Seamless steel tubes production process (with subtitles)

[@tubester4567]

For those saying its not clear, they describe 2 types of tube, hot formed and cold drawn. At 6:04 a press punches holes in red hot short billets At 6:33 a mandrel rod is placed in the tube (they dont show it) then it is sent through the elongater. (Rolling dies) The rolling dies squash the tube onto the mandrel rod. The inside diameter stays the same, they can roll more or less for different wall thickness, At 6:53 when the finished tube rolls onto the rack, you can see the mandrel rod still inside the tubes, yet to be removed. At 8:23 he describes cold drawn tube. At 8:43 it shows the cold tube being pulled through the dies which makes the tube smaller and longer. They start with a 32mm tube then pull it cold through smaller and smaller dies to get the size they want. The dies are just basically holes in hardened steel. The machine pulls it through the dies with enormous force. For precision cold drawn, they may use a mandrel rod for this process too for the inside diameter.

[@charlesphillips9465]

I am in awe of the incredible machinery and capital involved, and hats off to the brilliant engineers and inventors that have made the process workable,Many years ago I worked on a small mill just northeast of Philadelphia PA that used progressive dies to form a flat strip into a tube, the seam then welded. I never understood how seamless tube Is made, and I still don't!For one, how can the mandrel remain dead center over a distance without runout? And if the pipe is so hot as to be malleable, what keeps the mandrel from deforming?

[@paulmeir6528]

Thanks for the info!

[@bobbofly]

@tubester4567: Thank you for the timestamps. It should've absolutely been made more clear in the video.

[@JohnSaccoccio]

Thanks, that was a major missing detail on how that very short billet became a very long tube

[@cruiserflyer]

Thank you! For a video announcing itself as a seamless tube video, they don't call enough attention with their dialog or video editing choices, and the fast moving machinery and low res images make it impossible to tell what's going on for a layman.

[@martls6]

I visited this factory in 1998,as part of the European hanggliding competition. The factory was sponsoring the event and many employees volunteered. Very friendly people in Slovakia and amazing memories.

[@dougyoung349]

WOW ! Finally, someone does a great job telling us just what is going on in a manufacturing process. Veru enjoyable ! Thank you !

[@oby-1607]

The design and execution of the machinery always amazes me. It amazes me that someone has had the ability to see something in their mind and in the manufacture of this, the machine comes to life. Any form of steel, I love.

[@delbroncarter5121]

The Power Of Thought Becomes Really.

[@Ecle888015]

This was interesting as I used be involved in making far bigger seamless pipes in Scotland. The process was fairly simple, take a round billet of steel, heat it up until glowing hot, put in a huge 3 story press and using 1000 tonnes of pressure punch a hole down the middle to create a bottle. Then pass to the next stage which pushed a mandrel bar through he middle to create a bloom, the bar is then threaded onto a internal bar, creating the diameter, the biggest was 300mm. It then passes into a mill with kidney shaped pilger mill, which squeezed a collar of metal and rolled it onto the bar. I was only an apprentice at the time, but the process was impressive. Apparently these were far superior for oil drilling than welded tubes, being able to withstand higher pressures.

[@charlesbecker3470]

The whole reason I watched this, was to find out how they start the hole in the tube. If your not paying close attention, you will miss it, I had to go back and watch it again. That is the most important part of a seamless tube, it should be more apparent in the film.

[@arturbies]

Piercing a rough hole through 1 meter long piece of metal is not a challenge. Problem is elongating it later to create proper thickness (initial pierce is far from perfect). Involves measuring temperature and thickness of running input pipe in realtime and adjusting speed of rolling motors to even out the irregularities (and taking things like different tensile strength near the edges compared to middle of pipe).

[@OleTange]

It is covered at kzbin.info/www/bejne/iJnGkH6hmJKpg7sm6s And yes, it only takes 10 seconds for the magic.

[@buddiization]

charles becker yep

[@hojoinhisarcher]

Nice.I've only seen steel tubes with seams in Canada here.I had always wondered how they did it.Besides I got a great European history lesson.I spent 10 years working in a Zinc refinery and your team and management is key.These people know what they are doing .Bravo.

[@jamese9283]

The whole thing seems kind of hollow and really drawn out.

[@Pondimus_Maximus]

James E I regret that I have but one Thumbs Up to give! 👍

[@Fortastius]

Boo

[@thesage1096]

FFS mate !

[@waptek2]

[@SploxLabs]

lol

[@codo7]

You are the company. You have a backbone of steel.

[@v8trauma]

Strangely the part about how it goes from solid to tube isn't covered that well.

[@OTTO149x]

+v8trauma Not only that, I've been looking at videos about seamless tube production for months and it's as if it's a state secret or something. Like, "Kazaam!", it's a tube. I think the hole got speared through the billet first on the vertical "piercing press", then shishkabobbed onto the mandrel rod and then onto the offset rollers to be stretched out, then slid off the mandrel rod and worked some more. As far as I can see there is no possible way to just extrude an endless seamless metal tube because there would be nothing to hold the central "hole die" in place, so they have to have a mandrel down the middle at some point to create and maintain the central hole. That's why they have such a big facility with such long beds for production...

[@AraCarrano]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/oWOunGZpnLSqrq8

[@htomerif]

It was actually covered pretty thoroughly. I'm guessing you wanted it to be more complicated than "poke a hole in it". The actual nature of how seamless tube is made was covered in the rest of the video, emphasizing the importance of ductility and annealing.

[@MilesBader]

This video shows that in more detail: kzbin.info/www/bejne/sKXGdqyboZlqgck

[@russg1801]

There are a couple of other vid's that show a solid piece of yellow-hot steel being pierced. Simply incredible that equipment can withstand that kind of heat without softening itself!

[@markcarey8426]

Interesting that steel is 100% recyclable. Very good vid. After reading the comments I now know how they get the hole down the middle.

[@kriswelsh3844]

Awesome that they got Robert Miles to do the soundtrack for this video. RIP legend.

[@solarheat9016]

I am fascinated by this process where old, useless scrap is reborn as quality steel tube.

[@CucumbersSC]

Swedish materials engineer (read steel nerd) here! Ive seen this process many times, both in the flesh and on video, but it is still super cool. Sad to not see any women mill workers, but fun to see a familiar process in an unfamiliar environment! Oh, and for those of you who wonder how it becomes a tube! I know of two ways this is done in general, one involves simply punching a hole through the billet as one does with seamless rings. I think this is what happens in the video, in the little vertical... press thing. The other way is to roll the round stock in a way that puts tensile stress on the core, making it easy to pierce with a tool! This means you can do it with longer sock. Im not the best at explaining in text but well.

[@johnuferbach9166]

could you explain how they are rolling the pipe after the hole has been pierced? (i don't get how they are keeping the inner diameter constant while rolling)

[@mohammedimran7910]

We're constructing a state-of-the-art facility for seamless pipe and tube production, featuring cutting-edge technology and processes. There are only a handful of plants worldwide dedicated to manufacturing seamless pipes and tubes, and I feel fortunate to be the Project Management Consultant for this construction.

[@NAry-d1g]

นาย.อำนาจ.ประหยัด❤😊

[@wmpetroff2307]

Very well done. THANK YOU to ALL the men who work this job!!

[@Squat5000]

This is a DAMN incredible video! I work with steel quite frequently, forging tube from blanks and bars over mandrels by hand. Seeing how it is done industrially was a major mind blow.

[@carmelpule6954]

Very intelligent, and very brave men indeed to be able to process and guarantee all this work which will find itself being applied to make our home comforts. Congratulations and thank you all.

[@kevingarrett8403]

So amazing, all the processes, the heating and reheating, the pulling and the reshaping, the use of different gases in the curing process. How did man make the machines that he uses to make the materials to make the machines? It's almost like, "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" It's crazy.

[@kovona]

Some neolithic farmer hammering on a piece of native copper with on rock on a bigger slab of rock, and it just got more complex and interesting from there.

[@dubsydubs5234]

If the question is hard just think god did it, that works for most things.

[@rongarza9488]

@@kovona OOOOr, they could have gotten the idea from witnessing a taffy pull at St. Peters. Just a thought.

[@doppler3237]

I am glad to see that the counties that once made up czechoslovakia are getting their manufacturing back. In times past they were powerhouses of steel and related industries.

[@loftsatsympaticodotc]

Great informative video about a very necessary component of modern living. well narrated. Everybody should know something about steel. BUT it should be mentioned that iron alloys in varying forms, not quite modern steel, has been around for way over 1000 years!

[@Grizzly01]

8:15 "hydraulic acid". You mean 'hydrochloric' acid, surely, used for 'pickling' the steel?

[@rafaellastracom6411]

The best way to produce seamless tubes by far. Nice facilities.

[@laxminarayana80]

Solid to tube :the conversation process, superbly explained

[@dougt8215]

If you look closely at the pressing process at 6:04, in the piercing press, the 1 meter long square steel block gets pushed down and then it is pushed back up as a big fat 1-meter long tube. The glowing insides of the tube obscure the fact that there is a hole down the center of the resulting cylinder. Then the drawing process extends the length and narrows the tube in the process to the desired measurements. It draws that 1 meter long cylinder-tube to 20 meters. Then the tube is drawn out some more depending on the desired tube size. It says it can draw tubes to 90 meters, which is about 270 feet, but doesn't say what the resulting diameter is at that length. Then cut to desired lengths. But if one wanted a 90-meter long tube, how could one ship such a tube?

[@TheLRider]

Used to work at a plant in Desford Leicestershire which was part of TI, Tube Inestments. The machines are called three roal piercers. Massive billets would come down the M1 from Sheffield and would be heated in a massive rotary hearth furnace. The white hot steel would then be spun literraly around a central mandrel of the desired inside diameter. Further precise finishing could be undertaken by massive cold rolling machines and cooling processes together with the specification of the steel would define the metallurgical properties of the finished tube or hollow bar which would then be shipped to companies like British Timken to make inner and outer races of bearings etc. Some would go for gear cutting etc..Those were in the days before a well known PM decided that "people didn't want to work in factories any more" They obviously would be far happier picking packages in Amazon warehouses or stacking shelves at Asda.

[@jacobramirez4586]

Congratulations on the soothing voice... I caught the first 2 minutes and the credits . Very interesting .

[@ZerokillerOppel1]

Fascinating! And the part where it becomes a tube IS covered. Just watch and listen better! 6:29

[@ianwatson2285]

Putting the 'hole' in the billet is a violent, dramatic process. The billet is fed to what was called a piercer which sqashed the billet between 2 massive profiled axial rollers, this then fed the rotating billet onto a shaped plug on the end of a long mandrel. Effectivley rolling the billet onto the plug creating a void. this void continued until the tail of the billet passed over the plug. Quite spectacular when it went wrong. The rollers were driven by 2000HP DC motors through a gearbox the size of a small house. This was just the beginning of the process. The mandrel was stripped out of the hollow billet and the the billet was sent onto a '3 roll sizer' , 11 stand straightener then chopped up into required lenght for further processing. Final processing was done by Cold Reducing. A big German machine as I recall. TI Desford Tubes was the place. 3 Hot mills producing the tube and 2 Cold Reducing mills. 1971-74 I was there as a mechanical apprentice. All gone now. The way of most of British Industry. Brought back memories though, Cheers.

[@jeremytravis360]

I used to know a man called M Lipman who owned a company called Tube Investments and I was told he sold almost all of the pipes used in oil fields. Thats the interesting thing about pipes is that they come in all shapes and sizes and made out a wide range of materials from metallic alloys and biodegradable materials. The world recycles.

[@gregthomas7950]

I think the billets are turned into tubes in the piercing press at 6:00. Could be wrong.

[@walterkersting1362]

This work is essential to the well being and prosperity of all mankind; take note of those who oppose it and ask why and then use your better judgement as to the real reason they are against it.

[@jamesoconnell9396]

Excellent video! Steel is modern life.

[@tonythomas951]

I'll comment. Thats just incredible stuff. I've done some mine and smelter work but I've never seen anything like this. When I watch stuff like this it reminds me of how many really smart (way smarter than I) people there are and have been. Definitely shows me I don't know much although I thought I knew a lot.

[@shuaiyuzhang3787]

Can you tell me which smelter you were in before?

[@tonythomas951]

@@shuaiyuzhang3787 San Manuel, Az.

[@lktrffcnbvcxse]

nice video！

[@philsergent1913]

Subscribed right away! Awesome production! Presentation quality is at a level that raises "The Bar" for everyone else! Bravo! Truly enjoyed it!

[@philsergent1913]

@@levetbyck Honestly? It’s not as I remember it. I find I miss the action trying to watch and read at, virtually, the same time. Too much like Anime subtitles and trying to keep up with the story. I just watched it again and still enjoyed the visuals, just not trying to keep up with the text too. Is that what you’re asking?

[@philsergent1913]

@@levetbyck I finally hit CC this time and got the subtitles but, as I said, either read or watch. Having said that, I don’t usually give a good review on such combinations, so, I’d say it’s been changed since last year.

[@philsergent1913]

@@levetbyck you’re funny, I like you. Good luck avoiding “Plague 2.0”!

[@stevenbiars6212]

The ingot becomes a tube at the piercing press when it's forced into a circular mold. It's then driven onto a mandrel rod to be drawn out further.

[@FredPilcher]

The subtitles are the best part.

[@rdtn_official673]

The ads won't let me skip them!

[@ovalwingnut]

InTeReStiNg ViDeO. I promise to never complain about the price of tubing, again. Clearly I get it for GR8T price! Cheers.

[@ObeyCamp]

8:15 They're placed into _hydraulic_ acid? Or might you have meant _hydrochloric_ acid, the acid commonly used for pickling hot-rolled steel that still has the mill scale on it?

[@charlesballiet7074]

we are the company our backbone is made of steel. Simply awesome!

[@lilmike2710]

The subtitles for the silence was my favorite part.

[@Penguin_of_Death]

8:13 "After which they are placed into hydraulic acid..." WTF is that then? Do you mean hydrochloric acid, or perhaps hydrofluoric acid?

[@enzevaee]

Hahaa nicely spotted! I think they use hydrochloric or sulfuric acid.

[@seneca983]

"or perhaps hydrofluoric acid" Probably not that one.

[@shotgunsam23]

Penguin of Death he mend hydrochloride used as a pickling solution.

[@user-uw1wq9rj8g]

Amazing! Steel are everywhere

[@endeavour5762]

Thank you for this video comrade.

[@markjohnson4962]

Look at all of the steel stuff needed to make the pipe. Claw cranes, massive furnaces, all those cast metal parts. Just making the assembly line capable of tons of product at a time is its own show.

[@SimonHollandfilms]

Good job Paul....maybe next time I will supervise the commentary record.

[@EddieVBlueIsland]

Hydrochloric acid not hydraulic acid.

[@patrickmaximilien1823]

EddieVBlueIsland ñ

[@davidsuzukiispolpot]

Thank you for the correction. I was confused by the original statement in the video.

[@exsel888]

Proteusx is a person who researches his information thoroughly and still comes up with the wrong answer! Just goes to show that we all makes mistakes occasionally, get over it.

[@mactheknife4786]

He also said “Technology liquids are drained from the car etc.” The narrator’s a twat.

[@rogeronslow1498]

@@exsel888 That mistake is inexcusable. You obviously have low standards.

[@randyjorgensen7211]

Strange, I watched it.... I swear I did! Yet I never seen the process where it becomes a tube. One min. it is a slug, then it is a tube.

[@Tangobaldy]

Randy Jorgensen yep he just said they are rolled.

[@Cataskew]

Randy Jorgensen I

[@OleTange]

It is covered at kzbin.info/www/bejne/iJnGkH6hmJKpg7sm6s And yes, it only takes 10 seconds for the magic.

[@J.Cameron.Stuart.Adams.]

Piercing press at 6:04

[@Bob3D2000]

Same thing caught me out until I went back through it.

[@joelhefner9897]

It appears that when it goes through the "elongator" it comes out as a tube. My guess is that the elongator spins the steel so fast that centrifugal forces cause the center to expand outwards thus creating the tube.

[@Rebius]

they put a rod in the middle and roll the wall from outside, making the walls thinner and thus elongating the tube.

[@JaakkoF]

Very nicely done video, depicting all the different things and processes without unnecessary stupid joes like on the "How it's made" show. Bravo! :)

[@MrPrinceYoda]

"Hydraulic Acid" at 8:14 is an error. 'Hydrochloric Acid' may have been in the script. Nice documentary.

[@tailsu1]

Also, "Polyelephant surface protection" at 12:13 :)

[@alext9067]

Great music and photography. I missed where the solid bars were turned into tubes. When did that happen? I see it. 6:10, the piercing press. Thank you.

[@dannyr333]

Music is so good

[@jimmyhuesandthehouserocker1069]

That music made me think I had died and I was a spiritual being floating through the afterlife. I used to work at a steel mill that made seamless oil drill pipe. It's interesting when you can see the entire process

[@papacowboy]

How does it go from solid rod to a hollow tube or pipe?

[@thomasfholland]

After watching this I’m awestruck at what we humans have managed to figure out everything we have so far. If I was alone in the mountains I wouldn’t have any idea how to obtain raw iron from the rocks. Let alone build an iPhone from scratch!!

[@johnfranklin4038]

US needs more of this kind of production... too many of these types of processes are being outsourced out of the country and too many service jobs are taking their place... This steel tube plant... you can see how your work produces real value... customer service jobs, on the other hand, are HELL for people with souls... too many people call just to abuse the customer service agents. I worked in phone customer support for 18 years. The last 4 years... well, I quit a couple months ago, I would rather starve (and am selling everything I own trying to get a REAL job) than ever go back to that dead end hell.

[@boboshady]

Anyone else miss the part where a solid bit of metal gets a hole running through it?

[@RobertSzasz]

Garry Byrne 6:05 - 6:14

[@MolltoMotto]

6:29

[@davidrudd6550]

Useless video. Czech video director.... how is it seamless?

[@ZerokillerOppel1]

No. 6:29

[@johnbower]

Yes

[@davidburns9580]

Very nicely done ... I am .0000021% smarter now and I still have a long way to go after all, I am only 80 so I have a lot of time!

[@chloehennessey6813]

So cool. We have at anyone time about 100 tons of metal stock at my dads shop. Tube, square tube, bar stock, flat stock, sheet, 1095, 1085,1065,1055, Inconel 618,718 Titanium etc. Weekends I’ll go in and get cut offs of titanium and 1095 and make a Bush knife with titanium handles.

[@lourias]

Nice mix of music. Though I dislike "techno" music, this piece was a very calming arrangement. Next, the volume of narrator and music was smooth. I did not have to readjust my volume between music and spoken word. Great job !

[@OleTange]

Search for chill-out music to get more in that style.

[@adrianperez6764]

Lmao I fell asleep watching this video in my service truck

[@Parkerqt]

Its not techno, Its trance. :) The artist is Robert Miles, you can check out some of his other music, pretty good too!

[@viberge]

I noticed that too and found Robert Miles - In my dreams. It`s techno dream.

[@SwapPartLLC]

When it's done right, I seldom even notice the music.

[@airgunningyup]

i cant help but think about how crappy these jobs are.. sitting there pressing a button and loading tube 40 hrs a week for life

[@markvanleeuwen6678]

I had this audio cd 20 years ago when i was a raver and listened to techno... robert miles.

[@jesondag]

I watched this video while playing with my CZ 75 BD. Another example of czech steel.

[@bethm3624]

jesondag please this is Not Czech mill !!!! This is completely different country Slovakia !!!! Has nothing to do with Czech Republic .

[@RelentlessHomesteading]

It is an amazing process - one we take too much for granted. Although the conversion from steel billets to tubes itself was not covered well, as one would expect from the title.

[@examplerkey]

Excellent production, very educational. Thanks a lot.

[@1topskyrocket]

I watched it twice to see how the solid bars turned into tubes and I couldn't find it. that's the most important part to me.

[@monse53]

How do the tubes become hollow? At 6:30 they are solid, then suddenly at 7:00 they are tubes.

[@MolltoMotto]

at 6:30 they already formed the tube, you can see the mandrel inside. here you can see the basic process kzbin.info/www/bejne/oWOunGZpnLSqrq8

[@OleTange]

It is covered at kzbin.info/www/bejne/iJnGkH6hmJKpg7sm6s And yes, it only takes 10 seconds for the magic.

[@HunanGreatSteelPipeCoLtd]

Cool video!

[@gibbo1112]

Absolute banger of a soundtrack

[@dillipparamaguru2455]

Excellent video to understand the manufacturing process. Repeat video to see in detail.

[@nivaldo758]

Where the rod is transformed to tube? Did I missed it or the video doesn't show it? If I missed in what time of the video is it?

[@CarlosGonzalez-kt5be]

GOOD VIDEO, SALUDOS !! FROM: THE BRONX , NEW YORK ..

[@janisfroehlig7744]

6:32 "mandrel rod" (only until about 6:34) That's how the hole gets in there. (There are comments agogo that say this part is so fast they missed it.)

[@rorypenstock1763]

What a great video!

[@morelenmir]

Fascinating! Although a little more clarity on the mandrel process would have been welcome. Obviously raw iron has to enter the picture at some point via blast furnaces. However, today less and less 'new' iron is produced as recycling can recover a larger percentage of already formed steel. Going from the video this seems to be where the majority of this company's steel comes from. The most key part of all this is the meticulous analysis of the chemistry of the liquid steel. This allows modern steel to perform better than any that has ever been made throughout history. In the past access to especially well performing steel was down to chance and depended largely on the characteristics and fortuitous impurity of what came out of the ground. Some features could also be laboriously added via a specific manufacturing process such as repeated folding or highly rudimentary and non-repeatable carburization.

[@hubbsllc]

What's the "protective atmosphere" mentioned at 9:15?

[@KCNusach]

This has left me grappling with a lot of existential questions, not least of which: 1) if blooms can be manufactured with a circular cross section, why do we need to roll the square ones? 2) What is hydraulic acid?

[@seneca983]

I'm pretty sure they meant hydrochloric acid.

[@Abyssdeus]

Not sure how I got here but I'm drinking every time they say the word "steel".

[@moodberry]

So, since quality is important, how is quality assured when they take scrap steel and other metals mixed in, throw it in a furnace, and just use the metal that comes out? I know that steel has many different grades, so what process is engaged here so that the resulting steel from teh scrap metals comes out consistent and has the right mixtures in it?

[@5ChG]

oh..no..that brake metal..is so precious...

[@rafihussain]

Thank you.

[@rongarza9488]

The difference between a tube and a pipe. Same thing actually but the tUbe is measured on the oUtside, whereas the pIpe is measured on the Inside. So a tube fits inside a pipe as smug as a bug in a rug when both have the "same" diameters (one is OD and the other ID).

[@RT-iz7zm]

A tube is 2 inches or less . Pipe is measured on outside diameter for 12 inches or less , then changes to inside diameter

[@Harrier20153]

Sounds good 👍👍👍

[@bestarsteelco.ltd.7153]

Cool machine. Cool technical.

[@deadfreightwest5956]

5:24 - The Austro-Hungarian Empire is where my paternal grandmother came from. So long ago, now.

[@holoholohaolenokaoi2299]

American steel is back better than ever

[@jasondashney]

1:43 cutting glass with no respirator. Tell me how that goes, long term.

[@stewartmackay539]

Very interesting but I would have liked an explanation of how it goes from solid round bar to hollow tube.

[@OleTange]

It is covered at kzbin.info/www/bejne/iJnGkH6hmJKpg7sm6s And yes, it only takes 10 seconds for the magic.

[@billdodds9936]

I am glad i watched this i always wondered how they made tubes,I ma still in the dark

[@sinhadmulla6443]

Very nice video

[@Neil-Aspinall]

What I want to is what company makes all the heavy duty machinery that these kinds of factories use?

[@paulbrodie]

Would be really nice if someone was explaining the process as it is happening! Otherwise, very hard to know what is actually happening.

[@curtiscarpenter9881]

The steel industry could benefit from being more state run, made public or even merged into a larger more resilient entity, what can be done on the while to benefit the industry needs to be understood by each business and if not by the biggest companies in the steel industry in the UK to do what they can do to benefit the industry.

[@Maloy7800]

5:26 Still not a word about seamless tubes production!

[@MaleAdaptor]

Thankyou for posting this video. It is am amazing technology. I am still puzzeled as to how other metals are removed from the iron scraps in the first place. I know they are chopped and perhaps magnetically seperated but still, there must be other scraps carried through with them. Also, what is done with the left over metals?

[@MaeganClearwood]

What does it mean to do "jacking" in the process of making steel tubes?

[@MegaJohnhammond]

At 12:44, are those "U Tubes"?

[@thatoldbob7956]

Still not clear how the tube without seam is formed. I am an old engineer and in my young years I was in rolling mills lots of times, never saw seamless tube process and I did not get the nitty gritty of the process from here either. The rest was very familiar, I even recognized the the smashed car was a rear engine Skoda.