Prof. Christopher Field「Nature's Role in Climate Change Solutions」

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JapanPrize

JapanPrize

2 жыл бұрын

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, a linear relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and global warming has been proven. Considering the cumulative CO2 emissions affecting global warming, emissions would have to drop to zero by 2040 at the earliest and 2080 at the latest. The results of our study on changes in plant growth, the effects of climate change on temperate forests, and carbon uptake and loss using a set of techniques called Inverse Modeling indicate that terrestrial CO2 sinks are affected by CO2 fertilization effects, responses to climate change, and past land use. The challenge for the future is to explore the impact of climate change on this background sink and determine whether it can continue to absorb emissions in the future. Moreover, we must identify ways to strengthen its effectiveness and focus on limiting climate change to protect this background sink, which is a key element in supporting nature’s role in tackling climate change.
There are several ways to limit climate change. First, we can decrease the amount of deforestation and improve agricultural practices so that soils can lose less carbon. Second, increasing forest and grassland cover improves absorption rates. Introducing these solutions also brings additional benefits in terms of biological diversity, habitat quality, and healthy ecosystems.
Unlike solutions that focus on reducing emissions, these natural climate solutions involve the risk of future CO2 emissions. In addition, we must consider whether protecting forests in one location will lead to increased deforestation elsewhere, especially in other countries. We also face the challenge of additionality-the uncertainty of the amount of the carbon protected in terms of carbon payment.
As a solution to these challenges, I propose the implementation of buffer pools and partial credits, the establishment of robust standards, and real community engagement.
産業革命以来、二酸化炭素(CO2)の排出量と地球温暖化は線形関係にあることが証明されています。温暖化に影響を与えている累積CO2排出量を考慮すると、早くとも2040年、遅くとも2080年までに排出量をゼロにする必要があります。植物の生長変化、温帯林の気候変動の影響、および逆モデル解析を用いた炭素の吸入・損失量を調べた結果、海洋以外のCO2吸収源は炭素施肥効果、気候変動への反応、および過去の土地利用によって影響されることがわかりました。今後の課題は、この吸収源の気候変動からの影響と今後も吸収が可能なのかを探りながら、その効果を強化する方法を発見し、重要な役割を持つ吸収源を保護するために、気候変動の抑制に注力することです。
気候変動を抑制する方法はいくつかあります。まずは、森林破壊を最小限に抑え、炭素を排出しにくくする農業手法を取り入れることです。また、森林や草原を増やすことで吸収率を向上させます。これらの解決策を導入することで生物多様性の向上、生息地の質の向上、健全な生態系の構築などの追加メリットももたらされます。
排出量の削減に焦点を当てた解決策とは異なり、このような自然を用いた解決策は将来的にCO2が排出されるリスクを伴います。また、一か所の森林を守ることにより、他所、特に他国の森林伐採増加につながらないかを考慮しなければなりません。また、費用に伴う結果が得られるかの確証がないのも問題です。
これらの解決策として、私は、バッファプールと部分的なクレジットの導入、厳格な基準の確立、コミュニティエンゲージメントを提案しています。

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