pH, Alkalinity, and Hardness for your Water Treatment or Distribution Exam

[@jesusgutierrez1028]

This guy is the best. He brings real life prior knowledge to civilians. Great work 👏

[@TheWaterSifu]

:-)... Thank you!

[@northeastrebel439]

These videos are a big help in better understanding water treatment. I recently changed careers from window cleaning to water treatment and im not gonna lie, its extremely intimidating now that i realize how involved it is. Ive never considered myself to be all that smart to begin with and its a little nerve wracking just knowing i absolutely have to pass my D-1 and T-1 in order to keep my job.

[@TheWaterSifu]

I totally understand... Thank you for the kind words. If you haven't done it yet, check out the podcasts as well. They are totally free, and you can find them at the link in the info section above. Don't let the weight of the tests stress you out... just start slowly plugging away at it, and learning what you need to learn. It's gonna take a little effort, but if you do that, you'll be fine. I wish you all the best!

[@mm2pitsnipe72]

Although I have been doing water chemistry for 30 years and understand it... this video helped me be able to help our apprentices to really grasp why boiler water and condensate testing is so crucial in a power plant, Thank you Brother!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you for that. I really appreciate it! I wish you all the best with everything!

[@MrAlex8963]

I'm new to aquariums and needed an explanation of what I was messing with. I was able to fill the front of a paper with notes. Thank you very much!

[@LiterOCola1981]

I passed my operator C for Florida today and I owe a big portion to this SIFU!!! Ty’s breakdowns are spot on!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Congratulations, and thank you!

[@G-Bone03]

Your video is still so helpful 8 years later, thank you so much for explaining in words everyone can understand. Studying for my water treatment and distribution exams, your videos are real lifesavers.

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you! Best of luck on your exams!

[@jimwastewaterteacher505]

Excellent, excellent. I teach Introduction to water/wastewater classes in New Jersey and this video and explanation is excellent. So often, students get glassy eyed when this topic is discussed and you explained it in a tremendously understandable way. Thank you for making this video. Best of everything to you.

[@krishnakadiyam2864]

HIIII

[@kyriegary1355]

i know im asking the wrong place but does someone know of a way to log back into an Instagram account? I somehow forgot my password. I love any assistance you can give me.

[@eastonbenson4495]

@Kyrie Gary instablaster ;)

[@kyriegary1355]

@Easton Benson I really appreciate your reply. I got to the site thru google and I'm trying it out atm. Takes quite some time so I will reply here later with my results.

[@kyriegary1355]

@Easton Benson it worked and I now got access to my account again. I'm so happy:D Thank you so much you saved my ass !

[@rumiazhari7387]

It's good to know that Alkalinity is a subject that everyone finds it hard. I'm a master student in Environmental Engineering, I even still cannot understand Alkalinity that thoroughly since it's quite complex subject

[@tedhand6237]

Very happy to discover this podcast. I'm considering a career change from teaching to water treatment. Quite a resource!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Hope it helps. I actually wanted to teach high school when I was first in college. If you'd like to bounce any questions off me, feel free to grab my email off the website linked above. If you want to shoot me an email with your number, I can give you a call. Either way, best of luck with the career shift.

[@shanewillier7030]

I am a water treatment operator in Alberta Canada and thank you this is awesome. All the videos are and that's why I subscribe

[@TheWaterSifu]

+Shane Willier Thanks Shane.

[@fergferguson7370]

Massive help with balancing my pool water..I’ve been chasing PH while the whole time alkalinity has been the problem. Excellent information..

[@bigd8161]

I just wanted to say thank you sifu for all the time and effort you have put in for the betterment of others. Your podcasts and study guides mean so much to me. Thank you

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you Big D! (That feels awkward to say. lol) Seriously, I appreciate the kind words!

[@79improve]

@@TheWaterSifu 🤣

[@alexperry5134]

Hi Ty, I’m Alex at San José Water, been there for about almost 8 months, used to work at North Port in Fl, finished Water Caco3 back in 2003 to 2016 was around 500ppm!!.

[@TheWaterSifu]

Hey Alex. Nice to hear from you. How's that for ironic. I used to be at San Jose Water, but now I'm soon moving to Florida! LOL Next time I'm over at SJW, I'll ask if you are around.

[@RobertRhorer]

Excellent summary. Really helped me interpret the results of my well / cistern testing in rainy season vs dry (ground water) season. First video I’ve watched, and I’m sure I’ll be watching more as I delve into making adjustments for very high alkalinity ground water. 5 stars 👍🏻

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you!

[@funk132]

I wish this guy was my Science Techer! Thank you for explaining this is simple terms. Makes a lot more sense to me.

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you!

[@paulbester5594]

I now understand what exactly alkalinity is. I test TA when balancing my pool chemistry and when trying to keep my marine fish tank parameters stable, but didn't know how alkalinity and PH works. Before, they appeared to be joined by the hip, but understand it much better now. Thank you!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you Paul. I appreciate the kind words.

[@subzilow]

Great video! Made it really to understand the topics. You probably know this by now, the word you were looking for might be "precipitate" out of the water.

[@Wugish]

I just discovered your podcast. Thank you for putting out content to help people like me learn this stuff for free!

[@TheWaterSifu]

+Wugish Thank you!

[@ericcardenas5457]

This guyis great! he really does an excellent job of explaining things in a way that is easily understandable to operators with little understanding of chemistry, or the field in general!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you Eric. I really appreciate the kind words!

[@rachaelsouthern5665]

Thank you so much, this answered so many questions I had from my course, it IS a lifesaver!! thanks heaps!

[@TamilWalkerChannel]

you're simply great sir with clear pronunciation.

[@TheWaterSifu]

:-)... Thank you!

[@theoneoutofnazareth]

Thank you for such an awesome breakdown! I'm a Class III (entry-level) drinking water operator and have been completely stunned at how many folks just memorize study-guide facts without actually understanding the processes. and actual science behind water-treatment. Awesome videos!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you!

[@zues5877]

thanks to you i will be passing my exam when i decide to take it

[@TheWaterSifu]

Awesome... don't put if off. Just set it up and do it.

[@naashawginosh4570]

Thanks dude, from Canada. Very helpful.

[@iamOAKland]

I gave up trying to learn this but I might have to try again... I hope the job market in WT are still available

[@TheWaterSifu]

+iamOAKland Please don't give up if it's really what you want to do. It's a great field to be in! Anyone can do this. It's just a matter of putting in some study time and studying the right way. If you haven't listened to the podcasts and checked out my site, please give it a shot. It's free and will really help you.

[@richgoskitz4155]

Great video! I have used your other podcasts to study both water treatment and water distribution....so far, I have passed both the D3 and T3 exams in California... keep up the good work! Thanks for all your effort!

[@pigwillnot8281]

so cool the sammy hagar water guy !!! love ur style dude ! and u dont have an indian accent i have to decifer! yer videos are great for brushing up on !! thanx!

[@cj1613]

watched these with relaxing music in the background very great experience and lessons learned ...

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you!

[@Ardyrezv]

Thank you. From MK&A

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you! MK&A ... Mary Kate and Ashley??? 🙂

[@icarus_1232]

I work at a water plant and our maintenance guy let our slakers get real bad. What is the best way to remove slaked lime that has built up over the years outside of the slaker. Any input would be appreciated, thanks.

[@lakshminarayanadunna7081]

Good Explanation for easy understand about the basic characteristics of water . Thank You Sir.

[@nicotine6852]

Great video. Thank you!

[@TheWaterSifu]

:-)

[@hgulhan]

First, thank you for the video it clears up. But i want to correct something. The temporary hardness is not carbonate hardness. It is carbonate hardness due to calsium. Because when you boil water, only dissolved calsium bicarbonate precipitates as caco3. Carbonate hardness due to Mg stays in the dissolved form.

[@juansuarez1461]

Easy to undertant in his way of doing👌

[@chriscastaneda7350]

Mr. Ty first of all your podcast and all your help videos are awesome really appreciate what your doing ! question I am taking my T/1 next month for first time, I'm curious what kind of problems more or less should i study regarding math and other topics should I be reviewing. Thanks Chris

[@ADWJ1358]

Hello, what are the details of the book that shown in 8:20 ? is it include detailed calculations and design criteria of water systems ?

[@TheWaterSifu]

It is a popular textbook used in the industry for those who are taking a prerequisite class prior to taking an exam, "Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volume I". I would include a link for you but they don't let me here in the comments. I have a link to it at the top of the "links" page of my website. You can find that URL in the video or in the above description. That will give you all the info you need about it.

[@ADWJ1358]

Great !! thank you for the information

[@jasonpalmere695]

What's your opinion on reverse osmosis with the alkalinity filter?

[@praburm]

Wow.!! This is the coolest explanation.. u saved lot of time 🤪

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you!

[@abdurrahim5992]

@@TheWaterSifu [e-mail] please contact with me.

[@neerajsinghbhar966]

Hello Mr. Can it possible alkalanity of pond shoots up but pH just remain in 8 to 8.5 range

[@marshaltopola5104]

Thanks for you presentation,that cleared a lot.

[@chrisds302]

Thanks, your videos are very helpful, especially the break point vid

[@Reubes86]

I still watch your podcast and downloaded them all to my phone. What about water treatment safety podcast?

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you for the kind words... As far as a specific podcast dedicated purely to general all around safety, the idea has never really thrilled me. To be totally honest, it seems super boring, and probably unnecessary. My goal with the show is really to train you for your exams in the best way possible. I try to discuss the safety issues that may come up on exams in the sections specific to that issue. For example, I talk about digging safety in my trenching and shoring podcast. I talk about safety and protective gear to wear around chlorine and other chemicals in my biological contaminants and disinfectants course, or in the shorter podcast. We talk about MCLS and exposure limits in the government regulations podcast, etc. Having said all that, when you are working for a water company, they send you to A TON of mandatory safety classes which are necessary to cover their own butts. Probably not the best thing for safety because sitting in them for countless hours will make anyone want to jump off a bridge. :-)

[@BanQasimBanaHikmat]

Thank you for your explanation, but I have a question regarding rainwater harvesting system I am working on now, do I have to test Alkalinity? And is it mandatory to pre-treatment if the turbidity range is 0.75-1.2 NTU? I tested for E-coli and it is positive so I am using sodium Hypochlorite for water disinfection with concentration 15%, so my dilution was like I use 990 mL of lab water and I add 10 mL of chlorine to make a chlorine solution then I add to my water samples is that way correct, thank you and Look forward hearing your answer

[@BennyRuff]

Needed this recap

[@kabirmg]

Wish that you list out sensor to measure Langelier Index in Water. Sensors suitable for SCADA / IoT platform.

[@bobbysanford4777]

Nice! Like the music intro too

[@sarmedalbadrawe5650]

Thank you so much for your informative video all the best

[@romanibukharst9517]

sir we learn from you. and when you laugh in between we have great fun with you.

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you Romani! I appreciate your comment.

[@sowmohamed9993]

HI Sir . I want do some experience about coagulation and flocculation but i want some help please. i want some procedure how to start i mean the first step and the final. thank you

[@TheWaterSifu]

Sow... I would recommend you look up and research "jar test". Also, you may want to watch my other video titled "Water Treatment Process: Direct and Conventional Filtration".

[@sowmohamed9993]

Thank you Sir

[@cynthiagarcia3722]

Sow Mohamed knowing i

[@sulray]

Thanks for sharing Sifu, work on Boilers in Sydney and it explained alot to me..once again Thanks from downunder....lol

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you, Ray.

[@ullasgowda8186]

I'm watching this video in 2021. Great Explanation sir, but Langelier would file a suit against you if he were alive, those moments in the video were funny n good...

[@TheWaterSifu]

LOL... you are probably right... he might try. :-)

[@alulabruk7274]

thank you. it helps me a lot.

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you!

[@greenmarine5]

I'm 51 years old we learned this in 5th grade in Biology class...I guess learning things about other countries is more important than learning about basic elements of living now days

[@TheWaterSifu]

Basic elements of living, I would agree, are vitally important. This video aims at helping people who are testing for certification to understand these subjects, and fortunately they require you to know them for certification. I care more that the person treating the water I drink knows this information than I do if they can change a diaper in 30 seconds. :-)

[@bagelstruth9313]

You are a God amongst Gods.

[@TheWaterSifu]

Hahaha... Far from it my friend, but I appreciate the compliment.

[@JJRD222]

I hope you're well sifu

[@TheWaterSifu]

Can't complain, my friend. Thanks!

[@kartiniabkadir1420]

Hi ...I'm newbie here. I'm curious, are the water hardness and total hardness have different definition?

[@TheWaterSifu]

All forms of hardness we talk about in the video refer to types of water hardness.

[@afsadwatertreatment3916]

Can land softening in HRSCC reduce silica from 30 ppm, to < 7 ppm

[@abdurrahim5992]

Hi,can you help me to manufacturer the boiler chemicals please.

[@boostedb20vtec]

I have a question, What are the 2 water chemistry tests done on the boilers/feedwater? Thank you in advance.

[@TheWaterSifu]

I personally deal with drinking water treatment and even with that there are MANY parameters people are concerned about testing. Which they are most worried about would depend on what they already know about their source water. I'm not sure which tests someone in a boiler plant would want to run with respect to their individual equipment but off the top of my head my guess would be pH, alkalinity and calcium carbonate saturation out of a concern for scale deposition with the heated water.

[@alonsovg08]

Hey Ty. I wanna get into the water treatment field but all the positions I see ask for maintenance/construction experience and having a CDL. What do you think is the best to get started on the field if I have no experience whatsoever in construction/experience?

[@TheWaterSifu]

Hi Alonso, that question is not easy to answer here with only a short reply. Check out these Water Sifu podcasts at the link in the above "info" section. (#2 Operator Certification and #24 Your Questions about Certification and Hiring). You should find them really helpful. I can say, however, that most places will want you to have a drivers license, so you really should get that if you are able.

[@michaelvillarreal5167]

Where can I get a study book before taking class d water license, in tx

[@TheWaterSifu]

Check out my video, "passing your exam the first time". I share several good study resources there. If you want to pick up any of the books I have links on the "links" page of my website or you can just go to amazon.

[@chulheepark1777]

Thank you so much. i love you. this was so helpful

[@TheWaterSifu]

That is super sweet! Thank you!

[@Clickbait540]

Hi Ty, are u still selling ur water math DVDs? I'm would like to order both. Thank you.

[@TheWaterSifu]

+yulleait 2 Yup... sure am. Thanks for the interest.

[@roblettinga3504]

I'm currently taking water treatment and learning all about this. However, in my class the hydrogen ion was classified as hydronium + or H3O rather. Has it been updated since this video?

[@TheWaterSifu]

No. Everything in this video is still accurate.

[@ericmaggard6182]

Lol, Wally the puppet boy, haha good stuff. I must say that your content makes studying for my treatment exam suck a whole lot less. Thanks man!!!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Never heard of "Wally the puppet boy", and I think I prefer when I get "Peter Frampton" or "Sebastian Bach" (or hell even "Dee Snider") more... lol. But thank you very much for taking the time to leave the message, and for the very kind words. I know that studying for this stuff really bites. I've been there and felt the exact same way. I try my best to take a rough subject and not only simplify it, but make it more bearable, so I really appreciate the comments!

[@ericmaggard6182]

Haha no, in the video you talked about people who wash clothes with hard water have stiff clothes and walk around like Wally the puppet boy, I wasn’t calling you Wally the puppet boy. I do see the Sebastian Bach similarity though

[@TheWaterSifu]

@@ericmaggard6182 Oh jeeeze, that's right. I totally forgot I said that. Never actually heard of him. It just rolled off my tongue when I was recording the video. I cant believe I actually tried to google search "wally the puppet boy". lol

[@rocketman3534]

im still watching your vids in 2020 while dodging the beer virus

[@goldencoin100]

Does bacterias effect perm. Hardness?

[@drandrewsanchez]

is there an equation for hardness? i'm not sure i understand how to calculate it...

[@TheWaterSifu]

There are methods of calculating hardness, but I do not discuss calculations in this video. That would be a whole other video in itself. Unfortunately, I don't have the capacity to answer that question in a short written reply. The Water Math book by Joanne Kirkpatrick Price is a good source for explaining hardness. Sorry I could not be more help and I wish you all the best.

[@lvazquez8093]

Hello, I bought your first water math cd and it was a great help! I passed my DW C lic exam with no problem! Do you have a link for the second one? I saw that you are offering it as an online course but I would prefer to have the actual cd

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thanks for the interest and the compliments. As of now, both DVD courses are still available in DVD form. If you go to the WaterSifu website (link in the above description) and go to the "Math DVDs" tab, you can pick up the Advanced DVD course there. (The online versions would be accessed from a different page by clicking on the "continuing education" tab.)

[@lvazquez8093]

Awesome!!! Thanks so much. In love with your teaching methods Ty. I am telling everyone at work about you!

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you very much. I really apprecite the kind words and you sharing the website. By the way, I go to the post office Mon, Wed, Fri, so if you pick up the DVD in the next hour or so it would go out in today's mail. Otherwise it will go out friday. All orders are mailed first class.

[@lvazquez8093]

just placed order...you are the bomb brother

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thanks again Louis. I'll get it out today.

[@renagademusic6900]

Awesome video I am going to take my class 1 In May and have been watching your videos are great. If you can give me any advice to what to study or really be expecting for test that would be much appreciated.

[@TheWaterSifu]

Thank you for the compliment. I appreciate it! As for your question, go to the WaterSifu website in the link above in the commets section. Go the the "questions" page, and read the answer to the question "what should I study for my exam?"... That will set you on the best path.

[@renagademusic6900]

Thanks.!

[@alexgunawan98]

What kind of fertilizer is good for Alkalinity in Seawater to balance it , guru ?

[@TheWaterSifu]

Hey Alex, A lot of people find this video that have an interest in pools or fish tanks, but that's actually not my specialty at all, so I'm sorry I can't help you with that. My focus, and this channels actual main focus, is entirely on potable water drinking systems and their state certifications in treatment and distribution. Wish you all the best with finding what you need.

[@DavidM-sv6ny]

Great video, thank you Ty.

[@moubinemourad4311]

excellent!

[@pettynkomo4557]

thank you so much sir. Awesome stuff!!!!!

[@عبدالسلامالمطيري-و6س]

I work in water treatment plant and we use sewage water as feed to the plant , my question is how we could maintain ph between 10.6 to 10.9 and also maintain total hardness below 300 ppm? By the way we are using caustic soda

[@عبدالسلامالمطيري-و6س]

And much appreciate to your work sir

[@tommyboy3903]

Hello sir, your videos are very understandable and im learning alot from them in a new fun/calm way. Im currently a student and im very interested in the water company. Which videos do i start with so i can get my foot in the door with a company. Im am very eager to help my family and find a career that im happy with

[@mcmalek8797]

What is the name of the book? Thank you so much.

[@TheWaterSifu]

It's a very good book put out by Sacramento State University, titled Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volume 1. If you go to my website from the link in the description of this video, and then go to my "links" page, you can find it there.

[@bagelstruth9313]

Oh stop it Ty, you are so humble.

[@mauriceupton1474]

Your lectures are excellent, however I may suggest you improve on your microphone, too much echo makes it difficult to listen to for long periods.

[@danab172]

YOU are great though. superb.

[@kalthamismail695]

Awesome !! Thanks!

[@grh8141]

Thankyou So much.

[@Secko1Secko]

Hey Ty come back & do a Management course. WE NEED YOU

[@TheWaterSifu]

Rick... you keep making that comment on every one of my videos. I replied to one of them but you never replied back. I'll ask you again: I know the exams say a certain percentage of the questions are "management", but when you say to do a Management Course, give my an example of a type of question that you feel would fall into that category.

[@Secko1Secko]

​@TheWaterSifu Sorry, I'm just seeing this, The questions deal with management styles, ion exchange, reverse osmosis,process control. Thanks for your content

[@TheWaterSifu]

@@Secko1Secko I think my point could be better made in person. If you are interested, look up my email address on the website and email me your number. I'll give you a call to explain,

[@aquillae]

Thanks Sifu, allow me to pour a cup of tea for you

[@TheWaterSifu]

:-)

[@abdessamedghettas7167]

Thanks

[@mike-pc4iu]

thank you so much

[@almaandrade4003]

🎉🎉🎉

[@benslavich2457]

thank you! great video. very helpful! entertaining too :P

[@marketingmajor8126]

What intro song is that?

[@TheWaterSifu]

Don't even remember to be honest. I got the clip from a free use music site years back.

[@mahalakshmi141]

Super sir

[@bobbaran7350]

thanks man

[@joro8604]

I feel better that someone else admits this is mysterious stuff.

[@TheWaterSifu]

:-) It definitely sucks to understand when you are first learning it. Hopefully this video helps somewhat with that.

[@richie1249]

Brilliant, cant get over how much you sound like steve-o from jackass though ^^

[@benebutterbean2737]

Alkali…or al-qaly, meaning "ashes of the saltwort". قِلًى قِلْو مادّة قَلَويّة

[@benebutterbean2737]

And no, I'm not an F-ing Arab.

[@benebutterbean2737]

Hard…Old English heard; related to Old Norse harthr, Old Frisian herd, Old High German herti, Gothic hardus hard, Greek kratus strong.

[@benebutterbean2737]

Sifu comes from the Chinese word "師父" or "師傅" Si(師) means "teacher" and fu(父) means father.

[@teastation9396]

Hydroxyl is the neutral form of the hydroxide anion. In other words, rather than "OH-" the hydroxyl group is simply "OH."

[@TheWaterSifu]

Hi Kevin, I appreciate the input. I’m going be totally honest with you and say that I don’t claim to be an expert chemist and my going into that was more of a side note. My experience with chemistry is the high school and college classes I took, and my studies of chemistry as it applies to water treatment. My goal when teaching this material to others in the water industry is to explain it in a simple and easily understandable way, something that makes sense. My understanding is that the hydroxide is always OH- and the hydroxyl is mostly OH, but it can also be OH- under certain conditions, and you can find it written both ways. You will also find places that refer to the OH- as a “hydroxyl radical”. That whole road can be a slippery slope when trying to understand and explain these things in a simple manner. Rather than to get into all that, and get into sugars and alcohols, my goal here is just to explain it in water treatment terms, and just separate them into inorganic and organic compounds because understanding inorganic compounds are the main direction we need to go when dealing with water hardness.

[@teastation9396]

TheWaterSifu I wasn't trying to antagonize you! I was trying to share my knowledge. I recently graduated with a few degrees, one of them in chemistry, and I also just attained state certification as a Water Treatment Plant Operator. I was watching your video, and I must say that I enjoy your enthusiasm. I figured that you weren't trying to go into to much detail (after all, we really don't need to know much of chemistry unless we are going towards lab analyst positions or a managerial position). I just wanted to explain since it seemed like you were struggling with that bit of chemistry. Normally you'll see a hydroxyl actually attached to another chemical in a compound. This is why you can see it written several ways. You might see it written "-OH" which represents that the group is attached to a compound. You might see it written "OH-" because that is its overall charge in the compound. If it breaks off of the compound, it is technically hydroxide. But, since it was originally a functional group in a compound, it is considered a radical and termed "the hydroxyl radical." The difference between the two is that hydroxyl is or was a functional group wheras hydroxide is a polyatomic cation! Obviously, this is not a simple definition. However, I did not originally come to this video looking for simple definitions~ I'm studying for the T2 and was having trouble understanding alkalinity (it confused me because it seemed so similar to pH). The books definitions did not make sense to me because they try to over-complicate things to make it seem like it is a hard and professional science... All I needed to hear was Alkalinity is simply the water's ability to change pH when you're adding a specific chemical. So thanks for trying to explain things in more simple terms. I just wanted to share in hopes of expanding your knowledge - perhaps you can figure out a more simple way to explain it. Keep it up.

[@TheWaterSifu]

No worries Kevin. I didn't take it that way. I was serious when I said I appreciated the input, and was just trying to explain where I was coming from. Best of luck with your T2. If you understand alkalinity as I have described it in this video, that is about the extent you will need to understand it for T2 and beyond. Best of luck with everything my friend.

[@jesusavila2307]

Stingers up!!

[@danab172]

the words aren't just extremely distracting but are covering your diagram.

[@moti_chavan]

I just came to see the lecturer... He just looked like a ghost in thumbnail 😁

[@PhilistaJames]

❤