CASTILLON SWORDS from the 100 Years War - Close up look

[@FiliiMartis]

This is Matt at his best. It must be his top video of the year! I'm happy he got the chance to talk about this.

[@konstantin.v]

Going the *Forgotten Weapons* route? Good idea! 😊

[@robertfoley8414]

Well, they WERE forgotten, in a river, for 500 years.

[@polymathart]

More like Jonathan Ferguson from Royal Armouries, I think.

[@broadcastmyballs]

@@polymathart I see it as more like what Ian does at Forgotten weapons, working with auction houses to show items to prospective collectors which also has the great side benefit of showing these items to those with a study interest in them as well, before they are sold

[@FortuneFavoursTheBold]

Thank you so much for walking us through the examination of these two rare original Castillon swords. I absolutely love the clubbed crossguard paired with either a fishtail pommel or a scentstopper pommel with a stalk (lots of mass to counterbalance the long and thick blade). Also tremendous gratitude for sharing the stats measured with this rare opportunity instead of hoarding them. Very helpful to the sword community as a whole. The thickness and the distal taper is perfectly in line with what we know about type XV and XVIII, and it's so fantastic to have that confirmed on these two beautiful specimens. This is the first time you share with us about the detailed findings of your on-site hands-on examinations of medieval originals, I absolutely love it--almost like taking the viewers along with you to be there in person. Hope to see more content like this the future!

[@Jim58223]

Kopciuch isnt gonna like hearing how thicc these swords are at the base 😂

[@FiliiMartis]

I share your wish for more content like this. It's basically a sword review for antiques (well, minus the cut tests for obvious reasons 😅). And people may think that we can see these in museums, and we can to a good degree. But there are so many dead angles in typical display cases, and glass reflections, and light glares, that it's still quite hard to have a clear view. Plus, in the absence of a person holding the sword, you don't get that clear perception of scale (even when you hover your hands parallel to a display case). I was thinking that it's a shame Matt couldn't do a weight measurement. But on second thought, while it would have been nice to have, there is so much missing material in the blade (plus the missing grip) that a measurement would have only been a lower value. Again, I'm not saying it wouldn't have been nice to have it, but I think the geometric measurements are more important. In principle, one can plug in the density of carbon steel and the correct volume to get the weight. The density doesn't vary that much compared to the volume, so it's better to figure out the latter. A lot of measurements can be extracted from flat sideways photos, but the distal taper needs a proper measurement (so again I'm emphasising the need for someone to access these in person). And the distal taper on a blade tells can tell us a lot about the intended use of the swords (i.e. these two swords are sharp crowbars intended to be used in armour combat). P.S. I'm having a "clubbed crossguard paired with a scentstopper pommel" feder in transit as we speak. This video has made me twice as exited to receive it!

[@FortuneFavoursTheBold]

@@Jim58223 - "But but but but akshully the 'base thickness' I report is the thickness of the tang" - Medieval sword tangs are less thick than the base of the blade and are also distally tapered. - "Gosh darn it..."

[@FortuneFavoursTheBold]

@@FiliiMartis Had he done any cutting test or even any impact test, the longer sword would miss a tip. It's a miracle the tip was preserved in such a fragile state. Yeah, I think most important originals would benefit immensely from having an expert or two doing this kind of detailed and visual analysis to report the physical characteristics and handling of the specimen. The measurement of the distal taper is so helpful as that's the one thing that people can't possible acquire from looking at photos no matter how well taken.

[@kaoskronostyche9939]

SO that pommel shape changes it from a-hand-and-a-half to a-hand-and-three-quarters. Kind of a neat Ian McCollum/Forgotten Weapons-like presentation. Very cool, actually. Thank you for another great presentation.

[@rodrigodepierola]

I was going to the Ian comment, too.

[@Specter_1125]

McCollum

[@manfredconnor3194]

​@@Specter_1125McGollum

[@kaoskronostyche9939]

@@Specter_1125 I should have looked it up. Thanks. I have edited the original comment. Cheers!

[@kailashblades]

Incredible stuff! I had no idea some of these longswords had such intense distal taper. In past custom work we have struggled to go as thin as needed on some historical european blades due to machinery limitaitons. 10mm-4.5mm is very chunky and doable though- plenty of khukuris in that very same ballpark!

[@scholagladiatoria]

Glad it was helpful!

[@DSlyde]

Not to say your normal content isnt great, but this was fantastic. It was so interesting to really get into the nitty gritty of real relics from the period. Always a treat when you get your hands on an artifact.

[@MrReuin]

Its nice to see you dressed up! A shirt sits well on you

[@NoshuHyena]

Seeing Matt play with guard positions to feel out the weight of these absolute treasures, like he does with his own swords, is rad as heck.

[@ulfhedtyrsson]

As a blacksmith I would love to get my hands on these. They're absolutely incredible.

[@SergeantSniper]

My first exposure to Castillon swords was in a Paradox Interactive game called War of the Roses. It's since shut down, and I do miss it at times.

[@King.Leonidas]

it's a fat shark game and the community has revived it. at least from what i played a couple of months back

[@j.g.elmslie9901]

I'm afraid I was 100% responsible for that, given I was their historical consultant. ( .... I wasnt consulted about the bloody bear helmet. )

[@SergeantSniper]

@@j.g.elmslie9901 lmaooo

[@freestatefellow]

I love the new format, and I hope more auctions will enlist your help with this sort of filming project!

[@billpark8988]

When Matt grasped the hilt of the sword with both hands I had visions of the whole thing falling into pieces. Great video, my fear not withstsnding.

[@andreweden9405]

I can imagine the blades being made in or around Passau, and the hilt furniture perhaps being mounted in Milan.

[@scholagladiatoria]

It's possible, but these hilts also could have been made in Burgundy, England, France or Germany. It's quite impossible to say, because they are styles that were found across Western Europe at the time.

[@josephangiulo8601]

Great video! As a former auction house employee, and a big fan of Ian at Forgotten Weapons, I'd like to request an auction room report, or at least a summary of the day's activity! Definitely curious to see where these two lots hammer

[@merlinbooper6756]

It is so good to have people like yourself who get to report on these objects in such detail. Now, I need to win the lotto...

[@Perforator2000]

I've had an Albion Talhoffer for about 8 years, and just picked up a Tod Cutler Castillon arming sword the other day. They're both nearly identical to a lot of the finds from Castillon. Very cool to see the actual artifacts on your channel.

[@Jim58223]

I hope a museum wins the auction for these.

[@titanscerw]

Hopefuly not, because otherwise these would never be seen again.

[@DETHMOKIL]

@@titanscerw depends on the museum much like how it depends on if the private person who buys it decides to hang it in a bedroom for the next 50 years. Museums have a public responsibility that will never extend to the individual collector. You can complain that museums don't do enough, but there is literally no recourse or mechanism to counter act a bad collector.

[@AdamOwenBrowning]

@@DETHMOKIL there's no measures to "counteract" a collector that leaves it in a room safely for a decade equally as there isn't really any measure to "counteract" a museum leaving it in storage safely for a decade. It's good that these swords exist and can be owned in a way where they are preserved for the future, regardless of the institution of ownership. Individuals can pay so they can have the right and privilege to display them privately to their family and friends just as a museum can pay and ask payment to display them publicly.

[@soonerfrac4611]

If anything has been learned in the las 4-6yrs that “trust the experts” is the most overrated phrase. So no, I think not.

[@titanscerw]

@@DETHMOKIL museums have extremely limited display space - so no it dont matter which museum, all are full. Private hands all the way, every day.

[@Paladin357]

Amazing opportunity, both for Matt to examine these swords and for whoever can afford to buy them. It's a shame you weren't able to weigh them. Looking forward to seeing more videos from the auction!

[@myleft9397]

Great to see your dive deep into these historic pieces!

[@VanceLangley-j9g]

Learning about historical specimens in detail, is a valuable exercise of the mind. The depth of the description of the condition of a supposedly " river found" sword, with reference to a wide range of clues to the weapons condition, including insight on the condition of the blade, and evidence regarding edge damage origin ;was it river damage, corrosion, or perhaps use in warfare? This is top drawer commentary!

[@OBXDewey]

Great presentation from the Master.

[@themonarch8251]

Great to have this overview and recording of details of these rare, seldom-seen swords! From a hobby blacksmith's point of view, I wonder if the thinner quillons on the first, larger sword are a result of starting with the same size piece of steel stock, but then being drawn out longer. That would also be indicative of them being likely created in the same shop, I would imagine... Fascinating stuff.

[@M.M.83-U]

Amazing is an understatement! Thank you, and the action house, for such a rare opportunity; this has so much information and detail from real historic examples.

[@lalbus1607]

I would enjoy a video detailing these trade of blades. Taking a look at written sources or archeological material would be an awesome matter.

[@Ugojglc]

Thank you so much for sharing this Matt. These swords are beautiful... And beafy !

[@johnmckelvy7155]

The swords from Talhoffer manuscripts look pretty darned close to the first one - clubbed cross + pear/scentstopper.

[@SlothinAintEasy]

DUDE I just saw you watching a show called expedition unknown. As a lurker for your channel, It was really cool to see you up there!

[@stellifriends7785]

fantastic weapons; the iconic European swords; absolute beauties.

[@b_rob3318]

Love the longsword

[@dernium]

Beautiful swords, thank you for the showcase of these examples of history!

[@justincresswell-beer4509]

This has made me so happy to see!

[@outsideiskrrtinsideihurt699]

That collection of swords is iconic, I never would’ve thought that they’d put some up for sale. Do you know what the starting bid is?

[@oldschooljeremy8124]

Probably high enough to make us faint. Expect these all to go to deep-pocket bidders like museums, wealthy private collectors - and businesses like Matt's

[@lukewilliams8548]

That second one is one of my favorite originals. Odd, when I look back in "records of the medieval sword", it says 86.4 cm and 83.9 cm. How did Oakeshott get the wrong measurements?

[@MartinFabian]

Thanks for the detailed comparison!

[@MrBatraaf]

Fantastic video. Many thanks!

[@VanceLangley-j9g]

I agree with oithers. This is a great venue for educating folks about historical technology!

[@RobertDeanWare]

So Matt, are you going to be bidding?

[@benjaminotalora363]

Very elegant looking swords. I'd love to see a recreation of one

[@jettaphillips5023]

Need more of this. love stuff like this.

[@peterleblanc661]

Great video Matt. I sincerely feel that all antique auctions should have someone equally knowledgeable and excited about the items do presentations on them. What a wonderful way to preserve history of artifacts. And it would help the auction drive interest in the items. A win for everyone.

[@thegheymerz6353]

Why would you want the actuoin to reach a price so it is out of reach for a museum? Youll probably just have some oil exacutive send thier secretary to buy it so they can throw it in a pile with the rest of thier hoarded treasure.

[@williamarthur4801]

I couldn't find them in the catalogue?

[@johnmckelvy7155]

These are right up there with the Munich longsword as grail items. Someone needs to make accurate replicas.

[@-RONNIE]

Thank you so much for sharing this with us ⚔️

[@thegeneral123]

Looking at the rust on those blades and curious what they've done to prevent further damage?

[@jesper509]

More videos like this, really great stuff

[@JosephAllen-d2e]

You should do online fencing/dagger fighting classes.

[@KlausBeckEwerhardy]

Thanks for sharing that. Very informative.

[@chrisfields8077]

I think the big two hander in the MET may be larger than the one in the Royal Armouries. Well, just checked. It slightly shorter but also wider at the base and heavier at 5 lbs 3 oz or 2363 g.

[@TheLordArion]

Awesome sword nerdery! I love it. Do you think the shorter crossguard on the second sword is also related to that type of pommel not being gripped as much as the pear pommel? Different shapes encourage different handling.

[@yellowboot6629]

Thank'YOU Bro❣️

[@harrykouwen1426]

Fascinating workmanships still visible in the overall balance of appearance, are those up for having replica's made as precise as your Royal Armory collection replica's? Would be a huge selling point of such original battle werapons.

[@adamkilroe9840]

Obviously the original owner didn't have to "end him rightly" 😂

[@bobrobinson1576]

Were all the Castillons types 15 and 18? If so they must have been tremendously popular at that time.

[@scholagladiatoria]

Almost all of them, but there are a couple of outliers (one being a falchion in the Royal Armouries).

[@bobrobinson1576]

Thanks Matt. Good info.

[@OFFICIAL.jonathanharvey]

Here’s a question Matt. How were swords recovered from the battlefield? For example, could it be the missing chapes and scabbard hardware are missing due to these swords being recovered after battle, and possibly stored in a boat that subsequently sank while being transported? This might explain them being separated from their scabbards and also support some of the potential impact damage you witnessed on the blades. Just a thought!

[@emblemarms]

Wow that is awesome. Will you be making either of those longswords in any of your batches?

[@Jim58223]

Matt can you please put those measurements and images on your site or something? Thanks

[@chrisball3778]

Nobody else has said it yet, so... IT BELONGS IN A MUSEUM!

[@rallyl7053]

Museums have so many things in storage that no one sees

[@GrandDungeonDad]

“So do you!”

[@justicar5]

Never seen a European museum I take it

[@jellekastelein7316]

@@rallyl7053 Indeed, and a lot of the actual research and preservation being done on swords is done by private collectors. Still, it would be nice if these kinds of things could be seen by enthusiasts somewhere.

[@Templarium]

many times museums have pieces forgotten in a drawer in the back. I'd rather someone enjoy these PROVIDED they can provide proper care.

[@daemonharper3928]

Great video - fantastic to see them, I'm delighted on your behalf getting to handle them! I'd be interested in hearing their sale price.....

[@MrSignman65]

Gorgeous pieces. I've always wondered if well-preserved but still deteriorated blades lose their strength or become brittle, or do they retain their properties and simply have a bit of wear and tear? Could you still hypothetically wield one if you added a new grip, or have they lost function as weapons?

[@scholagladiatoria]

The steel doesn't really change but of course the missing sections would make these blades weak. Without those missing sections, they would perform the same now as 600 years ago.

[@hendrikvanleeuwen9110]

What, no cutting test?

[@pauloldfield6968]

How lucky are you amazing the workmanship of those two swords could you do a walk around?

[@olivermilutinovic749]

The first reviewed longsword has to be one of the best examples of the type that I have ever seen. Amazing craftsmanship. I wonder if there are any modern replicas based on that particular find. What is the width of the first blade at the base where it meets the cross guard if I may ask ?

[@johnmckelvy7155]

Albion Talhoffer is in the ballpark but it’s smaller and the pommel details are quite different.

[@TheHorzabora]

Beautiful blades. I hope they go to a good home.

[@ДикийЛесник-щ7г]

Thank you for the wonderful job! I remember that in the video about the spear, you reacted negatively to the idea of weighing them down so that they could chop and better penetrate armor, but do you think a boar-spear could also be effective in the hands of a very strong warrior in a duel and on the battlefield, because it would have the advantages of a halberd, spear and glaive!

[@nickdavis5420]

I wonder if they where wrapped in cloth for transporting.

[@robertfoley8414]

Is it possible that the tangs were attached, are made with softer materials, so as to take the shock like swords of more modern times?

[@davidcarr7436]

This episode is about as close to one from Forgotten Weapons as we're going to get.

[@manfredconnor3194]

Castillion was such a debacle. It's where England lost its ass to France, bigtime. Or big styl-EE, as they say in London. It's why French wine is not English wine. It's why French cheese is not English cheese. It's why France is France and not England. What a stupid military defeat. How lucky we are that it happened.

[@Evan-rj9xy]

On the subject of the tang being thinner than the blade: I wonder if the tang was originally the same thickness as the blade, but then hammered and slightly flattened after the crossguard was installed to keep the guard permanently wedged in place?

[@stefthorman8548]

You do know that they didn’t just have stocks of steel, right? Making it the same thickness is very time consuming when you're just going to make it tapered anyways, but you do have some merit in saying that it was thick which helped wedge the cross guard on tightly, before they peened it for extra security, but that wasn’t the only reason, the tang was also thinned out because it's just unnecessary weight otherwise, the area In the cross guard needs to be thick so it doesn't break as easy, and for rigidity, having it be as thick in the handle just isn't an good idea.

[@Evan-rj9xy]

@@stefthorman8548 Hey, I'm not sure if you meant to sound this way but this came across as very condescending, and you seem to have misunderstood the idea I was trying to put forward. I am a blacksmith, still very much a novice, but I'll try to explain a little better what I was thinking. The upper three inches or so of the tang could be forged to the same thickness as the blade to start with. The hole in the crossguard would be punched & filed to fit that thickness, then installed. After the crossguard is fitted to the blade, the smith could forge or even cold-work the tang just below the guard, hammering it to be slightly thinner and slightly wider than the hole in the crossguard, permanently wedging the guard in place and almost completely preventing it from ever coming loose. Kind of like how the swell near the top of a hammer handle acts to trap and support the hammer head. In other words, you could slightly increase the width of the tang to rivet the guard in place. I don't know if that's a technique that was ever done historically, it's just an idea.

[@lalli8152]

Must have been cool experience to be able to handle these swords. I hope the future owners take good care of them

[@philparkinson462]

I have my eye on several items in that sale. Not sure whether to praise or curse you for raising the profile 😂

[@heavybolter6396]

Any chance we coupe get a video on the 'indian' rapier? It seems to be a very interesting sword

[@DemianX6x6x6X]

what a treat to see these, if only they would end up in a museum

[@Uruz2012]

They'd end up in a drawer for the next hundred years. Often, these auctions are a way for museums to get funding too.

[@cmur078]

@@Uruz2012 It would be a drawer people know about though, and if a researcher wanted to look at it, they'd know who to contact. If it's a private collection it ends up in a drawer or wall that no one know about.

[@johnfisk811]

These two swords have all the appearance of coming from the same workshop/area/tradition of trained smiths and differ not in design philosophy but in customer taste. Chappie A likes it but wants a slightly beefier size with apear shaped pommel and and Chappie B wants something lighter and more nimble with a fishtail one. Just as folk always did right up to the end of the sword as a weapon in the early 20th century.

[@robbikebob]

The dimensions really lend themselves to halfswording and used like giant rondelle daggers. Is there any evidence of the base of the swords being less sharp so that they could have been grabbed easier.

[@channel1bday]

Good loot.

[@darrinrebagliati5365]

In regards to the balance of these 2 swords: would a finished hilt change the balance to where they would be balanced the same? Does the shape of the fishtail pommel indicate that they used it to balance the sword for its wielder? Eg. The cross on the bottom, the geometry of it in the first place? Aspiring blacksmith here.

[@scholagladiatoria]

Grips would change the balance slightly, but that makes no difference to replication, because you simply make the balance point the same on the replica before adding the grip.

[@evanmorris1178]

Well, with several ounces of steel lost on the tip of the longer one and at least an ounce or so on the other, you aren’t replicating the exact original balance. Your just “close”. Would it be enough to make a difference? Possibly. It is right out there at the end. If I had the chance, I would fill in the missing areas with plasticine or wax, strike them off with a scraper to the blade profile. Then remove the filler, weigh it and cross multiply with the different masses of filler and steel to get the value of the missing mass. Then, you could find the original balance point. Being picky, but it would be satisfying. I really like the shape of that scent stopper/pear shaped pommel. Just lovely.

[@captainahab1533]

I don't know how I feel about these being for sale to private owners.

[@stefthorman8548]

Who cares, they're mass-produced swords made for no names, not to meant that they are so damaged that it doesn't look good, basically it has no artistic or historical value, just an hump of rotted steel.

[@ighmur]

It is said that these swords were found in a barrel. If the discoverer had wanted, the wood could have been dated. Unfortunately he kept his identity a secret and only put the swords up for sale.

[@rustknuckleirongut8107]

There is enough information missing to say the swords have no provenance and all the initial value was derived from the opinions of (now dead) experts that may have had financial interests in the sale of the swords and the value is being now supported by "experts" that will not question the statements of the dead people that originally gave the swords a thumbs up.

[@brickell6925]

Did anyone ever figure out what these sold for just curious what the price of priceless history is

[@jamesouellet9769]

I want Albion to make this sword.

[@johnmckelvy7155]

The Talhoffer is vaguely similar to the first one, but the scale is different. Not too many reproductions of the specific fishtail seen here. Most seem to imitate the Lake Constance xviiia pommel from Records.

[@pleappleappleap]

You, sir, are a geek of the highest order.

[@NotMeButAnother]

Kinda crazy that you can just buy these for fun if you're rich and for most of us this video is the closest we'll ever get to see them.

[@raphlvlogs271]

can medieval swords 500-1000 years old 1s be restored to a functional condition if properly preserved ?

[@Mikshvert]

Short answer is no :( Longer answer, in the condition as is, even if to polish the swords and sharpen them, due to time these artefacts have lost a lot of material and their metal structure has also lost a lot of its intended temper. The pitting from centuries of rust (even small amount) has introduced weak spots that if a significant stress is suddenly applied these swords would snap. If they were stored in an air resistant materials and if they were cared for to minimize bending and erosion of metal then yeah. The "Popular image" of a Japanese sword retaining it's edge is not because they are superior, but because of Japanese sword culture being more preservation oriented, they had stored many of their best weapons in special scabbards, covered in oils and on special racks, thus well preserved. The swords from the collection are in much much worse condition.

[@Kanner111]

Extremely good video, and I require speculation as to how these two excellent weapons just happen to end up at the bottom of a river. (I mean, other than obviously they wouldn't end up at the top or the middle of the river.) I *guess* you can't just leave extremely decent answers to chainmail just lying around where any peasant could get their hands on them?

[@johnmckelvy7155]

In a different vid Matt speculates that they were collected from the battlefield afterwards, then the barge sunk.

[@tanfosbery1153]

I saw a program on Castillon swords some years ago and it seemed their provenance was rather dubious

[@scholagladiatoria]

Don't be confused though. Their provenance is somewhat mysterious, but there is absolutely no doubt that they are genuine mid-15th century swords. We simply don't know exactly where they were found and by whom, but they are certainly real medieval swords from a river.

[@xmaxdamage]

is it me or he didn't mention the weight of the swords?

[@raphlvlogs271]

imagine making a long sword handle with a single piece of horse/ bovine limb bone for those who cannot afford detailed metal pommels and and wrapped grips since the widened end of the bone can function as an organic pommel which can still be easily gripped

[@pestisthebestspaghettikeys6944]

It would rot and become brittle more and more every second it existed until one day you go to pull your sword from its scabbard and it just crumbles in your hands, leaving you very confused as your enemy kills you.

[@nottooherbal]

Handle looks as if it might break or bend in use .

[@scholagladiatoria]

That's a tang, the grip would have been wood with leather covering, but after a few hundred years in a river rotted away.

[@mistercroc9407]

Like a kid in a candy store. Very interesting.

[@Ugojglc]

Please put these into a MUSEUM

[@Paezuzu]

so Oakeshott measurings was really wrong.. second sword blade should measure 83,9mm acording to him...

[@thedamnyankee1]

I know nothing about the 100 years war. so I dont know if this is a sensical question, but could the presence of a german blade suggest german mercenaries?

[@rustknuckleirongut8107]

Arms were produced and distributed all across Europe, so not weird at all. Swords could be made up from parts made all over Europe. You could have an English blade with a German hilt and pommel, and an Italian scabbard. Arms were a major industry and trade good. As long as you were not at war with the buyer and you had a surplus of what the buyer wanted then sales flowed across borders. Germans had iron resources, manufacturing capacity and a willingness to feed a market. So much like you today find Kalashnikov rifles all over the world being used by everyone and their grandmother, back in the day German arms(and Italian) were in widespread use with many armies that would buy whatever they could get in preparation for war.

[@LokiCDK]

Anyone plug all those measurements into CAD to generate a print file? :D

[@womble321]

Not very shiny are they? They need a good polish.

[@Bwaze]

Amazing, thank you! @scholagladiatoria, do you perhaps know the weights of the swords? The Olimpia Auction catalogue pages only states the overal and blade lengths.

[@scholagladiatoria]

I put text on this video to say that unfortunately I was not able to weigh them.

[@jesuseduardosalazararmenta160]

The steel quality on these medieval swords is great, bad, good??? we can say that these swords are close to mild steel 1018, 1040, 1045 or what would be the modern material that is close to the medieval steel

[@evanmorris1178]

Okay, this is from memory, and may be a little off, but should be close to correct: Passau swords, and those made by other German manufacturers, were renowned, because the Iron ore in that area was naturally high in nickel and traces of chrome, which made steel that was tougher and slightly more corrosion resistant than steel made from most other ores. Because these manufactures got lots of business, they expanded, and invested in the best equipment of the day. So they could also make the steel more homogeneous and get more consistent heat treating than many other places. They had very strong guild structure, as well, so workmanship was high level. I’ll leave it to a manufacturer of today to comment on the closest alloy, but from what I understand, better than what you propose.

[@raphlvlogs271]

when did what is modern day Germany started manufacturing blades 4 other places? it was already a thing in the 100 years war but back then it was definitely not as big of a scale as later in the early modern era

[@marcosma2562]

21:50 Brits and the metric system am right?😂

[@scholagladiatoria]

We use Imperial. That's why it's called Imperial. Metric is basically French, but we have to use that as well now.

[@charlesdurham427]

Is anyone else drawing comparisons to videos by gun Jesus?