Enough With The **!@!$%#!* Remixes!

[@jeffthevideoguy23]

Music that stands the test of time doesn't need to be fucking touched.

[@artamussumatra6286]

@@jeffthevideoguy23 You said it! Especially not by modern producers who rely far too much on software….

[@dano1962]

Steven Wilson tries to keep the spirit and the sound of the original mixes, just pulls away some murkiness. Subtle but effective. Highly recommended.

[@BjrnOlavLeraand]

He does an awesome job, and the seperation in instruments are just great the way he does it. Gentle Giant and Jethro Tull sounds even better, and if you get the albums you always have an original flat transfer master with it to compare with

[@sspbrazil]

I was just going to post this, his Dolby Atmos and 5.1 mixes of XTC’s albums that he’s done so far are fantastic.

[@LarryFleetwood8675]

I can't stand his remixes instruments too loud, vocals down. Albums are released in their time the way they were intended to sound, according to that time's technology anything else done later is altering history and it's a silly trend.

[@sspbrazil]

@ instruments too loud, vocals down? Lol. You have cauliflower ears. Robert Fripp actually cried when he heard Wilson’s mix of King Crimson’s “Lizard” and he said that it finally sounds the way he envisioned it to sound. The mix he recently did for XTC’s “Big Express” is much better than the original mix and the Atmos version is amazing as is “Skylarking”. You don’t k ow hat you’re talking about.

[@LarryFleetwood8675]

@@sspbrazil You're delusional and deaf. lol

[@joeh7630]

Years ago, I grabbed a copy of Morrison Hotel from the sale bin at Best Buy. Within 30 seconds of listening to Roadhouse Blues I thought something was off with the sound. After squinting at the back of the CD I finally noticed the microscopic “40th Anniversary Remix”. I chucked it right in the garbage. 😂

[@kenfrederick6223]

I think one of the reasons for this new remix craze is because they've already remastered just about everything already. A cash grab for the most part. I think remixes are alright as long as the original versions are still available.

[@artamussumatra6286]

I agree 100%. Modern remixes suck, and they ain’t grabbing my cash.

[@JLGeese]

Fantastic tirade and 100% accurate…well done!

[@RobertFithen]

Thanks!!

[@jdd3786]

Thank you for putting this out. When searching for an album and I see the word 'remixed", my heart sinks and I wonder why the advertisement is so enthusiastic.

[@toneyisaiah3556]

It sounds good. If ain't broke, don't fix it.😊

[@glennandadriansrocktalk]

OMG That ZZ Top six pack turned me off to ZZ Top for decades. What a travesty!

[@bobby666666]

I waited till the Chrome, Smoke and BBQ box set, then got the Complete Albums 1970 to 1990 ten years later. Both sound great.

[@carlitosmarro]

Same here

[@ChrisPropfeMusicallyObsessed]

How do you feel about the Jethro Tull Steven Wilson remixes?

[@RobertFithen]

I haven't heard them.

[@brucybabyy7355]

@@ChrisPropfeMusicallyObsessed love them

[@juanmeowmix1530]

Those are awesome!

[@bluespiritrecords1709]

Yeah there's definitely a wide gambit of results. There's your Steven Wilson remixes on one end, and then there's those godawful ones for The Doors on the other end.

[@ChrisPropfeMusicallyObsessed]

@ I like the Wilson remixes.

[@FlyJohnny100]

You tell 'em, Robert. Those original mixes are like the smell of warm vinyl in the morning...finger lickin' good.

[@marzzt]

Basta! indeed. Thank you Robert for being a voice of sanity, yet again. Keep up the great work, man. Cheers.

[@ErnestIII83]

Not to mention they're auto-tuning or pitch correcting Freddie Mercury's vocals. As if his singing wasn't perfect enough.

[@RobertFithen]

That's terrible.

[@brucybabyy7355]

you are correct!

[@TomHendricksMusea]

❤️ #notautotuned #notpitchcorrected

[@TomHendricksMusea]

Push a button and you reading this can sing with better pitch accuracy than any singer in the last century.... but its all fake. Mainstream media that praises fake auto tuned, pitch corrected vocals as great singing, is fake too

[@brucybabyy7355]

@@TomHendricksMusea it's stated by the band

[@NoMoreMrNice]

I absolutely hate remixes too. But when the Rubber Soul remix box comes out, I’ll buy it, only because I’m a completist 😅.

[@01real1]

I like your passion you put into the subject. And nice outfit, too. :-)

[@RobertFithen]

Thanks!

[@Raypirri]

Onya Robert! Love it when you have a rant. So true that it’s a cash grab. Even the newer AP releases are done to cash in on the rich folks who have to have the mega$$$$$ systems to really appreciate the “so much better sound.” It is rampant, then again, it’s now big business….Cheers from Oz

[@toneyisaiah3556]

That's telling 'em, Bob!

[@cosmiccat6708]

Imagine buying these albums decades ago and thinking, "No, this needs something, something is missing ". Then in the present day someone decides to put that 'missing' something in. Oh, good, someone 'fixed' the 'problem' because buying and listening to those albums was such an empty experience, lol. So, yes, that was obviously sarcasm. I heard the remixed version of Queen's "Liar" on the radio the other day. Roger Taylor apparently loves the drum sound now, as opposed to the original. All these years later ??? It sounds so wrong to me. My blood boils when I hear about another classic album being rewritten by those who have nothing better to do. I don't own any remixes and never will. Loved this upload. Thankyou.

[@RobertFithen]

My thoughts exactly

[@BjrnOlavLeraand]

That Priest record needed a remix, sounds much better now

[@ralfwalter3923]

It is getting a bit tired for sure! Great rant, and valid!

[@33-einDrittel]

I couldn't agree more. Thank you !

[@ericwincentsen587]

The thing about the Steven Wilson remixes is that they are not replacing the originals. A lot of times they come out in a box set (especially the Jethro Tull stuff) with original mixes, live versions, outtakes, etc. It's like you said, an option, and I believe he often consults with the original artists if possible. I believe I've heard some of the stuff he's done and it's less of an update and more of a correction in some cases, trying to get the sound they were going for back when the albums were released. Otherwise, I'm with you. I see "remix" and I don't want it. Sometimes even "remaster" will get my hackles up because it could mean anything from getting the tape hiss off the digital recording to putting all the faders up to 11.

[@MagicMarmalade-kv5hr]

file with reboots, reduxes, re-imaginings, director's cuts, retcons etc. If they had anything about them in the first place that made them great in the public's eyes and ears, then go with that surely.

[@kevinjones9685]

I'm waiting for the Ray Conniff and Montevani remixes

[@custardpie69]

Don’t forget James last 😉

[@themadmattster9647]

Never heard The Doors remixes but that reminds me of the recent Manowar remixes where they added weird studio chatter in the beginning of songs

[@RobertFithen]

On The Doors remixes, the laughing, etc is right in the song.

[@theatomicpunkkid]

Oh no, and I was already going off like a cannon because the greatest hits double discer was quiet

[@theatomicpunkkid]

​@@RobertFithen502 forbidden

[@Sajomo]

I just subscribed to you. You are very entertaining. I'm surprised you only have 15K subscribers. I imagine that number will grow a lot

[@RobertFithen]

Thanks! I appreciate it.

[@greyhoundude6112]

Seems like the vinyl fad is in the 8th inning. The record labels have done a terrific job getting people to buy music they likely already have. Now, with the remixes, you can buy the music all over again, albeit "remixed." Eventually, many people will just say "nah... I'll save the 30 bucks and I'll stream it instead. Or maybe buy a used CD when I find it."

[@Stonecutter334]

Couldn’t agree more. In fact been saying it just like that too for years. All I can say is Testify !

[@davepounds8924]

I totally agree!! With the Beatles remixes you can’t buy the original mixes anymore All they are selling now are the remixed versions You have to buy used copies of the album to get the original versions

[@ExileOnMyStreet]

Had this problem with All Things Must Pass CD. I had to search for mint used copy of the 2014 remaster at a good price because all that shows up is the remix.

[@chrissnyder7181]

For me I will buy a remixed album of an album I probably wouldn't have bought. It sounds , get some bonus songs too. I understand ur point and I agree it's for sales. I agree they could put out original mixes that sound great instead. I'd be ok with that...

[@stevonyl]

Couldn't agree more Robert as this is SHAMEFUL in every way imaginable 🤮and am PROUD as HELL to say I have NEVER spent a dime on any reissue EVER

[@davidgangemi3314]

There is no reason in the world for a remix of anything. Period!

[@aaronbruceVV]

I’m standing with you on this one. If I buy a new pressing of an album I want it to be the actual album as it was offered by the artist at the time. I guess they could throw some extra tracks at the end or something if they wanna offer something different. Thanks for these themed posts. You do a great job of making them entertaining and informative. Great conversation starters too. Side note: Otaboke Beaver- Itekoma Hits. A cool Japanese female punk album that you might find interesting.

[@RobertFithen]

Thanks!

[@rickprayer5468]

I’m generally not a fan of rage videos, but raging against remixes of non-dance music? 👍👍👍. Great video as always, Robert.

[@dimebagdave77]

Brother, i hope they're paying attention..✌️🤘

[@rbdreamsart]

I feel your outrage!

[@pawehohmann8171]

Down with remixes! Year 2073 - 100 remixes of Dark Side of The Moon in a 100-disc box. Tragedy.

[@craigsandry6737]

You hit the nail on the head Robert . Remixes = Cashgrab . I agree ENOUGH !!!!!!!

[@davidtrahan3062]

Thanks for another great show 🎉❤

[@rmacdougallaliasdogviticus]

Most I've heard fall short of the originals. I've noticed they keep doing it on Spotify as well. I'll have the original which will still play but any search only brings up the remix. This made me wonder if remixing alters the royalty payouts in favor of the remixer? Greed is the ultimate motivator after all. One good thing IMHO is this increases the value of my original presses.

[@ExileOnMyStreet]

Yes, that is scary to me. The originals will be available (for how long, who knows?) but any quick search the remix is usually the selection that appears, and my concern is the originals at some point will disappear.

[@steviebaby2690]

Queen's first album does sound a bit rough, but it's good enough for me. I ain't got no time for remixes. Or those huge box sets with a load of tat I'll look at once, and songs rejected for good reason back in the day.

[@GeeAitch-r1r]

JFC.... JFC.... when you spoke of the six pack... I was thinking about we are only in it for the money. you are awesome... keep on keepin on... as they say. (afterthought: they are making a re-release of on the beach. no extra trax... but on clear vinyl. why... why i ask)

[@therealbushboy6440]

You forgot the new Mind Games b.s. atmospheric mixes..

[@cgcvinyl]

Agreed. I'm a Beatles completest but even I won't buy that garbage.

[@RobertFithen]

Yes I did. Good call

[@kdrkdr5123]

You are on fire dude! 🔥 Love it...and you are not wrong!

[@RobertFithen]

Thanks!!

[@andrewbrown3070]

The rant master class Robert. Well done. I couldn't agree more.

[@davidcurry8440]

The only remixes that I found to be good are: Black Sabbath-Live Evil and Pink Floyd-Animals. The original UK issue of Whitesnake: Slide it In sounds much better and rich than the U.S. John Sykes which sounds more metallic.

[@doctorwhom420]

Animals remix is incredible

[@kgrant67]

Yeah, what I had said in another comment is that there is the occasional album that deserves a good remix because there were legitimate problems with the original. Rush vapor trails came to mind for me but some of the Black Sabbath Tony Martin era albums are good examples too. Forbidden is still not a great album but it's much more listenable with the remix. Those are few and far between though

[@themadmattster9647]

I like both Slide it Ins for different reasons

[@davidkenner-rb8go]

"Smashes, Thrashes and Hits" also ruined "I Love It Loud".

[@kajiwe4776]

Laugh out loud at the 'Bucket' joke. Well played sir.

[@RobertFithen]

Thanks!!

[@anxietymanTV]

Yeah. Its a way to make money. I think copyright is renewed when the content is modified. To prolong their ability ability to earn money. Its all about the money. Great video. Thanks Robert.

[@sawboss216]

I was hearing that Queen's debut re-mix has Freddie's vocals auto tuned. No need. Freddie's vocals are perfect as is. BTW...you do a great drum machine imitation!

[@Mozart2Muse]

Kids, music executives, (and yes, RHINO!) listen to Mr. -Frithen- -Fifen- Fithen! Robert, you are (as usual) spot on when it comes to these "behind the music scenes" topics. It's all a ploy to get people to buy the same albums over and over and over again. Originals on BLACK vinyl, damnit!

[@richmoreno9938]

I definitely see your point. I think most early pressings of classics are available for about the same price as a reissue. I would say just buy the original. I do have to say that the 2022 remix of Pink Floyd-Animals is pretty phenomenal in my opinion. No drum machines. 😂

[@sjbang5764]

"Life is in color, but black and white is more realistic." - Sam Fuller... I really admire your passion. Thanks Robert

[@SpaceAce2022]

I absolutely LOVE the remixes of all of these awesome Whitesnake classic albums. In addition to the remixes, you also get the classics simply remastered. David Coverdale does a great job to ensure that you get both the remixes and the original remasters so you have both. If you issue a remix, do it this way and offer both.

[@thechronicnoizeco.6675]

The Replacements Tim is wonderful in its remix form. The drums sound real and fresh. Filler songs sound important now. Worthy remix.

[@henricusinstitoris2325]

I also have asked myself this very question many times. Like you said , it's a cash grab, that's all I can also come up with

[@NothingLikeVinyl]

The '85 version of "Creatures of the Night" has just one track remixed: the title track. The rest of the album was just remastered with a slight low end cut (no big deal). Now, "I Love it Loud" was also remixed (the infamous remix with neutered drums), but that remix is exclusive to "Smashes, Thrashes & Hits". And "War Machine" was supposedly remixed as well, but that remix hasn't been released.

[@BillAdams-fb3jm]

My all-time least favorite fuck-around "mix" or "remix from the 80s/90s was the remix Queen "We Will Rock You" single, which featured Flea on bass.

[@RobertFithen]

Wow! I didn't even know about that.

[@BillAdams-fb3jm]

@@RobertFithen Took a second to find it, but here it is. I'd forgotten that Rick Rubin was attached to it too: kzbin.info/www/bejne/n6ilo5mFgLuHqMk

[@ediblehorse]

The only re-mix that I truly have enjoyed lately was the Pink Floyd Animals. Thanks for the rant Robert!

[@marksantucci4230]

This is a great video!!!

[@arzabael]

I agree, because I too am filled with pure hatred for the things that aren’t the way I want them

[@ledzep9501]

If you want a nice reissue of Rocka Rolla get the Repertoire version just some years ago. It's excellent...

[@brandonio_granger]

The new Remix,remaster is actually really great.

[@tunesdonebyone3428]

Thank you! I've been saying this for years. Starting with the Beatles albums. They were perfect! Didn't need SHIT done to them.

[@bobby666666]

The Queen set is terrible, and Freddie's vocals have been pitch corrected and sound modern and don't sound right. The Zappa album was done by Frank Zappa, not the record company. He stated that the original drums and bass were not usable. A few years after his death, the family released the original version. His 80s and 90s issued reissue albums on cd added reverb. The family issued them again in 2012, and they were original mixes and sound great.

[@ChromeDestiny]

Crusin' with Ruben and The Jets had a terrible 80's remix too. They reissued the original but only on an expanded collector's edition. Frank did a similar one for Lumpy Gravy too with new vocals from Ike Willis, Frank thankfully didn't put that one out in the 80's but it's on one those collector's sets now.

[@nellgwenn]

I couldn't agree more. I wonder if classical music goes through this Hell as well?

[@chestrendy]

I've always been down with the real. I usually skip bonus tracks on CD. I took a survey for Atlantic, they couldn't believe I still prefer physical media.😮

[@Andy-bz7ow]

I love Thin Lizzy, I purchased all the reissues on vinyl a few years ago and the sound GREAT!!! don't need the remix versions

[@instantparty8856]

As a reseller/flipper of original vinyl, the remix/digital era is good for me. Many punters now want the original issues so a ready market waiting for my records!

[@aminahmed2220]

What a fantastic video Robert have a great weekend also happy first week of November ❤

[@alanblevens1104]

That 1985 kiss creatures vinyl is worth a little if you find it.

[@garyrhone1395]

$$$

[@mr.bloodvessel260]

Is Steven Wilson remixing every classic Prog album?

[@RobertFithen]

As long as they keep selling.

[@CraigLafferty]

Great stuff here! You should do a remix of this video!

[@journeyintothebible]

I loved the Floyd Animals remix and Momentary Lapse. Sabbath's Vol. 4 was awesome, but for the most part remixes suck. The Rocka Rolla one has extra harmonica? I hate it when they change it up like that.

[@Drivehead103]

Did not care for the Pink Floyd animals remix but some people seem to enjoy it. I found it to be too boomy and other things were just off. I love the original!

[@RobertFithen]

Me too.

[@Skelter40]

But those Steven Wilson remixes…hahaha! Actually, the surround mixes are amazing.

[@VIDSTORAGE]

I assume and I may not be totally right but Remastering is basically boosting the tones of the bass to mid and treble with an Equalizer in the proper way to bring it closer to the master or to make it better than the master possibly and the music it self is not tampered with and a new 2nd master is made for copies to be made from that .... Remixing is tampering with the original mix sound and that is where the trouble begins with adding and subtracting of the original mixed finish ...

[@RobertFithen]

Yes, I'm only talking about remixing.

[@MichaelBoltonsEntireCatalog]

Fripp: Court needs a remix. Recording heads were misaligned. Make it a 2 CD, original and new mix. Industry: That's an idea! The wizard has spoken!

[@RobertFithen]

Sounds more like a remastering than a remix.

[@nilshenrikteigen9215]

The Coverdale/Whitesnake remixes are awesome. If an artist wants to go back and remix their old music to be up to date. I’m all for it, and there has been some great ones lately, like Pink Floyd , Black Sabbath and now Whitesnake. What they should stop is the endless remastering which is definitely not needed. Now I wait for Judas Priest to announce the Remix of the heavy Metal masterpiece “Sad Wings of Destiny”

[@juanmeowmix1530]

I was just going to mention the Steve Wilson remixes of Jethro Tull's albums are fantastic and certainly worth checking out. Also his work with Yes is great too. I guess that's the problem with vinyl, space limitation. When you pick up the CDs or even BluRay you get most if not all mixes. You can listen to the original stereo, or mono if the album had it, then the remix of it, 5.1, or newer Dolby Atmos mixes. And probably for much less than a $50 vinyl reissue.

[@garyscarpulla100]

The Doors remixes were particularly egregious along with the 50th Anniversary of Chicago Transit Authority. The worst offenders for me have been the Sinatra remasters, especially the Sinatra-Jobim sessions.

[@pseudolus7963]

The new mix of Watertown is unlistenable.

[@garyscarpulla100]

​@pseudolus7963 agreed, I have 2 original pressings, one being a white label promo and although it's never been a great sounding album, they both sound better than the remaster. They tend to leave Sinatra's voice dry and more exposed which is more problematic in his later Reprise recordings and LA Is My Lady which is absolutely horrendous

[@glennbateman4483]

To be fair the Thin Lizzy remixes do have alternative artwork and are also endorsed by the remaing musicians

[@michaelivan9066]

Judas Priest Rocka Rolla was just remixed and it actually sounds better. I downloaded it and it will be coming out on vinyl soon.

[@chilipalmer6974]

Well, I'm not a native speaker but to me "remix" somehow contradicts "reissue". IMO you're 100% right.

[@redrocker7857]

Agree with your thoughts on the money grab remix trend.But the Deep Purple machine head remix that Dweezil Zappa did this year is fantastic!Can’t stop listening to it!

[@JCM-LedZeppelin-Stories]

Dweezil is one the RARE instances where a musician actually improved an original mix. He REALLY outdid the previous efforts. Tremendous.

[@redrocker7857]

@ You’re right.RARE is the word!

[@FleagleSangria]

I’m with you Robert. Most remixes are not needed and are 99% of the time sterile, weird and gutted sounding. For instance people praised the Aqualung remix. And yes the actual remix is good. But the trade off is the ambience, the room sound and what makes the album sound like Aqualung is missing. Its like it is too perfect. The soul is all prettied up and the snot cleaned off of Aqualung’s nose. The original energy is now all sparkle and perfect instead of more dirty and menacing. The new Queen boxset remix is also pitch correcting Freddie’s vocals(!) Wth, like Freddie needs this? I kind of get the idea also that some of this is eventually to replace the original mixes. Pink Floyd “Animals” literally has acoustic guitar sounds completely gone :/ White Album- the volume shifted everything to level out every song to be at the same volume. Why? Who decided “Hey, you know what this Beatles album needs and the problem all along was? The dynamics. That darn volume. Make all songs the same volume. Thank goodness we saved the album” Chicago 2 is about the only one I can say is very good. That album kinda needed a remix. And Steven Wilson did a great job. Thing with remixing they have to go back to the multis usually and there is no way to replicate the mixdown tape made from them like it was done with the equipment, engineers and artist input 40 frickin years ago. You make a move in the mix one way and it is bound to F up another aspect of the album. Oh, and Giles Martin is the devil!

[@aronpolasek4506]

I love a good rant!

[@d0rky]

ughh thanks for bringing up that ZZ top. recently bought the first three albums on disc. remembered something about the albums being remixed...but for some reason i thought the remixes happened in the late 90's-00's. payed 10 a disc for what i thought were mint 80's original sounding classics(Spines had those 80's bland white spine with red letter font). played la grange. instantly it felt off.... and when those drums kicked in.. w t f!!!! all drums have that sound you can find on a cheap digitech effect pedal. -0/10

[@theatomicpunkkid]

I had to go back to the Plymouth Meeting Mall at 10:00 in the morning to return Tres Hombres by ZZ Top remix I literally stood at the counter and heard the guy put it back on the Shelf the lady behind the counter wanted to know what the look on my face was about. That, mam, is pure rage. I haven't been back since. I finally got the very baddest of and while that sounds like a 2006 remaster it's not got the remix Drums at all.

[@terrywilliams7827]

Once in a great while it's better, aqualung, remixed by Steven Wilson is great. But mostly not better

[@curly_wyn]

Also Robert, it’s interesting that you like the earlier Judas Priest but not the later stuff; which album is your cutoff point?

[@RobertFithen]

When Halford left.

[@curly_wyn]

Ahh, so everyone’s cutoff point, nice! British Steel is my favorite of theirs :)

[@baileydute1]

Robert, quite being so quiet. You need to express yourself more. :)

[@kgrant67]

Nice rant bro. You get a subscribe. There is the occasional classic album that had a legitimate problem with the original mix and I don't mind when they remix those, especially when the artists themselves want to do it and are involved. Thinking specifically of Rush Vapor Trails but those are few and far between

[@evanperry3699]

Gene Simmons loves money though🤣

[@jasonpp1973]

Albums and 45s were mixed right the 1st time, they are the mixes I grew up with. If a mix sounds rough, it was made that way, the banana album by The Velvet Underground, and Soft Machine Third are prime examples. Another album that got the ZZ Top 6 pack treatment was the cd of Badfinger's Day After Day Live, Joey Molland had the original tapes, and added reverby drum tracks to it, I was so excited to get a live album by Badfinger's classic lineup, and I was so pissed off when I spun the cd.

[@davidellis5141]

Reissue - Good 👍 Remix - Not Good 😐

[@beetlebum7760]

There are a million reissues out there, which are not remixes, which are terrible.

[@TheChadTI]

As a kid, anything they made FOR me, I wanted the real version. Every single time.

[@dongordon4464]

On the same level or stupid idea - the new re-audio - music and voice's - of the Peanuts movies and cartoons. And "THEY" wondered why the kids didn't like them, and why us older people don't want them. Anyway keep up the good work thank you.

[@cheapcinemachannel4548]

Yeah man I agree. Like you say, if they would just differ...uh, differen-she-un-ate...differentiate between the original and remix it wouldn't be so annoying. But this same cover/small print shit needs to end.

[@curtmurray6085]

I totally agree, I just recently bought Pink Floyd's Momentary Lapse of Reason not realizing it was remixed, Learning to Fly sounded so freaking weird to me it was very off putting.

[@richardsteele3272]

Total money grab and I knew you would bring it up ZZ Top 6 pack. I agree with you, I like remastered albums for both CD and LP and they should redo all albums that way. The albums are already enough money and that's not enough for the record industry, just run it into the ground that always did. Get a new band with a new sound and then sign many bands that sound similar until people tire of it

[@revolver64]

Are we sure this isn’t just new terminology/marketing for “remastering”? I don’t remember anybody being upset when classics were remastered for CDs. I don’t have a problem with the remixing, as long as it’s not changing the actual songs. If it’s just to improve the sonics, it’s fine. It’s all probably a reaction to the type of thing you literally pointed out - that clean, original pressings are increasingly rare and expensive. These labels want a piece of that action and they know a lot of people simply want great sound quality without the endless treasure hunt and outrageous costs on the secondary market.