Will The Sun’s Magnetic Field Flip This Year?

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Solar activity is still increasing in a sunspot cycle that is proving way more intense than scientists predicted. Just how much stronger is it going to get?
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Written by Matt O'Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
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[@Morilore]

"Why does it take 11 years? Well, because that's how long it takes." Understandable, have a nice day.

[@terryjwood]

Ham radio operators have asked that question for years.

[@Broockle]

Sun very big But magnetic plasma very very fast

[@Graycy808]

​@@Broocklethat cleared it right up for me lol

[@1nePercentJuice]

You can tell how long it takes by the way that it is

[@saturnblue]

Remember that the way we measure time is entirely arbitrary. The sun is under no obligations to do things on a time scale that makes any sense to us.

[@disruptive_innovator]

First time I've heard a cohesive explanation of these solar processes. Thank you.

[@brown2889]

I agree. Very well explained.

[@willo7734]

yeah, it was a great episode. I now feel like I have at least an intuitive sense of what’s happening.

[@Asiago9]

Third time? I've heard someone go into detail about it, but still very interesting to listen to multiple people explain it

[@humansizedaperture]

Yeah. solar physics are so cool!

[@nobody.of.importance]

Same, this video was particularly insightful. I finally understand how sunspots form :D

[@jenbanim]

6:54 is that a kinked toroidal magnetic field or are you just happy to see me?

[@jimmyzhao2673]

The Sun is getting ready for a mass ejection.

[@winstonsmith6065]

@@jimmyzhao2673 … a mass ejection pointed straight at the face of Earth, just the way Earth likes it. Bow chica wow wow… 🌞💦🌎

[@AABB-px8lc]

time for new even more exclusive t-shirt.

[@lolalasziv1059]

@@AABB-px8lc The sun kinked a mass ejection at me and all I got was this kinky shirt.

[@seionne85]

Comment of the year

[@Garresh1]

So the suns magnetic field is kinky, unstable, stuck going in circles, and occasionally snaps from stress? Are we sure the Sun is okay?

[@ardellolnes5663]

Maybe toxic But soooo hot

[@DeltaNovum]

You just described one of my exes perfectly.

[@AmonTheWitch]

omg I'm a star

[@KOKO-uu7yd]

Perhaps she's peri-menopausal 😅

[@pandoraeeris7860]

The sun is my ex.

[@aridpheonix]

completely surprised how incredibly informative this episode was. i had no idea. this completely enhanced my understanding of magnetic fields and how they interact with matter in such a hot, "liquid" environment. absolutely fascinating that people have figured this out

[@Fika_Break]

The graphics guy was having a bit of fun there for a minute.

[@NickDoddTV]

I saw it

[@jeu198]

6:58 😂

[@bytesandbikes]

Glad I'm not the only one who thought that! 😅

[@zamboni9038]

Kinks

[@Mattrellen86]

How else were we supposed to see the kinks?

[@JanKnaup]

Watched with fascination not only by solar astronomers, but also radio amateurs. Cool things happening in the ionosphere

[@terryjwood]

I've been monitoring this cycle since I retired in 2019. I get on Amateur Radio everyday and test propagation. When I first started only the lower wavelengths were active (160-80 meters). But as the weeks went by the maximum usable frequencies started increasing. Five years later I'm enjoying 160 through 10 meters daily. I retired at the right time!

[@ArawnOfAnnwn]

You chose an awesome hobby! Maybe try getting your grandkids into it too. :)

[@terryjwood]

@@ArawnOfAnnwn My parents met on the air! My mom was a ham before she met my dad!

[@tylermcnally8232]

Sureeee

[@iamthecondor]

Great... Now I gotta fix my compass for when I go to the Sun

[@ChrispyNut]

Just delay for a decade, visit Venus instead and enjoy swimming in its clouds. I'm sure that'll be super easy, barely an inconvenience.

[@colonagray2454]

Nah just fly south and your good

[@NatePrawdzik]

Not if you go at night.

[@Jatt2613]

Just turn it upside down.

[@bobsburgers8885]

dude just use Google maps

[@fraktaalimuoto]

We have no proof of magnetic flux tubes! Solar dynamo can be produced purely with convective turbulence and differential rotation, without assuming that flux tubes can exist as coherent entities. (Yes this is a scism in the solar physics community. Flux tube theory is popular and Anglo-American sphere. Mean field turbulent dynamo theory is more popular in continental Europe.) Greetings from a dynamo theorist.

[@EnglishMike]

He did say that he was talking about a working theory that could change.

[@timduckenfield5076]

Magnetic flux tubes definitely exist lol, you can see loops in the EUV corona which are incredibly well described by MHD in a cylindrical (thin tube, thin boundary) geometry. Furthermore, sunspots are observed oscillate with similar MHD modes, strongly implying their geometry is that of a flux tube. Finally, local helioseismological results are usually very well explained by models involving subsurface flux tubes. The question of their role in dynamo theory is more subtle. If I wanted to be provocative however, I would say that since all dynamo theory requires manipulation of magnetic field lines, and the limit of a magnetic flux tube as you take the radius to zero is a magnetic field line, all dynamo theory relies on magnetic flux tubes :P

[@NewMessage]

"The Omega Process" would be a fantastic late 60's Sci-Fi 'movie of the week'.

[@Hurricayne92]

Right? every now and then scientists come up with the coolest names for thing, when they arent just naming them after themselves 😅

[@zolo49noname45]

There was a 1971 movie called "The Omega Man" starring Charleton Heston. It was an adaption of the book "I Am Legend".

[@HenryBloggit]

Or a Big Bang Theory episode title.

[@totalmonkeyspeed260]

...and then an Alpha Process prequel

[@alexpotts6520]

​@@Hurricayne92 I think my favourite in this category is "ultraviolet catastrophe". Very metal.

[@AndyFletcherX31]

For the first time in my life I now have a basic understanding of sunspots, flux lines and CMEs. Many thanks for the crystal clear explanation. The only big question I have is what sort of field strength are we talking about in those flux tubes? My intuition is it is really high but on the other hand the flux tubes probably have a large diameter so the flux density might only be moderate.

[@WildVoltorb]

Yes

[@garethdean6382]

As high as 0.4 tesla, which is pretty solid. About 400x more than a fridge magnet.

[@AndyFletcherX31]

@@garethdean6382 that is a lot more than I was expecting considering the flux tubes can be a couple of thousand km in diameter. I'm not surprised they have such an effect

[@91plm]

Time for a new tshirt with the 6:56 illustration! Name it: Corronal mass ejection😅

[@andersnilsson973]

Coronal mass erection?

[@EvilSnips]

Coronal mass erection

[@onesciencedad]

One of the big reasons we had such a profound Aurora in May. Was that not only the coronal? Mass ejection, it was stong, but it shouldn't have been strong enough to give us the show. The big thing that is not being said. Is that our own magnetosphere is weak. And it's getting weaker, so that even moderate solar storms. Penetrate into the ionosphere. The beginning of our pokes repositioning.

[@EnglishMike]

Nope. Not true at all. There's no evidence for a pole shift about to happen.

[@JonnoPlays]

Now do a video about if the Earth magnetic field will flip.

[@godofmischief5222]

Yes!!

[@meltee01]

Perfect, yet another PBS Space Time video for me to fully 100% comprehend.

[@deetwise4631]

So happy to see a Space Time episode devoted to a "basic" explanation of observable processes in our own sun (which even directly affect us) instead of yet more of the endless undemonstrable para-scifi theoretical physics speculations about black or worm holes, invisible dimensions, putative multiverses and what not which KZbin - and unfortunately so often Space Time - excels at. Hope to see more such videos!

[@billkrause6880]

Damn it Matt, if you are going to talk about the sun flipping it's magnetic pole wearing a "Game Over" tee shirt, the tee should be in the merch store.

[@Merennulli]

I know you meant "merch store" but that typo works a little too well. 😂

[@randallpetersen9164]

He wears cool Ts that aren't in the merch store way too often!!!

[@Merennulli]

I did some looking online - the shirt is sold by the American Museum of Natural History.

[@iLLadelph267]

I believe this is a legacy design from older Space Time merch

[@JorgetePanete]

its*

[@JonnoPlays]

PBS trying to appeal to the solar doomsday prepper audience.

[@Porcuponic]

Carrington event lets go!

[@ardas77]

that would be cherry on the top of current events

[@5nowChain5]

It's that or the Big One in California.

[@MichaelDeHaven]

Speak for yourself! I like my electricity and computers.😂

[@Porcuponic]

@@5nowChain5 less likely but it could be the big one on the east coast, which wouldn’t even have to be that big to be the big one

[@pigbenis8366]

​​@@ardas77at least we wouldn't have to worry about nuclear war anymore.

[@TanyaGlenn-v7v]

That storm knocked out the power in Alamosa Colorado. It took almost 5 hours to get it back on. All the restaurants, stores and traffic lights out. Walmart has an independent system, I think the whole town went there.

[@SolaceEasy]

My sixth Solar Cycle.

[@MichaelDeHaven]

Congratulations! I'm just about to finish number five. May they be interesting, but not too interesting.

[@lyrimetacurl0]

My 3rd if I don't count the one I was born in (same as they didn't count Solar Cycle Zero even though measurements started in its maximum 😂)

[@fdabelstein]

The Gen X, Y, Z moniker is silly anyway. I will call myself a Gen 20 from now on.

[@Elesario]

Matt - "It probably won’t be as strong as those in the peak of the modern maximum"... Meanwhile the Sun - "Hold my beer!"

[@Ohenry92]

I think what the bigger question is, is are the earths magnetic poles flipping?

[@MichaelDeHaven]

Average is 200,000 to 300,000 years and the last flip was 780,000. So we could be due. But a short search didn't show any clear signs. So we're likely good for now. I do wonder how it would affect our relatively Hi-Tech society. Satellite, electronics, etc.

[@ThePowerLover]

@@MichaelDeHaven Magnetic excursions are way worse, way, way worse.

[@Ohenry92]

@@MichaelDeHaven A modern day Carrington event would be scary

[@astro_male]

Actually, it's the other way around. The flux of cosmic rays is influenced by solar activity (via magnetic fields and wind). When activity is high, the flow decreases. The Sun protects us from galactic radiation :)

[@joelwexler]

These people who figure this stuff out are so smart it's hard to fathom. Makes me feel like such a dope after thinking a couple good marks in undergraduate physics meant something.

[@andersjjensen]

You know what it took to get those marks. Now stare angrily at a physics problem for 8-12 hours a day for a decade and you know what it takes to move one tiny aspect of one specific category by a tiny amount. If you have the problem solving capacity to do good in undergraduate physics then you also have the problem solving capacity to do good in high level physics. The question just is: do you want to stare angrily at the same problem for ages? Personally I don't have the fortitude. I can hyper focus on something for as long as it fascinates me, but not getting anywhere for a long time is also how I lose fascination rapidly....

[@mysticlunala8020]

​@@andersjjensen It's understandable. I remember when I first started Rotational motion and came across a question. I refused to ask my teacher for the solution because I wanted to do that on my own and it literally took me 4 days to figure out the solution after doing it every day at least 4-5 times. I was always missing some kind of force in the equation. Even after failing so many times, I was still ready to solve it and finally solved it just because I was so fascinated by it. I used to think about becoming a physics professor back then. And today I am a nowhere near becoming a physics professor or researcher. LMAO I always look at things as trivial as opening/closing a gate and the physics behind it and wonder how can someone he not fascinated by it. But everyone's different.

[@drummerdoingstuff5020]

Remember it’s a collection of many bright thinkers over the years. People working together to a better understanding.

[@dalektorgo2973]

6:56 Nothing phallic to see here folks!

[@Graycy808]

Just move along, lol

[@Graycy808]

This is the first channel I subscribed to on utube, I still get just as excited as in the beginning! Matt thank you for explaining it all in a way that give me hope I'll understand it all someday... if I listen to the episodes enough times and my IQ increases as well!

[@Carnivore69]

The EPM (euphemisms per minute) of this episode is stellar! Can you do one about "stardocking" next?

[@gmtom19]

0:47 When you were watching the Aurora Borealis in upstate New York were you enjoying a hamburger, or as the locals call them, steamed ham?

[@HenryBloggit]

I’m from Utica and I’ve never heard anyone use the phrase “steamed hams.”

[@thezipcreator]

@@HenryBloggit Oh, not in Utica, no. It's an Albany expression.

[@JeremiahCatReactionGuy]

I don't think he's a principal named Skinner.

[@blackshard641]

And you call them steamed despite the fact there are clearly grill marks?

[@alexpotts6520]

I hate to be that guy, but Aurora Borealis was not visible from upstate New York. It was localised entirely within Skinner's kitchen.

[@Kubose]

That night in May with the arouras was awesome, I was outside on the phone not really thinking about it (I live southern AL, we don't get arouras and I had zero hope) and I saw a Starlink trail of satellites randomly. Thought that would be the highlight of stargazing for the night, but eventually I noticed the sky towards the north was a purple-ish color and put two and two together. My eyes only really saw a colorful night sky, but I took some longer exposures on camera and it looked amazing, made me want to take a trip up north to see the real thing one day. Kinda hoping the sun really pops off and rips us a new one so I can see some pretty lights from my backyard lol.

[@Alex-js5lg]

I didn't expect the sun to be so kink friendly.

[@solsystem1342]

Sun's been around long enough to know not to kink shame. Besides that'd be pretty hypocritical

[@MrManafon]

wow this was so informative ❤ i was told that “we don’t know where sunspots come from” back in school

[@fizola88]

6:55 I am so immature... 🤣🤣🤣

[@fhvisuals479]

Damn beat me to it 😅

[@user-vc5zt9ci12]

I saw that too!

[@KungKras]

Don't forget he also called it the Alpha process 😂😂😂

[@jakokaiser1169]

I can't overstate the value of this channel. Thank you!

[@Omnifarious0]

Isn't it also true that the Earth's magnetic field is about to flip, and hence is getting weaker and more disorganized?

[@EnglishMike]

No, the recent weakening of Earth's magnetic field (10% in the last 200 years) is not a sign there's a flip about to occur. The strength of the magnetic field fluctuates more than this all the time but flips only happen every five hundred thousand years, on average. There's lots of pseudoscientific nonsense about pole flips out there on the Internet, but the people who actually know what they're talking about (i.e. Earth scientists) are not expecting anything to change anytime soon (as in the next few thousand years).

[@Omnifarious0]

@@EnglishMike - Given what has been called "pseudoscience" and who has been called "charlatans" recently, I'm far lest trusting of those words than I once was, so I would appreciate a more detailed understanding of why the group of scientists you cite do not think the Earth's magnetic field will be flipping in the near future. My chief reason for thinking it might is that the north magnetic pole has been moving around a lot more than it has in the past.

[@ThePowerLover]

@@EnglishMike That 10% loss is like 10 to 20 years off...

[@ThePowerLover]

@@EnglishMike How many geophysicists do you know?

[@ThePowerLover]

@@Omnifarious0 There is a descent paper called "CATACLYSMIC POLARITY SHIFT IS U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY PREPARED FOR THE NEXT GEOMAGNETIC POLE REVERSAL?".

[@Stellectis2014]

6:52 Matt's showing off.

[@jimmyzhao2673]

Will The Sun’s Magnetic Field Flip This Year? THE ANSWER WILL SHOCK YOU !

[@mountainhobo]

🤣🤣🤣

[@VictorAntares]

I love the theory for why the sun's magnetic field is so loopy

[@TheCjbowman]

The important information is when the magnetic field of the Earth will flip.

[@reubenj.cogburn8546]

Since the process is basically unknowable, unpredictable, and unchangeable what difference would any knowledge make?

[@Merennulli]

@@reubenj.cogburn8546 Mass producing upside-down compasses in advance.

[@JamesCairney]

​@@reubenj.cogburn8546practice in reading a back to front compass. These things take time.

[@Nothing2150]

Thank you pbs space time for another great vid

[@holgerspielmann1073]

Thank you to Matt and all the other folks at PBS for this great show! Mostly on the edge of what my knowledge of physics, mathematics and the English language allows me to comprehend, it always brings forward my understanding of the universe! 🙏🏼❤️

[@heaslyben]

Back in Cycle 21, several members of my developmental cohort and I visited the communal recreation facility within our habitation tract. We saw Flux Tube open for Omega Process. Many of us count this as our most preferred memory of communal recreation -- even now, well into Cycle 25!

[@camp44mag]

This is the first PBS Spacetime episode I felt as if I well understood.

[@cx3268]

Next thursday at 7:34 pm PST is my guess.

[@relwalretep]

and 12 seconds

[@TheAngryAstronomer]

This video literally did a better job of helping me understand sunspots than the Great Courses course I took on heliophysics lol.

[@ValheruIII]

6:55 hehe

[@richtheobald4390]

No kink shaming, please

[@elementsofphysicalreality]

I’m going to write a thesis about hawking radiation and how particles get broken down by dimension when falling into a black hole and how the information gets cancelled and transferred out of the black hole. Not lost. The last episode you made was excellent and highly relevant. Still questions with no answers.

[@DSP_Gaming0]

I keep trying to tell my friends and family about CMEs and what could happen. They all think im some doomsday conspiracy theorist. They dont understand that it's not a theory, its an actual event that has happened already. The Carrington event. Its crazy how clueless everyday humans are, they all seem to think that the world we live in now will never go away.

[@pikotech1]

Faraday cages at the ready! They'll come running to you if it happens!

[@vvvvxxxx9999]

Engineering claims to have prepared for such events. Meaning that they believe that they can limit the damage. I wouldn't worry much. Life will go on.

[@DSP_Gaming0]

@@vvvvxxxx9999 electric companys don't want to invest in the safety's precautions though. It'll cost billions to protect us from CMEs and they think our chances are too low for them to spend so much

[@sstruks3773]

Thinking about what the Sun has been doing for the past couple of decades is probably like thinking about what I've been doing for the past couple of milliseconds.

[@warbird2k]

Perfect timing! Was looking for something to watch, and I've watched everything good I like at least twice... Dropping this now couldn't have been more perfect.

[@ChrispyNut]

More perfect? Perfection's a spectrum? That's more things I learned here. 😉

[@Merennulli]

@@ChrispyNut It's quantized, though. Every elemental particle has charge, mass, and spin, and if they are all perfect, the particle is perfect. The level of perfection is a Fermi estimation of the percentage of particles in perfect state averaged over a period of 10^9 nanoseconds.

[@ChrispyNut]

@@Merennulli That seems paradoxical. N.B. I'm making a joke, Fermi paradox, because this went to a greater depth than I can cope with, so distracting from that with a joke seems the right thing to do. 😉

[@Merennulli]

@@ChrispyNut Mine was a joke too. 😉

[@NewMessage]

So we shouldn't flip out.

[@nielsssg]

ba dum tsss

[@ajeetm]

I was actually able to follow this episode!!

[@epiclivestreams6733]

Thank you for the bug report, the devs are now working on it. (This comment is meant as a joke)

[@keegisuvakas6847]

i feel like i'm watching the weather prediction, but for space. "but now, space weather"

Not all experts expected low activity in this cycle.

[@godfreypigott]

None of them are experts in regard to predicting the strength of a cycle. The one that's closest will have fluked it.

[@jesipohl6717]

Q: Did you hear that mom's for liberty tried to ban the sun. A: What? Q: They were concerned about it's kinkiness.

[@dans2971]

And your horrendous use of apostrophes in plurals.

[@Steaphany]

You better take a refreshed class in QED, Magnetic fields are fields with a gradient to their strength at any point compared to any other point. they have a vector orientation, but there is no such thing as a magnetic field line.

[@godfreypigott]

It seem it is you who needs the physics refresher. *EVERY* text on electromagnetism and *EVERY* course refers to magnetic field lines. They might be an *abstraction,* but so is a 'field', the 'gradient' and a 'vector' ... all the things you mentioned.

[@user-vo3dc6je2g]

Excellent video! A small correction at 11:10, solar activity and cosmic rays are anti-correlated so I would imagine that the levels of 10Be more likely indicate the solar minimum periods.

[@bokchoiman]

Sun be lookin' so crazy right now

[@LukeSeed]

Solar experts are as accurate as hurricane experts in their predictions

[@filonin2]

So quite good then and continuously getting better. These stats are freely available and come up as the first result when you search "accuracy of hurricane predictions" from HurricaneScience.

[@tabularasa0606]

It's already quite an accomplishment we can predict something at all.

[@CraftySasquatch]

@@tabularasa0606 ancient human civilizations predicted more than we predict now days and where way more advanced. Our current civilization has been dumbed down so bad it's not even funny anymore. Example Egyptians, Mesopotamia, India, China, Persia and Rome If the power where to go out tomorrow our so called advanced civilization would crumble without electricity. (CME from the sun) The civilizations I listed above had no electricity and where way more advanced without it. Rid the world of oligarchs and their man made religion and we will have world peace. Before oligarchs we worshiped nature and the stars and lived in harmony with one another.

[@drdca8263]

@@CraftySasquatchYou have an unusual way of using the word “advanced”. Also, you are incorrect when you say they could make better predictions.

[@MichaelDeHaven]

Our ancestors were no idiots. It's thanks to their efforts, we are where we are. But they definitely didn't know nearly as much as we do today. Some knowledge may have been tragically lost. But we are far more competent now, as a species. As far as electricity. Yeah. But we crossed that bridge long ago. You could make the same argument for most of our technology. Metal working, fertilizer, etc. Heck, just plain old agriculture or living in stationary locations were massive turning points. Each where the previous can't support the new population, if we tried to go back. But this is what our species does. We adapt and learn. As long as we do it wisely we'll be fine.

[@patellis8904]

Oh my god, I never knew about the sunspot pairing before, as well as equatorial pairing too! That is amazingly cool.

[@barry_g8443]

What a great informative video, thank you.

[@oracleofdelphi4533]

Heads it will flip, Tails it wont...

[@user-96y]

It is unreasonable for so many scientists to remain silent when the truth has become clear Look, you don't have much time left We must save people we know the truth and guide them to ways of survival. This is the mission I have been fighting alone for years I will continue until the last moment

[@godfreypigott]

Barring a massing asteroid impact, the "last moment" is at least millions of years away.

[@doomfanboy9413]

to give you guys the short version. The sun's got some gas and it's about ready to pass.

[@blackshard641]

The sun is a mass of incandescent gas, a gigantic nuclear furnace.

[@austinb1803]

Can someone please explain to me why magnetic field lines are always getting such active and concrete descriptors? "Looped; kinked; the lines did this; the lines did that; the lines ordered me pizza." Are we not just talking about a theoretical visual aid for our plots and diagrams? You never hear of such autonomy ascribed to contour lines on a map, or even electric field lines for that matter. So why are magnetic field lines allowed such animosity?

[@austinb1803]

(I always figured it was simply because 1) iron shavings get clumpy, and therefore 2) everyone's middle school teachers collectively got a bit overzealous regarding the explainability of what was being observed. But clearly there's more to it, if the smart kids' table here subscribes to letting the magnetic field lines themselves call the shots in the sun's interior. Let me guess: it's shorthand for the shape in space of the collective angular momentum of local charged particles in the plasma, vis-a-vis induction?)

[@memopinzon]

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT THE MICROPLASTICS IN MY BALLS?

[@ChrispyNut]

You tell us! On second thoughts .... 😆

[@reubenj.cogburn8546]

It won't They are large enough to have their own gravity

[@CartoonHero1986]

Seeing the auroras during that flare event made me have to reread Sunstorm by Arthur C. Clarke from the Time's Eye Series. Such a cool effect to have an aurora over head while reading a sci-fi novel about Alien's weaponizing the sin to destroy humanity.

[@jo_crespo11235]

Excellent video Matt and team, keep the hard work.

[@paulfoss5385]

0:46 Aurora Borealis. Really, what region? Uh… upstate NY.

[@Killuminati23]

That triangle shaped coronal hole in 2012 was amazing

[@ThePowerLover]

Illuminati confirmed, the Sun follows our meme culture.

[@HanakoSeishin]

> Why does it take 11 years? Because that's how long it takes? > because that's how long it takes Hey, I was right!

[@protectedmethod9724]

Moving to Vegas next month! Luckily only 500 miles for me. Thanks for the vid

[@Khyranleander]

Only a (roughly) 11 year cycle? Didn't scientists used to think there was at least another, much-longer cycle that wasn't a multiple of 11? Also, how sure are we about the internal structure of the Sun? We only just found Earth's "innermost" layer, so would imagine the Sun could have deeper layers that would have their own cycles.

[@mar117117]

We still know very little. We have 24 decently documented cycles. Too few to draw any reasonable conclusions. What we know about sun's structure is based on observing sun's vibrations and seeing how they change after passing through deeper layers. It is called helioseismology and, as you can imagine, it has big limitations. Also the energy takes from 10 000 to 100 000 years to travel from core through radiative zone so what we observe on the surface has been caused by event tens thousands years ago.

[@George-rk7ts]

Good job, Matt.

[@JeffGreenNV]

I appreciate your regression to those of us who are not as smart as you all are.

[@timduckenfield5076]

Excellent video thank you!

[@sozetsukokai9327]

Us: ohh the sun kinda acting up Sun, being eaten by a PBH: aaaahhhhhhhhhh

[@randyhavard6084]

Great job explaining the whole process

[@louis-simonguite]

11:08 Actually stronger solar maxima correlate with less cosmic rays because during a maximum, the stronger solar winds (at the equator) make it harder for cosmic rays to reach the Earth!

[@DahvPlays]

Rising Flux Tubes is the name of my new prog rock group

[@HairyPinkTroll]

2:19 I’d like more clarification on the spinning of the earth’s core and what that means in relation to a magnetic pole shift this year… will the sun’s pull and moon’s pull effect it as well?

[@bysshe51]

Ok, the Omega process. That sounds ominous. If science fiction has taught me anything omega-anything is bad.

[@zacharywong483]

Absolutely fantastic video, as always!

[@MissAynneK]

I constantly find myself watching videos about physics with so much fascination, but almost zero comprehension 😂

[@jamesmnguyen]

I recommend starting with the basics.

[@MissAynneK]

@@jamesmnguyen I have, but I think it’s because I have nobody to discuss it with and I probably need a more intentional approach (maybe a class?)

[@jamesmnguyen]

@@MissAynneK Yeah, a class would definitely help. I took a few classes on physics in high school and college.

[@altejoh]

So, something that has always bugged me: when someone says "the magnetic field lines get twisted", what does that mean? Like, what "physically" is being twisted? Since like, the magnetic field lines are just representations of relative gradient strength, not actually arranged into discrete lines, right?

[@Fl4nken]

Well that drawing on the sun at 6:55 was quite rude. But otherwise great stuff as always!

[@Stellectis2014]

No it was funny. Probably unintentionally drawn to illustrate the Coriolis effect on the magnetic fields. The drawing was mirrored over the line dividing the sun in half.

[@Saiphs]

11:07 Stronger solar maxima mean less cosmic rays because more incoming cosmic rays are deflected by the solar magnetic field and CMEs

[@targuscinco]

Thats the name of my post modern jazz screamo fusion band. Solar cycle 25.

[@LynxUrbain]

Reminds me of the kind of appreciation one can share about the quality of a vintage.

[@frankharr9466]

We're still figuring it out.

[@hokudadog7637]

Excellent, I learned a lot

[@bunger4679]

Amazing collection of simulations this video, its great

[@kalrandom7387]

Kind of crazy that during the minimum the little ice age was also a thing

[@rdyornot77]

5:12 The Omega Process I read that, it's by John Grisham isn't it?

[@drfill9210]

If a model doesn't work It's usually.. Because it's overfit if you having trouble go back to a s Straight line line.

[@Warxjay]

This happens every 11 years. Nothing to worry about.

[@Zentao420]

I hate living in Albany, you can't see anything in the sky, you definitely can't see Aurora borealis.

[@ThomasB-G]

Today i learned about the kinky processes of the suns magnetic field B===D