PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction Simplified

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Using PCR, copies of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory and clinical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications including biomedical research and criminal forensics. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983 while he was an employee of the Cetus Corporation. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 (along with Michael Smith) for his work in developing the method.
Typically, PCR consists of a series of 20-40 repeated temperature changes, called thermal cycles, with each cycle commonly consisting of two or three discrete temperature steps. The cycling is often preceded by a single temperature step at a very high temperature (90 °C (194 °F), and followed by one hold at the end for final product extension or brief storage. The temperatures used and the length of time they are applied in each cycle depend on a variety of parameters, including the enzyme used for DNA synthesis, the concentration of bivalent ions and dNTPs in the reaction, and the melting temperature (Tm) of the primers.

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Watch our latest Video on RT-PCR

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Here are some notes too. kzbin.info/www/bejne/mKClkqJ_fax_bMU___Polymerase Chain Reaction

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So simplified and easy to understand. Brilliant Explanation. Thank you ❤

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Really easily understandable ,very informative

[@alexandrahowell3142]

HIV has an RNA genome, not DNA as you state at 6'06" of the video. For HIV, you'd first have to do reverse transcription to produce cDNA before you can do a PCR

[@kushunadkat9087]

Yes

[@fathimahashim7005]

But when this hiv virus enters the human cell, it starts to create dna for making further copies of themselves.

[@alexandrahowell3142]

The video is incorrect when it states "the blood of the patient contains the virus, and in the virus is its genetic material, the DNA". Rather, it should state, "the virus's genetic material which is a single stranded RNA molecule, is reverse transcribed within the cell it has infected, and the resulting DNA then integrates into the host cell chromosome".

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Useful observation @Alexander Howell

[@HelloAayush]

@@alexandrahowell3142 but when hiv virus is already in macrophages then it's dna due to reverse transcription is already integrated in the macrophage cell and further in the T helper cells The viral RNA is converted to DNA in macrophages. So we can say that we will directly get the DNA integrated in the cell?🤔

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Thanks a lot and I'll be back to learn more about this. Now I know why Kary Mullis called PCR a manufacturing process.

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Well done!

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A worthwhile video for all beginning biology students.

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In my book temperatures mentioned in denaturation is 94 degrees Celsius and for 1 minute. In primer Annealing, temperature is 54 degrees Celsius and time duration is 2 minutes.

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