Renaissance Papacy Family Trees

The Renaissance Papacy was dominated by 3 families: the Borgias, the Roveres, and the Medicis. This video discusses the family tree of each and their role in the Italian Renaissance.

[@brandonlyon730]

I loved how you matched the renaissance painters blocks to the Ninja turtles headband colors to there painter names. Donatello is purple, Leonardo is blue, Michelangelo is orange, and Raphael is red.

[@UsefulCharts]

Yup. Had to do it!

[@wanderingrandomer]

I noticed that. Nice touch!

[@allisonbrown8613]

@@UsefulCharts just noticed this myself, and was quite tickled. Kawabunga dude!

[@MD-tu6sn]

I see what you did there...😁

[@sofhispalis]

I noticed the same thing!

[@UsefulCharts]

Note: Cesare should be pronounced Che-zar-eh. I mistakenly used the Spanish pronunciation. Seems I always have to make at least one major pronunciation mistake in each video... it's becoming my signature! 😂

[@naturecomics]

Did you know that there was a pair if Arsenic murderers in Italy known as the Borgia Sisters

[@odele5383]

i Am looking for this chart on your website, but can't find it. Is this for purchase or download anywhere?

[@UsefulCharts]

Haven't finished this one yet.

[@mARTin4ARTsake]

@@UsefulCharts even in this unfinished state...this chart would really really help me with my lecture on the Borgia family in june. Can't you help me with a print of this chart?

[@inregionecaecorum]

You will be turning into Simon Whistler at this rate :)

[@martavalsania8812]

"Nipote" is the actual word for nephew/niece, nepotismo is just the italian for nepotism. I'm nevertheless very fond of your work!

[@UsefulCharts]

Oh. Thanks for the clarification!

[@thompkins6796]

It's derived from the Greek "Nepos" for nephew

[@Ivanmaradonaaa]

Same as in Spanish

[@afframkennedy]

I was about to correct him too!! Brava!

[@sataridis]

when I heard nepotismo is italian for nephew, I immedieatly went to search for this comment

[@jacobhall3490]

*Pronounces Cesare as See-zar* Everyone who played Assassin's Creed: THAT'S CHE-ZAR-AY

[@phannysanny2460]

Yeah thats wrong aswell

[@foxpurrincess3209]

@@phannysanny2460 wait what's the right way

[@phannysanny2460]

@@foxpurrincess3209 che-zah-reh

[@tahabashir3779]

people who played New Vegas: *bruh it's Kae-zar*

[@tahabashir3779]

wait nvm wrong caesar

[@imFruzzy]

I've read so much about the Medici family since I first learned about them. By far one of my favourite families of history.

[@Terry-Oppong-RN]

They were influential murderers

[@jackedmonds4863]

Watch the Netflix Series

[@Renegade4_life]

@@jackedmonds4863 name

[@hollymedici2936]

@@jackedmonds4863 its not totally factual..its a drama loosely based

[@placeholder8768]

holly medici it’s still great, though, and does follow basic historical fact

[@kaloarepo288]

Another 2 extremely influential Italian dynasties of the late mediaeval period were the Viscontis and Sforzas of Milan -both families were very influential in Italy and in the rest of Europe -of especial note was the infamous Bernabo Visconti -extremely rich and ruthless and his numerous daughters married into many European royal families like that of Bavaria .The Sforzas too married into many royal dynasties like the Polish.These princesses often brought Renaissance styles into their host countries.

[@Gandalf_the_Gay]

Nice fact

[@foobargorch]

"Who was known as Piero the Unfortunate" *leaves it at that* Wikipedia has some choice quotes though: "However, his feeble, arrogant, and undisciplined character was to prove unsuited to such a role." "His poor handling of the situation and failure to negotiate better terms led to an uproar in Florence, and the Medici family fled."

[@UsefulCharts]

Gotta tempt people to google...

[@MandyJMaddison]

Also known as Piero the Stupid.

[@vesnalaurie540]

He was unfortunate because he was honest. Anyone with a big house expensive cars has to do unforgivable things to go on living.

[@JahmeliaVernon]

This is the cleanest version of this family’s story I have ever heard lol 😂

[@ХристоМартунковграфЛозенски]

So, to sum it up, we have: -TMNT memories with the painters (and the sculptor, Donatello) - Monty Python references (the Spanisch Inquisition) -Assassin's Creed 2 & Brotherhood references I say.... ... impressive, most impressive!

[@HappyBeezerStudios]

Italian Renaissance Ninja Painters!

[@Vigilante-3-1]

Assassins Creed 2 memories

[@Namz011]

Matthias Rothacher Hell yeah

[@Tummeh]

Fond memories beating up the Borgia's in those games, just replayed the whole Ezio collection

[@collinssportstalk7504]

I completed most of the games/Assassin’s Creed Edit: I played the first 3

[@eusebioleonidas4183]

Yeaaaaa

[@Zach-mw5so]

tumnamen I’m doing 100% synch on all 3 Ezio games. Wish me luck 😐

[@dalhousiekid]

The Medicis commissioned much of the art of Michelangelo Buonarroti and were his greatest noble patrons. I studied art history for two years in college, and he was my favorite artist. Also a good read is The Agony And The Ecstasy, a book by Irving Stone, about the painting of the Sistine Chapel. You would love it.

[@judysrose]

Monty Python AND Ninja Turtle references? 👍🏾👍🏾 💜💙🧡💖

[@Lymsley]

:22 Priest don’t generally have children... Pope Alexander VI, let me introduce you to my 11 kids!

[@nunobatista2398]

Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition !

[@UsefulCharts]

😉

[@nunobatista2398]

Also, great cameo with the Ninja Turtles :)

[@ajjules807]

Get the comfy chair!

[@tuanyrodas]

Except everybody did expect the spanish inquisition since they used to give 30 days notice of them coming. You can know more on the show Qi =) kzbin.info/www/bejne/pWmYf35neqqhg7s

[@willyiscool5402]

Sup 1600’s person

[@alfredjohannbroepetersen4927]

It is not thought to known that Prince was based on Cesare Borgia, it is known. Machiavelli brings him up constantly in his book as an example of an excellent ruler and conqueror. Really good video btw.

[@LightxHeaven]

After watching "The Borgias" TV show it's nice to hear about the real thing to :D

[@laurieadda]

Rick Reactions It’s my favorite show!!

[@octavius9685]

Which one? Both were pretty good

[@nicholasshade]

I love both families. This it's so interesting. I love it. Thanks for the upload. STAY WARM. Love and light from Gore, Oklahoma. 🍭

[@darj617]

I've always heard Medici pronounced with an emphasis on the Meh syllable, not the Di. That's how the Italians pronounce it anyway. Meeeh (long E) - Di (short I) - Chi.

[@elserpiente]

He mispronounced every single name. The Italian language is beautiful, his pronunciation is like a cat wailing at the moon

[@felicepompa1702]

Its pronounced has you said, the "tonic" accent (invisible) is on the first syllable (and fun fact "medici" literally means "doctors" while "medico" means "doctor")

[@jcumpston7449]

@@felicepompa1702 I don't know if it's true, but when I was in Florence I heard a story that when Medici supporters shouted "palle, palle!" detractors would shout back "pillole, pillole!"

[@MsPinklisious]

Thank you so much for this chat, I just finished watching the Medici's and The Borgias on Netflix and this charts places every one in perspective, Including after watching the Tudors as well, now i know who forbade Henry divorce, it was a Medici. Thank You Thank You great work.

[@ilbaffonero]

Medici is pronounced with the accent on the e. Like the word, " medical".

[@702flower]

Thank you for your videos...very informative. This video is especially significant to me. I’ve always been obsessed with royalty as young as 3 or 4 yrs old. Anyway, a couple years ago I got obsessed with The De Medici family due to their influence using the arts to brand themselves. Although my obsession continued with them, it changed as time went on for different reasons because of my religious beliefs. They are solely responsible for breaking the True Christian Church in two. Yes we can give previous Popes some blame for the split of the church. Pope Leo X was selling indulgences on a unimaginable amount ever seen by the church before and after. The two De Medici cousins held Sacred Papal positions back to back. They were very selfish and lived only for themselves. The first De Medici Pope spent all the church money within a year. The church’s money isn’t for individual lavish lifestyle. This is not what the faith is about, at all. We’re still living with what they allowed to happen to the very present day. Thanks again. Keep those videos coming. 👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍

[@AnthonyP73]

The peak of the papacy was also its undoing. Great work as always, big fan.

[@ToninoBSalvetti]

Been watching the movies of both the Bogias and the Medici. Great job on the map.

[@Unbottled.Water23]

Ezio has lived throught three popes Borgia,Rovere,Medici

[@rivenoak]

more than 3: Innocent VIII. (Giovanni Battista Cibo) between Sixtus and Alexander and for a short time (22 sep to 18 oct 1503) Pius III. (Francesco Piccolomini). Pius III. was the nephew of Pius II.: family business as usual :)

[@Unbottled.Water23]

Sorry I am Stupid when it comes to popes

[@rateeightx]

Just A Note, In Italian All 'C's Followed By 'I' Or 'E' Make A 'Ch" Sound, And All 'Z's Make A 'Ts' Sound (As In Pizza), But Other Than That Great Video!

[@UsefulCharts]

Yes, I realized that later, although I think the pronunciation I used is correct in Spanish.

[@mikelx191]

but is in spanidh

[@HKNYN1]

the pronunciation of Cesare made me shiver.

[@roiq5263]

The Borgias spoke Catalan, probably the Valencian dialect, not Spanish, so their names weren't really Alfonso or Juan but Alfons and Joan. The J in Borja actually is a nonexistant sound in Spanish (it's like the J in English) and this is the reason it was written Borgia in italian, as it is the italian way of writing this sound.

[@stevenleslie8557]

I like how you color coded the big four Renaissance artists and gave them the corresponding colors of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

[@federicodesimone9]

The Borgias are the most infamous family in the Renaissance for their crimes, but plotting was a constant in Italian courts. Cesare wanted to unified Central Italy, but his plans were frustrated by his nemesis, Pope Julius II. There is a beautiful book about Lucretia Borgia by an Italian author, Maria Bellonci

[@gottaextra]

Wonderful way to understand and remember the era! Bravo and thank you!

[@garymacmillan6401]

Everyone expected the Spanish Inquisition. By law they had to give 6 weeks notice before they turned up.

[@luizsa8300]

Gary MacMillan True.

[@Jose-xh5qb]

That's very polite of them.

[@deniaridley]

How very Christian of them.

[@jopsnid1]

Hello! My eleven year old son loves your videos. We watch them together almost every day. Any chance you could make one on the kings/rulers of Naples, Sicily and/or Sardinia? Keep up the great work! Thanks.

[@O.dangit]

Been watching a series of Medici on Netflix! And loved it!

[@andrewmarvell4604]

Your videos are the most interesting and edifying on KZbin . Bravo!

[@ilyassekharbouch]

Learned most of this from Assassin's Creed 2 and brotherhood

[@rivenoak]

Pazzi conspiracy and violent popes, ubisoft picked some interesting times. :)

[@MoonshineBeforeSunshine]

At 5:18, her first husband was from the house of Forza which ruled Microsoft.

[@michellebyrom6551]

Sforza...

[@kayhanbaltian4949]

Forli?

[@melindam2776]

Lorenzo de Medici was also a big patron of arts. Michelangelo spent years living under his roof. Also, I thought/heard that The Prince was for Lorenzo, not Borgia but I might be wrong

[@felicepompa1702]

Nah Machiavelli wrote it thinking of Cesare borgia

[@steveschutte4990]

Machiavelli wrote the Prince as a sort of training manual for Lorenzo.

[@sergiofcastillo1]

Very nice video as usual! I was looking forward to it. I've read that though Alessandro de Medici was recognised as Lorenzo II's son he could have in fact be the illegitimate child of the Pope Clement VII (an illegitimate child himself) and Simonetta da Collevecchio (presumably a servant). Who knows, all things considered it wouldn't be that surprising haha

[@johnfleming4886]

It’s worth noting that Clement VII forbade Henry’s divorce mostly because Charles V strong armed him. I think the pope was the emperor’s prisoner during the ordeal. I doubt Clement cared much either way. Catherine of Aragon was Charles’s aunt and Henry had been Charles’s rival in the Imperial Election of 1519, thus leading him to oppose the move.

[@alejandroallende2953]

Up to my knowledge, indulgences are not the forgiveness of sins, but the remission of the temporal penalties of sin. An indulgence is usually granted by acts of piety, charity and even donations. So really they donated money for the Church and that way had an indulgence (although this can lead to an abuse). Excommunication is not "basically getting kicked out of the Church" either.

[@ma.cristinavaleriano738]

Thank you for the clearly explained information and illustrations. I learned so much in a matter of minutes.

[@TeeRellis]

Can't believe I wasn't aware of this family. I knew about Ceasars Borgia and his father but I didn't further investigate

[@ricknineg]

It's really great to see you are a fan of the Assassin's Creed Series (Ezio Auditore)

[@jasonkoch3182]

You missed two links. Antipope John XXIII, the Pisan pope, had major ties to Giovanni de' Medici. It was Antipope John XXIII who made the Medici bank the official bank of the papacy. And the two Pius' on the list, Pius II and Pius III were both members of the Piccolomini family. Pius III was Pius II's nephew.

[@lisetteeliseparis7070]

Thank you for your excellent essay and graphics. Subscribing, of course.

[@AntP95]

Two other families that were slightly involved were the Farnese family and Orsini family. Nevertheless I want a complete version of this chart so badly! I really hope and can't wait for you to finish it. "Shut up and take my money!"

[@inregionecaecorum]

Fascinating, back at the time, the whole of Europe looked to Italy to set the fashions and the culture. I read "the Prince" first for my A level English literature, for the influence it had on the Elizabethan playwrights, and again for my Politics degree.

[@emems6620]

Another exquisite video that shows me how my country and many others that religion is just a nice invention of humans, and it can be changed through money as papacy. I find religion really curious but also boring, because it just answers to the fear of the man of death and loneliness in space

[@javijflow]

I like that you colored leonardo, raphael,donatello and michelangelo the same colors as their ninja turtles counterparts

[@Piperdogloveshats]

So fun fact connecting Pope sixtus iv with the medici family... His other nephew giralamo Riario, capt general of the church's army, was married to (the fascinating) Caterina Sforza. Together they had 6? Children. Caterina later married Giovanni il popolano of the jr Medici house. They had a son who had a son, the first grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo de Medici. I was hoping caterina would get a mention when I first clicked on this video... but as usual a great video nonetheless. Would love some more videos on Italian family trees!

[@eusebioleonidas4183]

The reason why lorenzo escaped the assassination by Di Pazzi family is because ezio helped him

[@renatoaraujinho]

Thank you for this usefulChart. It helps me to understand better many obscure aspects of this period. Other thing, a curiosity, a black man (son of a black woman)Alessandro de Medici that was the first hereditary Duke from Florence , if he wasn't assasinated, one of his 3 children though illegitemate like him, could be part of these family trhee and, who knows, be the first black person in the france royalte... His daughter Julia de Medici was the firs black child to have a portrait painted in renaissance period. She also married the Duke of Popoli and after a cousing called Bernadetto de Médici thanks

[@wanderingrandomer]

I love your deadpan delivery on that Monty Python reference!

thank you for your explanation about my family!!!

[@PInk77W1]

Medici use to be a really good bicycle

[@Hendricus56]

10:55 For the grace, for the might of our lord For the home of the holy For the faith, for the way of the sword Gave their lives so boldly

[@ryanlavender6497]

I see a man of culture sabaton would be proud

[@nicksversion13]

Catherine de Medici was kinda awesome. Watch the show Reign!

[@fabiankohring1440]

Hoping for a Big Family Tree laying out all the popes and showing if they have some genealogical connections. Also it would be interesting to see a video about the Popes of the See of St. Mark in Alexandria. Also Jerusalem, Antiochia and Constantionple.

[@Bribridude130]

I found this video, and it inspired me to play Assassin's Creed 2 for the first time in three years. Then, I came back to watch this video.

[@andrecaixeta6227]

T

[@cazwalt9013]

Ughhhh I hate it when people say that indulgences are a way for the rich to get to heaven

[@teresacooper2724]

Super chart, it's going to become very tangled like spaghetti(intended) when the other significant members of these families are added. Not really fussed about pronunciation as you very likely get pulled up for that already. So I decided to just enjoy the video. 👍👍

[@diogenes5654]

Very informative! Interesting to see the connections laid out so clearly. thanks.

[@kn7402]

Amazing and so easy to follow thru the colour charts

[@10cabe]

Would you please correct the captioned name under Henry VIII, which reads incorrectly in this chart as “Henry VII”.

[@zarantikka106]

Can you do a video about the medici linage up to the current descendants?

[@VoxUrania]

Great note about the origins of the word nepotism. It connects to the names of the sea gods, Neptune and Poseidon, as well. The PIE root was Apam Napat, which meant (male) relative of the waters. I’m guessing the original Waters meant an elder Titaness like Thetis. Great video.

[@PopeSixtusV]

Well, you talked about Sixtus IV, hopefully I'll make it into a video one of these days....

[@danielvore9245]

I really need this one as a chart for my classroom.

[@rebeccamd7903]

Thank you for this!! I am descended from Pietro Albertis, grandson of Giacomo Boncompagni & de Crenomo de' Medici. Both were descended from popes, Pope Gregory XIII (Ugo) Boncompagni & Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese). By far the hardest ancestry I have researched to date & I have over 13,000 in my tree. You should do a chart showing the expansion between royals of various monarch countries. It gets crazy trying to sort through who married who in which country. Mind bending & hair pulling!!! 😱

[@Zeverinsen]

I still find it so funny that Rafael's ego is basically the biggest reason why Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.

[@vrananikola]

Oh I’d love to see the whole Medici family tree

[@12345j51]

Thanks for this great video! Just to complete the topic, I want to add the information, that there was a third Medici-Pope about a century later. Leo XI reigned for just four weeks, but he was a Medici too.

[@nikmede]

Can believe there is a youtuber that can get most of the names right! Ps:In italian an "e" (like in "Lucrezia") sounds like an "a" (like in "play

[@Lord_Raymund]

You wrote wrong number on Henry the 8th should be VIII not VII.

[@UsefulCharts]

Good catch.

[@Basedbateman97]

We Need a full video on the Danish royal Family, they have roots all over Russia, Greece, France, etc. and were one of the most dominant Kingoms ever in Europe when it came to political power

[@lonahansen4990]

Particularly in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Danish royal family married throughout European royal families (as you know) giving them a disproportionate influence.

[@mclairemck]

This is great and very interesting. Would you please show something in the 13 colonies only? Thanks

[@petertriendl6513]

amazing video! could you make a video about the "black nobility" ?

[@bb1111116]

Very well done. You might consider taking an Italian language class which could help with your pronunciation of these names.

[@Ivanmaradonaaa]

Or Spanish, same thing 😂

[@001islandprincess]

Greetings, shouldn’t “felice” be pronounced Fel-ee-che?

[@stevegarratt778]

Nice history lesson, but Henry Vlll of England is shown as Henry Vll although picture is correct. Makes me wonder about accuracy of rest.

[@tamastasi428]

Can we appreciate that he colored the name tags of the artists in the color of the respective ninja turtles?

[@JWPemperor]

I like that you made a history about the papel states (1410-1530) It would be great if you made a this of the entire history of the Papal States (754-1870) Adrian VI (1522-1523) was the last non-Italian pope coming from the Netherlands and was the tutor of emperor Charles V

[@romiewisselink3371]

Yesss have been waiting for this video, great!

[@suzannewateridge]

I love your videos! I would encourage you to do new charts and upload more videos! I ordered the European royal family trees North/East chart from you and it is going to arrive soon because I saw a plane heading towards Norwich! From Samuel, a big fan aged 8.

[@countbenjamin1442]

Imagine being the favorite nephew of the new pope and knowing you are about to be made a cardinal and your family will expect you to become pope

[@eugelc]

yooo this is reallyy cool, thanks for sharing. im currently obsessed with Medici Masters of Florence and they show Lorenzo Il Magnifico and the Pazzi conspiracy, highly reccomend it, it's on netflix

[@ellesam3348]

Euge Lo Celso so I’m not the only one that got obsessed with the show. I am dying to see the next season. Shaking like a drug addict lol

[@eugelc]

@@ellesam3348 def not you're not! I might rewatch it soon ahhaha

[@ellesam3348]

Euge Lo Celso same here haha

[@cormacmacsuibhne5796]

you should do a family tree on the Medici's since they got involved in royalty.

[@andrecaixeta6227]

@ShalakumX Simba g

[@estefaniac233]

Yes! Marie de’ Medici was king Louis XIV’s grand mother so at least all Bourbons descend can trace their line to her

[@Kikiranka]

British and Polish Jagiellonian Dynasty are also connected!

[@dididogster9994]

This makes me want to create my own family tree.

[@danieletrapani2913]

Do the Sicilian and Neapolitan monarchies too pls

[@JakeSmith-jy1kx]

It took me until the final minute of the video when you were talking about the artists to realize the color scheme of the artists was chosen for their ninja turtle colors, not in relation to the families.

[@Sirianstar10]

Very interesting. I didn't know a Medici pope was in power when Henry Vlll ruled. Live and learn. Thank you!

[@williambolton4698]

Cant remember watching a better you Tube video.

[@mykel1990]

Rodrigo had another living daughter, Isabella Borgia Mattuzzi, and she was the ancestress of another Borgia Pope, Innocent X

[@AimeeVignes]

a papacy chart would be very interesting!!

[@cube8754]

He said that a papacy chart was on the way

[@PInk77W1]

Popes 1 Peter (33-67) 2 Linus 3 Cletus 4 Clement 5 Evaristus 6 Alexander 7 Sixtus 8 Telephonus 9 Hyginus 10 Pius 11 Aincetus 12 Soter 13 Eleutherius (175-189) 14 Victor (189-199) 15 Zephyrinus (199-217) 16 Callistus (217-222) 17 Urban l (222-230) 18 Pontian (230-235) 19 Anterus (235-236) 20 Fabian (236-250) 21 Cornelius (251-253) 22 Lucius l (253-254) 23 Stephen (254-257) 24 Sixtus ll (257-258) 25 Dionysius (258-268) 26 Felix (268-274) 27 Eutychain (274-283) 28 Caius (283-296) 29 Marcellinus (296-304) 30 Marcellus (304-309) 31 Eusebius (309) 32 Miltiades (311-314) 33 Sylvester (314-335) 34 Mark (336) 35 Julius (336-352) 36 Liberius (352-366) 37 Damasus (366-384) 38 Siricius (384-399) 39 Anastasius (399-401) 40 Innocent (401-417) 41 Zosimus (417-418) 42 Boniface (418-422) 43 Celestine (422-432) 44 Sixtus ll (432-440) 45 Leo (440-461) 46 Hilarus (461-468) 47 Simplicius (468-483) 48 Felix ll (483-492) 49 Gelasius (492-496) 50 Anastasius ll (496-498) 51 Stymmachus (498-514) 52 Hormisdas (514-523) 53 John (523-526) 54 Felix lV (526-530) 55 Boniface ll (530-532) 56 John ll (532-535) 57 Agapitus (535-536) 58 Silverius (536-537) 59 Vigilius (537-555) 60 Pelagius (555-561) 61 John lll (561-574) 62 Benedict (574-579) 63 Pelagius (579-590) 64 St. Gregory (590-604) 65 Sabinian (604-606) 66 Boniface lll (607) 67 St Boniface lV (607-615) 68 Adeodatus (615-618) 69 Boniface V (618-625) 70 Honorius (625-638) 71 Severinus (640) 72 John lV (640-642) 73 Theodore (642-649) 74 St Martin (649-655) 75 St Eugene (655-657) 76 St Vitalian (657-672) 77 Adeodatus (672-676) 78 Donus (676-678) 79 Agatho (678-681) 80 St Leo ll (681-683) 81 St. Benedict ll (683-685) 82 John V (685-686) 83 Conon (686-687) 84 St Sergius (687-701) 85 John Vl (701-705) 86 John Vll (705-707) 87 Sissinius (708) 88 Constantine (708-715) 89 St Gregory ll (715-731) 90 St. Gregory lll (731-741) 91 St Zacharius (741-752) 92 Stephen ll (752-757) 93 St. Paul (757-767) 94 St. Stephen lll (767-772) 95 Hadrian (772-795) 96 St. Leo lll (795-816) 97 Stephen lV (816-817) 98 St. Paschal (817-824) 99 Eugene ll (824-827) 100 Valentine (827) 101 Gregory lV (827-844) 102 Sergius ll (844-847) 103 St. Leo lV (847-855) 104 Benedict lll (855-858) 105 St. Nicholas (858-867) 106 Hadrian ll (867-872) 107 John Vlll (872-882) 108 Marinus (882-884) 109 St Hadrian lll (884-885) 110 Stephen V (885-891) 111 Formosus (891-896) 112 Boniface Vl (896) 113 Stephen Vl (897) 114 Romanus (897) 115 Theodore ll (897) 116 John lX (897-900) 117 Benedict lV (900-903) 118 Leo V (903) 119 Sergius lll (904-911) 120 Anastasius lll (911-913) 121 Lando (913-914) 122 John X (914-928) 123 Leo Vl (928) 124 Stephen (928-931) 125 John Xl (931-935) 126 Leo Vll (936-939) 127 Stephen Vlll (939-942) 128 Marinus ll (942-946) 129 Agapitus ll (946-955) 130 John Xll (955-964) 131 Leo Vlll (964-965) 132 Benedict V (965-966) 133 John Xlll (966-972) 134 Benedict Vl (972-974) 135 Benedict Vll (974-983) 136 John XlV (983-984) 137 John XV (984-996) 138 Gregory V (996-999) 139 Sylvester ll (999-1003) 140 John XVll (1003) 141 John XVlll (1003-1009) 142 Sergius lV (1009-1012) 143 Benedict Vlll (1012-1024) 144 John XlX (1024-1032) 145 Benedict lX 1032-1044) 146 Sylvester lll (1045) 147 Benedict lX (1045) 148 Gregory Vl (1045-1046) 149 Clement ll (1046-1047) 150 Benedict lX (1047-1048) 151 Damasus ll (1048) 152 St. Leo lX (1048-1054) 153 Victor ll (1054-1057) 154 Stephen lX. (1057-1058) 155 Nicholas ll (1058-1061) 156 Alexander ll (1061-1073) 157 Gregory Vll (1073-1085) 158 Bl Victor lll (1085-1087) 159 Bl. Urban ll (1087-1099) 160 Paschal ll (1099-1118) 161 Gelasius ll (1118-1119) 162 Callistus (1119-1124) 163 Honorus ll (1124-1130) 164 Innocent ll (1130-1143) 165 Celestine ll (1143-1144) 166 Lucius ll (1144-1145) 167 Bl. Eugene lll (1145-1153) 168 Anastasius lV (1153-1154) 169 Hadrian lV (1154-1159) 170 Alexander lll (1159-1181) 171 Lucius lll (1181-1185) 172 Urban lll (1185-1187) 173 Gregory Vlll (1187) 174 Clement lll (1187-1191) 175 Celestine lll (1191-1198) 176 Innocent lll (1198-1216) 177 Honorius lll (1216-1227) 178 Gregory lX (1227-1241) 179 Celestine lV (1241) 180 Innocent lV (1241-1254) 181 Alexander lV (1254-1261) 182 Urban lV (1261-1264) 183 Clement IV (1264-1268) 184 Bl Gregory X (1268-1276) 185 Bl. Innocent V (1276) 186 Hadrian V (1276) 187 John XXl 1276-1277) 188 Nicholas lll (1277-1280) 189 Martin lV (1280-1285) 190 Honorius lV (1285-1287) 191 Nicholas IV (1287-1292) 192 St. Celestine V (1292-1294) 193 Boniface Vlll (1294-1303) 194 Bl. Benedict Xl (1303-1304) 195 Clement V (1304-1314) 196 John XXll (1314-1334) 197 Benedict Xll (1334-1342) 198 Clement Vl (1342-1352) 199 Innocent Vl (1352-1362) 200 Bl Urban V (1362-1370) 201 Gregory Xl (1370-1378) 202 Urban Vl (1378-1389) 203 Boniface lX (1389-1404) 204 Innocent Vll (1404-1406) 205 Gregory Xll (1406-1415) 206 Martin V (1415-1431) 207 Eugene lV (1431-1447) 208 Nicholas V (1447-1455) 209 Calixtus lll (1455-1458) 210 Pius (1458-1464) 211 Pius ll (1464-1471) 212 Sixtus lV 1471-1484) 213 Innocent Vlll (1484-1492) 214 Alexander Vl (1492-1503) 215 Pius lll (1503) 216 Julius ll (1503-1513) 217 Leo X (1513-1521) 218 Hadrian Vl (1521-1523) 219 Clement Vll (1523-1534) 220 Paul lll (1534-1549) 221 Julius lll (1549-1555) 222 Marcellus ll (1555) 223 Paul lV (1555-1559) 224 Paul lV (1559-1565) 225 St Pius V (1565-1572) 226 Gregory Xlll (1572-1585) 227 Sixtus V (1585-1590) 228 Urban Vll (1590) 229 Gregory XlV (1590-1591) 230 Innocent lX (1591) 231 Clement Vlll (1591-1605) 232 Leo Xl (1605) 233 Paul V (1605-1621) 234 Gregory XV (1621-1623) 235 Urban Vlll (1623-1644) 236 Innocent X (1644-1655) 237 Alexander Vll (1655-1667) 238 Clement lX (1667-1669) 239 Clement X (1669-1676) 240 Bl. Innocent Xl (1676-1689) 241 Alexander Vlll (1689-1691) 242 Innocent Xll (1691-1700) 243 Clement Xl (1700-1721) 244 Innocent Xlll (1721-1724) 245 Benedict Xlll (1724-1730) 246 Clement Xll (1730-1740) 247 Benedict XlV (1740-1758) 248 Clement Xlll (1758-1769) 249 Clement XlV (1769-1774) 250 Pius Vl (1774-1799) 251 Pius Vll (1799-1823) 252 Leo Xll (1823-1829) 253 Pius Vlll (1829-1830) 254 Gregory XVl (1831-1846) 255 Pius lX (1846-1878) 256 Leo Xlll (1878-1903) 257 St. Pius X (1903-1914) 258 Benedict XV (1914-1922) 259 Pius Xl (1922-1939) 260 Pius Xll (1939-1958) 261 St. John XXlll (1958-1963) 262 Paul Vl (1963-1978) 263 John Paul (1978) 264 John Paul ll (1978-2005) 265 Benedict XVl (2005-2013) 266 Francis 2013-

[@victor382]

The great grandson of Pope Alexander VI that became a saint is not called St Giovanni, but St Francis Borgia. He was one of the most influential men of his time, and even today his spiritual books are widely read. He was a duke in Spain and someone in the inner circle of the Spanish Habsburgs. He was a very close confidant/servant of HRE Charles' wife, Isabel of Portugal, who basically ruled Spain because her husband was always away involved in a war and in his other territories. When she died because of a miscarriage, he was commissioned with transporting her body to be interred in the royal crypts, Empress Isabel died in the summer and the heat cause her body to rot faster, and when he felt the smell and saw her disfigured, decayed body, he was very shocked, and swore to "never serve a living lord who might die." Therefore he became a Jesuit priest.

[@wolfgangshrenk6032]

Very good and informative video.

[@gustavoriamusic6837]

Hey can you cover the aldobrandini, massimo families? Also more families of the black nobility?

[@vinicius2uiciniv]

love your charts ❤

[@nngnnadas]

It's not *thought* that Machiavelli based the prince on Cesare. Cesare deeds are very explicitly discussed in the book as a case study. He doesn't explicitly say that he's the model for any succesfull prince but he has very few critisms and attributes his eventual downfall mostly for the death and replacement of Rodrigo as the pope.

[@NicolaW72]

Thanks for this History Lesson!🙂

[@Cassandria]

Oh boy, time to find more room on my wall.