]

Ah yes! Thanks for catching that, *methane*!

[@billallen275]

Thanks. Methane is a great and useful molecule, but it is also very potent! I'm not a "CO2 bad" person... I think the optimum level is about 1200 PPM. The climate sensitivity is probably a lot lower than we are told. There's also a phase lag between temperature and CO2: the temperature changes first, like a soda out of the fridge releases more as the temperature increases. Warmer water holds less dissolved gases and releases it back to the atmosphere. And our climate is driven by the 🌞 and space, not a tiny fraction of the air. I'm really appreciating your videos, thank you! My father was an Engineering Geologist and I was always a huge fan 😊. I have filled in a lot of questions by watching geology videos. But my mineralogy is still dismal! LOL

[@yancgc5098]

@@billallen275 Nah, the optimum level of CO2 is around 350 ppm. Anything more than that is just unnecessary unless you want a greenhouse Earth. I personally am very found of the icehouse Earth we live in now, so no thanks.

[@Ektor-yj4pu]

@yancgc5098 Earth has been a greenhouse/warmhouse for most of the last 500 million years: the current icehouse is an unpleasant exception.

[@tarikmehmedika2754]

Your videos are good but the sole talking makes them dry and a bit biring. I don't want to insult you or make you feel bad or anything but i am just giving my opinion what you need to change. It would be more interesting to put more interactove maps, videos about some experts sharing their knowledge and views also more graphs which areore sipmle. In my opinion a great thing and if you are interested in that you can make an more in depth description of one regions climate, like Europe during Miocene ect.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thanks for the feedback! My channel is really targeting undergraduate and graduate level students who are typically studying for an exam haha, so I always try to focus on just getting as much information as I can across in as short a time as I can so they pass their test. So I originally didn't expect many people to watch my videos for fun or entertainment, but now that I am growing and more people are watching my videos for fun, I appreciate the suggestions for making the videos more interesting ;) I would love to have more interactive graphics, but unfortunately I don't have the funds yet to hire a graphics team and I don't have the time to learn those skills myself as a PhD student doing youtube in my free time. But hopefully in the future I can incorporate more interactive graphics and maybe even interview videos with experts in these fields! ;D

[@tarikmehmedika2754]

@@GEOGIRL Thank you for responding to my comment. 😊 Well i do not watch it for fun, i watch to broaden my knowledge about prehistoric climate, because many articles write about comparing previos climates to try and forecast the future because of the global warming. I also want to adjust to the new climate which is changing fast. If you want, i can send you some links to articles which can help you infuture.

[@GEOGIRL]

@@tarikmehmedika2754 That sounds great, I would love some article links, thank you! ;)

[@Priyanshu-v7p]

Can I get your ppt ?

[@joekelly9369]

Dont forget the oceans were polluted so much nothing lived in them ,

[@joekelly9369]

80 million years ago there were 50% more oxygen dinosaurs breathed an oxygen rich air than our paltry 21 % oxygen , so everything would have been bigger and more mineral rich to sustain the oxygen rich blood

[@michaellimoges7655]

Algorithm

[@gregoryhunt9086]

Only an idiot would destroy economies today on account of what may have happened 30 million years ago, and would in any case not affect people until some very remote future?

[@GEOGIRL]

If you watched the video, you'll see I never mentioned current climate change and therefore, no body is using this climate event 30 million years ago to validate current climate change. The cause of the current climate trend is independent from this and other past events, but the carnage that ensues due to such climate fluctuations is the same and we need to pay attention to these past events to inform our strategies for mitigation of the damages that current climate change is causing. And yes, I say 'is' causing not 'will' cause because we are aready feeling the effects. Just go to florida and ask those on the border if they are having to move because of the rising sea level. Or go to California and ask them how intense the wild fire seasons have been in recent years. Or go to the east coast and ask them how hurricane season has been. All of these more extreme weather events are causing millions of dollars (or more) in damages including lives, and I am not saying they didn't happen before, but they are more intense. If you don't want to believe that humans are being affected, just go visit literally any coral reef in the ocean and you'll see the entire ecosystems maintained by these reefs are going extinct which will cause cataclysmic events up the food chain.

[@revolvermaster4939]

@@GEOGIRL it has always happened and always will. Everyone believes what they see happening in their lifetime is extreme, maybe, but probably no different from the entire history of the planet. All we can do is adapt or die.

[@dblcheesebgr9243]

Hey geo girl do you believe in magic?

[@GEOGIRL]

Well, no not real magic haha.. I guess I believe in magic tricks, but I know they are just tricks... What kind of magic do you mean? ;)

[@dblcheesebgr9243]

Oh the real kind lol no tricks. It’s in the rocks lol maybe you need to take a step back to see what your looking at. I found a fossilize snake head and it told me where to find my true love. Crazy I know. But very much so the truth.

[@alanmacification]

GAHHHH!!! I hate backwards charts that have the present on the left!!!! STOP IT

[@GEOGIRL]

Well, geological charts are funny that way because technically a decrease in number toward the right on the x axis represents a forward direction in time (because the number is 'millions or years ago), so technically they are not backwards but they appear that way due to the decreasing numerical values. I'm sure as a non-geologist it may look funny haha, sorry about that, I will try in the future to explain that in the video before using these graphs ;)

[@lnxred3661]

😘