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It's been called "the corporation that changed the world", but what elements came together to set the scene for the East India Company to come into being?
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Images (from Wikimedia Commons, unless otherwise stated):
Coat of arms of the East India Company circa 1700's, based upon a carved version, this one drawn by Trajan117 (2011).
Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I in coronation robes by an unknown English artist (c.1600). Held by the National Portrait Gallery.
Allegorical image of Henry VIII, King Edward VI and the Pope by an unknown artist (c.1575). Held by the National Portrait Gallery.
Portrait of Queen Mary I by Antonis Mor (1554). Held by the Museo del Prado.
Debased testoon from the reign of Henry VIII, struck c.1544-1547. Photographed by the Classical Numismatic Group.
Anne Boleyn in the Tower of London after her arrest by Édouard Cibot (1835). Held by the Musée Rolin.
Original page from the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Held by the National Library of Portugal.
Map of the Arctic region showing shipping routes Northeast Passage, Northern Sea Route, and Northwest Passage created by Susie Holder (2009). From Arctic Council - Arctic marine shipping assessment.
Ivan the Terrible shows his treasures to the English ambassador from Queen Elizabeth I Jerome Horsey by Alexander Litovchenko (1875). Held by the Russian Museum.
Portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots by François Clouet (from 1558 until 1560). Held by the Royal Collection.
Portrait of Pope Pius V by Scipione Pulzone (16th century). Held by the Palazzo Colonna.
Coloured frontispiece to Dr John Dee’s “General and Rare Memorials Pertaining to the Perfect Arte of Navigation” (1577).
Portrait of John Dee by an unknown artist (16th century). Held by the Ashmolean Museum.
Portrait of Sir Francis Drake by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger (after 1590). Held by Buckland Abbey.
Replica of “The Golden Hinde” in London, photographed by Diego Delso (2014).
Portraits of Sultan Murad III, Sultan Mehmed III and Safiye Sultan by unknown artists (date unknown). Collection unknown.
Execution of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, from Robert Beale's 'The Order and Manner of the Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, Feb. 8, 1587.'
“Launch of fireships against the Spanish Armada, 7 August 1588” by and unknown artist (c.1590). Held by the Royal Museums Greenwich.
Portrait of Elizabeth I of England, the Armada Portrait, by an unknown artist, formerly attributed to George Gower (c.1588). Held by Woburn Abbey.
Portrait of Sir James Lancaster by an unknown artist (1596). Held by the National Maritime Museum.
Portrait of Queen Victoria by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1859). Held by the Royal Collection.
Also consulted, were:
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Charters of the East India Company with related documents: the 'parchment records' in the National Archives.
Library of Congress catalogue.
East India Company Factory Records.
Robins, Nick. The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational. Pluto Press, 2012, doi.org/10.230....
T. S. Willan. “Some Aspects of English Trade with the Levant in the Sixteenth Century.” The English Historical Review, vol. 70, no. 276, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 399-410, www.jstor.org/s....