“The definition of genius is taking the complex and making it simple.” - A. Einstein. Brilliant channel. Credit to all involved.
@pauldenisowski5 ай бұрын
Thank you!
@josehenriquemaia1364 ай бұрын
Gênio!!! Parabéns!!!@@pauldenisowski
@rodericksibelius84722 жыл бұрын
I am now 66 retired and way back in 1985, I took a 9 month course of Microwave electronics at Microwave Training Institute in Mountain View, California, a school privately owned by Alan Scott. Learned the basics, Operation of Klystrons, Reflex Klystrons, low frequency circuits, microwave circuits and laboratory experiments using microwave instrumentation and USE OF THE SMITH CHART. This video VISUALIZATIONS are awesome and I HAD A HARD TIME visualizing what those PHYSICISTS and Working Engineers teaching us those concepts, I finished the course knowing all these magic microwave skills and went to work at a few companies building microstrip gallium arsenide microwave amplifiers 4 - 18 Ghz at the time tuning and cascading them, with a lot of microscope work. Thank You for MAKING this VIDEO, the time and dedication you have explained these concepts in simple clear manner. God Bless You.
@richardbrumant26844 жыл бұрын
excellent delivery and I am in the Telecommunication field for the past 40 years and I am impressed.
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
Thanks Richard - really appreciate the feedback!
@onderdincel4 жыл бұрын
excellent video, thank you, those 5 dislikes probably from keysight
@ethendixon46124 жыл бұрын
Lollll prolly from Keysight
@Jota_VA3 жыл бұрын
3 from keysight, 2 from anritsu XD
@annguyendang83883 жыл бұрын
Why did you think of that?
@tonofgx5312 жыл бұрын
@Alter Kater Yeah that kind of bothers me as well. The video assumed that the source is perfectly matched to the tline
@pranaysharma12552 жыл бұрын
😂😂😂
@nisargtrivedi33146 ай бұрын
very nice and clear explanation. thank you for not just this but the whole video series. very informative on basics. just want to point out a possible typo at page 13 where Return Loss and VSWR are related via an equation. here the numerator and denominator are switched somehow i.e. it should have been Return Loss = 20log10(VSWR-1/VSWR+1).
@jb3757 Жыл бұрын
I just found the Gold mine, and the fact it comes from my favorite Test&Measurement company is icing on the cake.
@pauldenisowski Жыл бұрын
We're happy you're here - and more is on the way!
@nlo1144 жыл бұрын
At 63, I find this the best explanation so far. The explanation is exactly the same as everyone else's, (so it would be, wouldn't it!), but the waveform animation is slower and easier to understand, with the explanation at a well measured steady pace. Thank you R&S, this video should be played in college courses.
@Rohde-Schwarz4 жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot for the positive feedback - that motivates us!
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@Tom-dn5de3 жыл бұрын
@@pauldenisowski Thanks for the great video! and I have some things to ask. The frequency of the reflected signal is the same as the frequency of the forward signal or not? And how about the relative phase between them?
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
@@Tom-dn5de Generally speaking, the signals appearing at all ports of a network will have the same frequency as the input signal but different phases and amplitudes. It is possible to make S-parameter measurements on frequency-converting devices, but this is a more advanced topic that needs its own video :)
@Tom-dn5de3 жыл бұрын
@@pauldenisowski Thanks a lot for your explanation. I am taking a VSWR measurement of an RF source, but I don't know why an auxiliary generator is used which transmits a wave with a slightly offset carrier frequency into the DUT. Could you explain it to me?
@albertkleyn1113 жыл бұрын
Paul..... in my 76 years I have seen a "FEW" VIDEOS. THIS ONE IS BY FAR THE BEST and clearest I have seen. on this subject. Coming from your company, i am not surprised, Rhode & Schwartz are well known for the top quality of their instruments. Thank you for taking the time and effort in producing this. Please rest assured that it is VERY MUCH appreciated. IGNORE the dislikes... Even if God himself would have done this video... he too would get dislikes... and probably more of 'em ! Albert EI7II.
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the support! There are always things that I could do better in these videos, so I appreciate any and all comments. 73, Paul KO4LZ
@deepeshshiwakoti7249 Жыл бұрын
What a wonderful comment.
@euanwells69684 жыл бұрын
MAN this helped so much. Im final year doing electrical engineering and my teacher speaks no English and i was FREAKING out until i found your video. Thanks mate
@shayanfatima25223 жыл бұрын
One of the best lectures I have ever come across. Thank you so much sir!
@GuruGyancenter7862 жыл бұрын
Good
@michaelperkins4332 Жыл бұрын
Coming from an avionics background, this video was beneficial since it was only briefly mentioned, and it was more about hooking equipment up, and it will measure it for you. This will definitely be used to help teach others what VSWR is. Thank you.
@pauldenisowski Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@Maceta4443 жыл бұрын
That graph at min 5 was all that i was needing.
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
Thanks -- sometimes a picture really is worth a thousand words :)
@butchygra3 жыл бұрын
Another fantastic video, summarising what my lecturer failed to convey in 2 hours in 10 mins! Love this series!
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
Thanks! There is obviously a LOT more than can be said about VSWR and return loss (not to mention all the underlying theory and math), so we try to focus on the basics :)
@alanmainwaring1830 Жыл бұрын
I like this comment and it is spot on. The pacing of the speech and clarity videos is just right in an area of Radio Frequency engineering that is not easy to grasp. No wonder Rhode and Schwartz make the best analysers in the industry. I wish I could afford to buy one.
@pauldenisowski Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@ahmedsaad45954 жыл бұрын
Amazing and very valuable for someone like me been over 10 yrs in field
@Jerrythenerdful2 жыл бұрын
I'd like to make three important points, all of which can be easily proven as fact: 1.) Reflected power is absolutely NOT what damages a PA device or stage. It is the mismatch in optimum impedance at the output port, regardless of standing waves or reflected power on the feedline some distance away from the PA stage. 2.) It is quite possible to have a very high percentage, actually nearly 100%, of transmitter power delivered to a load even with a very high "reflected power" or VSWR. 3.) Many antenna systems, as well as PA matching, splitting, and combining systems, intentionally operate with fairly high standing waves. Collinear antennas, like VHF/UHF multiple bay arrays, commonly use mismatched transmission lines in harnesses to split power and match the multiple elements to the feed impedance. These harnesses and cables often operate well over 2:1 VSWR in the feed cables with negligible loss.
@selvakumarr66724 жыл бұрын
This is one of the best and easy to understand explanation with clear examples I have come across. Well done team. I request you to post more such videos.
@rangapusuloor55722 жыл бұрын
Excellent presentation on understanding the Return loss and importance of VSWR.
@glenmartin24372 жыл бұрын
Thank you. You filled a gap in my knowledge. I repeatedly ran too much power for a GC MS and had a foldback circuit shut the power down. The field engineers could not explain this to me. It did not help that I had no meter to let me know I was approaching the power limit. Thanks again. N0QFT
@Rohde-Schwarz2 жыл бұрын
😎 👍
@Rohde-Schwarz2 жыл бұрын
That's great to hear Glen! Thank you for the feedback
@pauldenisowski2 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful. Foldback has saved me from destroying quite a few things in my career :)
@sunkarasaigoutham4 жыл бұрын
2:46 example of complex impedance - antennas and that is why there is a range of frequency mentioned. Therefore the level of power reflected will be a function of frequency. There are two ways to quantify these losses 1. VSWR 2. return loss Retrun loss= Forward power - reflected power for example - Forward power is 50dBm and reflected power is 10dBm Return loss = 40dBm The larger the return loss the lesser the reflected power
@risyamnozawa4 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for the explanation and the concept. Your way of your explanation is easy to understand, preety straightforward but still bring the concept. Hope the best for you
@Alex-M0OOVАй бұрын
This video is so good that tomorrow I would like to buy some Rohde & Schwarz test gear to give back... if I could afford it :) Thank you!
@Redhawk03a2 жыл бұрын
Just getting into amateur radio, this is very helpful.
@pepe66664 жыл бұрын
i swear its james woods doing these lessons. great content though and i really appreciate the education. its been extremely helpful. ooh a piece of candy.
@nax18072 жыл бұрын
this helped me through HF/RF Engineering thanks
@hunchojet Жыл бұрын
Beautifully made presentation/explanation. 5/5!
@pauldenisowski Жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@alexandrechaillet25043 жыл бұрын
most understandable vide I saw on that topic. great job
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@ronnie1663 жыл бұрын
I'm trying to troubleshoot a high voltage power transmitter with valuable freq.. Problem is an over current fault which shuts down the transmitter. This video is helpful, TY
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
Thanks and good luck!
@ohaya1 Жыл бұрын
What an excellent video, more like this please!
@sudeepshetty45304 жыл бұрын
Beautifully explained..
@jianhaowu73682 жыл бұрын
very nice presentation
@storaman122 жыл бұрын
SUPERB. What a great explanation.
@dhananjayw5022 жыл бұрын
Excellent video sir..... it helped me understand the thing. Thanks a lot !!!
@nick1f10 ай бұрын
Excellent presentation!
@pauldenisowski8 ай бұрын
Thank you!
@klam772 жыл бұрын
Thank you! Such a beautifully explained video!
@eightfivezerobraxton55094 жыл бұрын
Really helped me understand the topic ! you're a great teacher.
@primeradianttechnologies3085 Жыл бұрын
Absolutly great presentation!!! Thank you!
@pauldenisowski Жыл бұрын
Thanks for the feedback!
@davidharrell92634 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the great video! I hope more to follow!
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
Thanks! We just posted a series of videos on oscilloscopes today and there will be many more videos in this series, so please stay tuned!
@abdulhaquemohammed64782 жыл бұрын
To the point and very informative. Thanks a lot for the share!
@navneetkumaryadav72802 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the clear explanation!!
@pauldenisowski2 жыл бұрын
My pleasure - thanks for the feedback!
@adonikam13 жыл бұрын
Excellent, Excellent, excellent video! THANK YOU!! I subscribed...
@Parirash1233 жыл бұрын
A clear and good presentation. Thank you.
@quyvuuc1402 жыл бұрын
great, thank so much for that knowledge you provided
@JackQuark2 жыл бұрын
Thanks, this is so pleasant to learn from.
@pauldenisowski2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@snoobeagle3 жыл бұрын
I didn't know actor James Woods was into antenna efficiency! :)
@amilasamaraweera62093 ай бұрын
Very clear explanation. Thanks!
@tomaszkluska64192 жыл бұрын
Wiki _From a certain perspective 'Return Loss' is a misnomer. The usual function of a transmission line is to convey power from a source to a load with minimal loss. If a transmission line is correctly matched to a load, the reflected power will be zero, no power will be lost due to reflection, and 'Return Loss' will be infinite. Conversely if the line is terminated in an open circuit, the reflected power will be equal to the incident power; all of the incident power will be lost in the sense that none of it will be transferred to a load, and RL will be zero. Thus the numerical values of RL tend in the opposite sense to that expected of a 'loss'._
@tomaszkluska64192 жыл бұрын
RL should have the name unloss :))
@pauldenisowski2 жыл бұрын
I agree completely that the term "return loss" is very problematic. As I've mentioned a few times in the comments, it's confusing even to RF engineers, so much so that the editor of an IEEE journal had to publish an article explaining the "proper" way to use the term :)
@conspiracytheory9396 Жыл бұрын
Very informative. Thanks.
@pauldenisowski Жыл бұрын
Thanks - appreciate the feedback!
@WallaceAustin2 жыл бұрын
Very well presented.
@yaroslavmuradian59594 жыл бұрын
Thank you for your brilliant explanation. One question on terminology though: should we use something like "effectively transmitted power" intead of "return loss"? I doubt "return loss" is the proper term to use in this case because we are discussing the energy, which has been absorbed by the antenna and has been radiated into ester. I know this is not your invention. I wish to know your opinion.
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
Hi Yaroslav - Thanks for your comment. "Return loss" is the standard industry term for this measurement, but I will agree that this term can be a bit problematic. In fact, the editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation published a short article in 2009 describing the origins and proper use of the term "return loss" -- it appears close to a third of the people submitting papers to this journal were using the term incorrectly. (Link below, available to IEEE members). From the article: "Turning to present-day usage, return loss is now the most common term used to describe reflection and mismatch." ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5162049?arnumber=5162049
@yaroslavmuradian59594 жыл бұрын
@@pauldenisowski Thank you Paul. I will look into it.
@andreslucioaigster33562 жыл бұрын
Very helpful!
@anhtuta27672 жыл бұрын
thank you so much
@THILAKCMBEC3 жыл бұрын
omg this video was so informative; thank you a tonne
@sciencelearning23262 жыл бұрын
amazing explanation thanks sir
@pauldenisowski2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the feedback!
@martijndecauter53293 жыл бұрын
Wow superb video! Thanks!
@OxTongue04 жыл бұрын
Clearly explained the content. thanks for making Video .
@sunkarasaigoutham4 жыл бұрын
amazing video
@dirindirin39836 ай бұрын
Loved that❤❤❤❤❤❤
@pauldenisowski6 ай бұрын
Thank you!
@tpmbe4 жыл бұрын
excellent explanations... thank you
@gumidellivenkatesh1240 Жыл бұрын
Excellent video, how you got percentage of return loss ?
@sidharthks78343 жыл бұрын
that was really helpful. Thanks for the content.
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@elecronics-sc5 ай бұрын
Very good 👍😊
@richardphillips24055 жыл бұрын
Great video. I got stuck when trying to find the ratio of reflected power to forward power by the Vswr. Is there an equation that converts Vswr to the amount of reflected power?
@Rohde-Schwarz4 жыл бұрын
Dear Richard, for calculating VSWR using power instead of voltage, you can use the following formula: VSWR = (1 + p) / (1 - p), where p = sqrt(reverse_power / forward_power). Best, Rohde & Schwarz Social Media Team
@munazzahtaimuri35854 жыл бұрын
@@Rohde-Schwarz If above formula is to be used fo this conversion, when should we use the the formula mentioned at 6:12 relating return loss and VSWR?
@lukbrowncs2 жыл бұрын
Sir, your idea of vswr is different from what some materials say. They say vswr is ratio of voltage max at the peak and voltage minimum at the trough/bottom. Your explanation of it in the graph appears different. Also, textbooks don't mention that impedance matching means load impedance is the complex conjugate of the source or line impedance. They say it should be exact match. Could you please clarify. Thanks in advance.
@SteveWithnell2 жыл бұрын
The complex conjugate provides the exact match. This calculator might be helpful to play around with: www.analog.com/en/design-center/interactive-design-tools/rf-impedance-matching-calculator.html
@斑鳩-p1j2 жыл бұрын
8:16 why there a circuit about capacitor and inductor? I thought we are talking about impedance.
@ernestb.2377 Жыл бұрын
The terminology of Return Loss for me is very counterintuitive. Instead of difference Forward - Return power I would rather use the ratio of Return / Forward. As we call it Loss how can we strive to maximize the number? Loss should be a low number, or low percentage.
@IZ0MTW2 ай бұрын
It is counter intuitive. But you can think at the power “returning”, the one that has been reflected back by the mismatch, the one we don’t want. So we want to get rid of that power, we want to loose that. The more we loose it the happier we are. So in this case we aim to have something missing. Like having less fat in the blood is good. The less we have the better!
@clarkrichardson58464 жыл бұрын
This is great stufff
@flymirpark918 Жыл бұрын
Will the IL,RL characteristic value change according to the reference input to the POGO connector? For example, Will the IL change according referance input 0dBm Vsersus 35dBm?
@mathy53842 жыл бұрын
For the matching network (at 8:14), what would you need to do if the source impedance was smaller than the load impedance? Would the matching network have to have some sort of ADMITTANCE to get the source and load to match? Or is it just not possible to do so?
@yanxili1553 Жыл бұрын
so nice!
@pauldenisowski Жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@thisnotjesus Жыл бұрын
There's a math error at 4:40 if 50dbm came from the source and 10 dbm came back 40 dbm didn't go to the load around 49.5 dbm went to the load
@jianjing78543 жыл бұрын
Is it correct ? At 4:32, it shows that Forward power -reflected power= return loss. I assume the return loss = reflected power. Who is wrong?
@Rohde-Schwarz3 жыл бұрын
Hi, thank you for your feedback. This is correct, yes.
@MovieShortCuts4 жыл бұрын
About impedance matching, if i have a Source impedance of 50ohms, Line RG6 75ohms, and a 25ohms load impedance(microstrip antenna). Is this a matching set with less reflected power? How much VSWR do you think I'll get from this setup? Thanks
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
Unless the load is purely resistive (and your antenna almost certainly isn't), the VSWR will be a function of frequency -- i.e. it will change depending on the frequency of the signal generated by the source. In most cases, the easiest way to minimize reflected power is to have a source, load, and line impedance that are all as similar as possible. Even though a lot of people successfully use RG6 with 50 ohm sources, you might want to consider a different cable type. There's not much you can do about the impedance of the antenna, but keep in mind that this may also change based on how and where the antenna is mounted (i.e. what's next to it). It can be very difficult to reliably and accurately determine VSWR based on the (nominal) values of components in a system. I can do the math and calculate how long a dipole *should* be to have a given VSWR over a given frequency range, but when I actually build it and hang it from a tree or (especially) in my attic, the VSWR is never precisely what I calculated (and is sometimes quite different). The math may give you a good starting point, but the actual value of the assembled system will often be at least somewhat different. This is one of the reasons why instruments like network (or antenna) analyzers exist -- measurement is the only reliable way to know for sure what your VSWR actually is. Hope that helps!
@surajkulkarni6868Ай бұрын
Is it only me who finds “return loss” name for what’s is used is counter intuitive.
@AnnaSarris19 күн бұрын
645 Damaris Stravenue
@glennwillems99243 жыл бұрын
2:39 a yagi with a gain of 12 DECABel? I would expect the good people at R&S to at least use graphics in which the SI units are respected. In this case: 12 dBi.
@pauldenisowski3 жыл бұрын
Sorry, but could you clarify what you're referring to? I don't believe I ever said anything about antenna gain in units of dB or dBi. The y-axis of the graph at 2:39 was intentionally labelled with the generic unit "impedance" for the purpose of illustrating that impedance is non-constant for most antennas, at least compared to the dummy load on the previous slide A graph of gain for a directional antenna like the yagi shown would usually be a polar plot showing gain in dBi (relative to an isotropic radiator) as a function of azimuth. You are absolutely correct in that the gain of an antenna is almost always given in dBi -- one exception would be something like front-back ratio, which would be in dB, not dBi. Again, my apologies if I'm misunderstanding you. And I can assure you that the good people at R&S are familiar with the different types of dB: in fact, we have an entire educational note on this very topic :) scdn.rohde-schwarz.com/ur/pws/dl_downloads/dl_application/application_notes/1ma98/1MA98_13e_dB_or_not_dB.pdf
@alanmainwaring1830 Жыл бұрын
For a start because decibels is based on log functions there are no units as such in the argument. One can refer to an antenna gain without referring to a theoretical antenna that has a perfect spherical radiation pattern, in practice such an antenna does not exist or you can just use decibels without the isotropic reference. Decibels is based on ratios of things like power, voltage so that the log function argument has no units.
@43SunSon4 жыл бұрын
@4:30 40dB or dBm ?
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
If the forward and reflected powers are in units of dBm, the difference between these values (X dBm - Y dBm) will be in units of dB (not dBm).
@43SunSon4 жыл бұрын
@@pauldenisowski ?? i thought dBm-dBm=dBm. could you please explain more or give me an example ?
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
@@43SunSon Sure :) One of the more common "rules" when it comes to decibels and logarithms is that reducing a value by 3 dB is the same as decreasing it by one half. The difference between one watt (30 dBm) and one-half watt (27 dBm) is .... 3 dB. The power value 3 dBm is approximately 2 mW, not one-half watt. Rohde and Schwarz actually has a whitepaper that explains this and quite a few other things regarding decibels: scdn.rohde-schwarz.com/ur/pws/dl_downloads/dl_application/application_notes/1ma98/1MA98_13e_dB_or_not_dB.pdf Hope that helps.
@43SunSon4 жыл бұрын
@@pauldenisowski oh my man! you did well! I am reading that pdf. How did you know that much? Are you in this area as well?
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
@@43SunSon Thanks. I'm an engineer at Rohde & Schwarz working in radio frequency test and measurement, so I deal with dB all day, every day :) If you're interested in learning more about RF, please check our website for additional whitepapers, application notes, etc.
@kavithasenthilkumar45334 жыл бұрын
How to find sd11 through this concept
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
If you mean S11, please see the video "Understanding S-Parameters"
@kavithasenthilkumar45334 жыл бұрын
@@pauldenisowski I am not referring to S11 I am trying to say that when two ports which are connected differential then the S parameter for that is called Sd11 it is not as same as S11 we will get S11,S22,S12,S21 from that we need to find Sd11 that was my doubt if you can help me.please reply.Thank you sir for your reply
@pauldenisowski4 жыл бұрын
@@kavithasenthilkumar4533 Differential mode S-parameter measurement is probably a bit too complex of a topic to address in a KZbin video comment :) Rohde & Schwarz supports these measurements using our VNAs and we have numerous application notes and presentations on this topic, e.g. cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_application/application_notes/1ez53/1EZ53_0E.pdf Hope that helps!
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@SteveWithnell2 жыл бұрын
There is an ambiguity, in that the presentation can leave the impression that reflected power gets back into the source and destroys the equipment. This is of course not true. It would be useful to link the rising voltage in the voltage charts to the damage caused to the source device as the explanation of the danger of high SWR. The alternate case of course is very high currents.
@glenmartin24372 жыл бұрын
The reflected power can damage the finals in radio transmitters. These finals then need to be replaced. Been there and have witnessed this happen.
@Pioneer93624 күн бұрын
@glenmartin2437 how does reflected power damage finals when it joins the forward power ?
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@Robert-xz5rr7 ай бұрын
And what about transmission line? It's not excellent video made by excellent company😒. It's rather support typical misundarstandings according to reflected power.