yeah he is so osum (awesome ase likhte hain retard)
@finding-joy...7 ай бұрын
You are right
@EnchantedTulipTales7 күн бұрын
52:21 leaving the video here! Pls remind me ne to study back!🫶🏻🌷
@Winter_bear_144 күн бұрын
Ho gaya chapter ❤
@user-hi1iw3hp9c4 күн бұрын
Pdh looo
@sonikumari_4 күн бұрын
Behen koi yaad kyu dilayega... Apka Chapter, apka syllabus hai apko khud khatam karna hai
@CH_Himesh_dagar17 күн бұрын
if shobit bhaiya Is on our school. I go school daily. If I am right so, like my comment
@user-or4xh4ir8nАй бұрын
1:06:13 yaha pe chod kar ja Rahi hu yaad dila Dena like karke
@shreyasbhat2909Ай бұрын
Kahi likh lena hutiye🤡
@Feronik369Ай бұрын
Just like the video bro 😂 and watch it again from playlist like beggers 😂
@RASMITANAIK-gy5boАй бұрын
Your comment English translation is wild
@Cherryville653Ай бұрын
@@RASMITANAIK-gy5bo i saw it too😂😂 too wild 😂
@Edu..Babaji500Ай бұрын
Line was personal ☠️
@user-fc3ro4ts7w7 ай бұрын
People who are watching in 2024 for final exams. Like👇👇
@kusum88486 ай бұрын
Me
@andrewsjohnson27366 ай бұрын
Me
@brijeshsharma63046 ай бұрын
Me!
@user-vj4kw9xs3w5 ай бұрын
me
@user-ie9pb5lp4x5 ай бұрын
Yee 😢
@priyanshnagaich97188 күн бұрын
Who is seeing on rakshabandhan 2024😂 If yes so like😢
@Immortal_Editz076 күн бұрын
watching it last night before pre mid exam💀
@madhupremofficialАй бұрын
INTRO - 0:00:00 BASIC DEFINITION - 00:02:00 TYPES OF ANGLES - 00:08:15 PAIR OF ANGLES - 00:10:10 INTERSECTING AND NON INTERSECTING LINES - 00:29:45 AXIOM NO.1 - 00:35:48 AXIOM NO.2 - 00:38:52 THEOREM NO.1 - 00:41:15 LALLU PROBLEM NO.1 - 00:52:47 LALLU PROBLEM NO.2 - 01:00:44 LALLU PROBLEM NO.3 - 01:10:00 LALLU PROBLEM NO.4 - 01:12:30 TRANSVERSAL - 01:19:00 PARALLEL LINE AND TRANSVERSAL - 01:29:05 CONDITION OF PARALLELISM - 01:32:40 THEOREM NO.2 - 01:36:34 LALLU PROBLEM NO.5 - 01:37:24 LALLU PROBLEM NO.6 - 01:44:45 LALLU PROBLEM NO.7 - 01:53:45 LALLU PROBLEM NO.8 - 02:01:09 LALLU PROBLEM NO 9 - 02:05:43 ANGLE SUM PROPERTY/THEOREM NO. 3 - 02:11:15 THEOREM NO.4 - 02:16:55 LALLU PROBLEM NO.10 - 02:22:47 LALLU PROBLEM NO.11 - 02:29:05 OUTRO - 2:35:59
@tomioka_giyu_zzzzАй бұрын
Thnx bro❤
@Prabhat31588Ай бұрын
Discription me hai ye same chizz😂
@user-uq2iq2nw3uАй бұрын
Thxx
@sajjannegivlogs7276Ай бұрын
Copy paste @@Prabhat31588
@user-ud5ch9rn3cАй бұрын
not needed
@himansu75822 күн бұрын
😢😢 why we don't get this type of teacher in our school😢😭
@EnvyVlogsDiaryInsideOut17 күн бұрын
Yes bro, ur right 😢😭
@eswararaodendeti445315 күн бұрын
Yes😢😢😢😢
@awesomeishu664015 күн бұрын
Because unhe srif apne paiso se mtlb hai na ki baccho ke doubt se
@Gamer36abhi12 күн бұрын
There can be only 1 king in the jungle 👑
@sigmalife_241612 күн бұрын
Bro why are you blaming your teacher making jokes and talking between the class is your mistake😂
@kenny5496 Жыл бұрын
Please triangle and Quadrilateral next 😭 I love how you explain!
@PadhaiKarle77 Жыл бұрын
Yes pls bhaiya
@ashiyajawed1583 Жыл бұрын
Ha bhaiya
@FiFa_King07 Жыл бұрын
Yes bro 😮😮
@itzsswati Жыл бұрын
Yeah
@Anshika-ch8dr Жыл бұрын
Yess plZ
@sohaverenkar366929 күн бұрын
Bro literally called the figure sexy 💀💀
@music_by_kapil_kolsiya23 күн бұрын
Kabi na kabi ghar se. Niklwa yeha😢😢😢
@Mohit_____1011822 күн бұрын
I'm also noticing that 😂
@Anisha-D6919 күн бұрын
Whenn
@user-ou3xb8ut3o19 күн бұрын
@@beagreatmuslim May you rest in peace!
@Act2-faKt-Official18 күн бұрын
Accha hua me headphone phanke lecture dekh rha tha
@user-hw1ct1qv6dАй бұрын
2:00:00 yaha pe chhor ke ja raha hu yaad dila dena like karke Edit: Bhai itne likes pahli baar btw Maine complete kar liya Bhai
@SantyGaming89Ай бұрын
Pad le😂
@FreeFire-bg3lsАй бұрын
Aa ja bhai😂
@tue3668Ай бұрын
Padhai kar oo
@legendsgaming8784Ай бұрын
Jjj
@rakeshyadav5071Ай бұрын
Pdh le bhaiii ab😅
@zaidrasheedidrisi214310 ай бұрын
Sir please circles chapter ki bhi explanation krdijiye...🥺 Vote for circles😌
@user-oe7sw8wr1r9 ай бұрын
Yes sir
@AntraSingh-sz8lp8 ай бұрын
Yes sir please circle chapter ki bhi video bana do
@TejashviGelot8 ай бұрын
Yes
@NS_sparkles7 ай бұрын
Yes sir please ....
@SarthakKushwah2026 ай бұрын
Aa gaya hain bhai 😄
@m538394 күн бұрын
Agar maths ke exam me fail nahi hona h to like and subscribe kar don't risk 💀💀💀🦴🦴
@RahulDhawan-ez9bc10 сағат бұрын
Please like tomorrow is my exam 😢
@buxxykoomin9 ай бұрын
Literally my first time studying from this guy's video, and I srsly regret not learning from this dude before!! really awesome!! he srsly deserves an award 🤯
@SUGA_TEA9 ай бұрын
same! recently my big bro who is in 12th currently introduced me to his channel... saying he used to see his videos back those days...
@Triggu_xd_edit8 ай бұрын
wo toh thik he par yeh dude course complete nhi kra rha
@ShahajiraoDeshmukh8 ай бұрын
@@Triggu_xd_edit bhaiiiii😂😂😂
@Triggu_xd_edit8 ай бұрын
@@ShahajiraoDeshmukh 🤣
@SUGA_TEA8 ай бұрын
@@Triggu_xd_edit bhai bhat tho sahi hai waise lol 😂
@Class9th-dl1vg13 күн бұрын
1:19:22 yaha chod ke ja rha hu, please remind me guys
@aaravrajak29733 күн бұрын
Bhiya aapne pichli Rakhsabandhan par vedio bana ya tha aur mai 2024 ik Rakshabandhan ko dekh raha hu. 53:43
@PriyankaKumari-sz1yo23 күн бұрын
1:34:05 yaha pein chod ke ja rahe hu yaad dilana like karke❤😂 kisi ko problem hai toh wo like nhi kare
@naivedyadalmia2.05616 күн бұрын
Translate karo isko 😅
@_re_X_x_0716 күн бұрын
Tere papa ke naukar nhi h 🤧
@PriyankaKumari-sz1yo13 күн бұрын
@@_re_X_x_07 ha tu mera papa ka naukar hai re koi dikkat
@Your_fav_jodi11 ай бұрын
Vote for Polynomials ⬇️
@RAJKUMARSINGH-xu1rh15 күн бұрын
🤢🤮
@RAJKUMARSINGH-xu1rh15 күн бұрын
Dr🖤👎🏻🧟♀️🕺🏻
@KovidChitara10 күн бұрын
Thera
@amarad89319 күн бұрын
Ok
@DebanandaPatra-pk4wc6 күн бұрын
Kahan the tum😂😂😂😂
@user-il1dr7fn4v7 күн бұрын
2:23:17 cutie pie 😂😂😁
@seemamishra12126 сағат бұрын
1:51:06 pe chod raha hu yaad dilwa Dena like karke
@Dhairyajainn Жыл бұрын
VOTE FOR: POLYNOMIALS
@Yourheaven228911 ай бұрын
Polynomials is one of the easiest chapter in math even my math is not so good I can understand it very easily
@bedbear378111 ай бұрын
no one asked ..........@@Yourheaven2289
@editing_devotee11 ай бұрын
@@Yourheaven2289factories entered😂
@Vigyankiduniya011 ай бұрын
@@editing_devoteefactories are also easy!! Bruh--
@FriskTheChildnChara11 ай бұрын
YES 🙋♂️🗣️❗
@diarydecoration09 күн бұрын
Now the time is 12:5 AM now I skip the video because my pen is finished
@Bhawna-mq6ix3 ай бұрын
Aaj kon kon shobhit bhaiya ke kehne par ye lecture attend karne aaya hai
@SumanSahu-qb5ub3 ай бұрын
@BhawanKumari-mq6ix Mai aayi hu 😁
@ayushsharma45953 ай бұрын
Mai bhi
@_EDITZ3303 ай бұрын
And I also
@bibhakumari86313 ай бұрын
Me
@fizaali47473 ай бұрын
Me💅
@raphaelgeorge6433 Жыл бұрын
As a senior, I can say you are on the right channel. Just follow his videos.. I'm being jealous because he didn't used to upload video of the chapter when we studied. But you guys are lucky.. Just utilise it and keep studying All the very best 👍
@user-cj5mf8hn9d11 ай бұрын
okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
@rubybossrider611211 ай бұрын
ok niga
@SCP-k37WeirdestShowerThoughts11 ай бұрын
@@rubybossrider6112 bhai chemistry kaha se aaya
@gunavathick660211 ай бұрын
Ok
@30-nov8 ай бұрын
@@user-cj5mf8hn9do
@Ruksarrrrr7 күн бұрын
1:44:46 Haha pe lecture leave kr rha hu
@artsbydivas3960 Жыл бұрын
All doubts are clear now in Lines and Angles . Thank you so much sir 😌😊 If you like the lecture so like ..
@aarushtheroasterboy7151 Жыл бұрын
You not even wathched it completely 😅
@rashbiharisingh86511 ай бұрын
@@aarushtheroasterboy7151 Did you skip your english classes?
@devanshparikh25585 ай бұрын
@rashbiharisingh865 lamo u r true he bunk her English class
@user-nf1nd3lx3o5 ай бұрын
@@devanshparikh2558 did u also bunk your english class is or what ??
@user-nf1nd3lx3o5 ай бұрын
@@devanshparikh2558 He bunk her english classes 😂😂
@niharika7319 Жыл бұрын
Bhaiya these chapters plzz : 1. Number system 2. Polynomials 3. Co-ordinate geometry 4. Linear equations 5. Triangles 6. Herons formula
@user-ws2hi6zv8d Жыл бұрын
Yes bhaiya plzz
@namartasawhney5485 Жыл бұрын
@@user-ws2hi6zv8d yes please
@Lordff711 ай бұрын
@@namartasawhney5485mai samjha du😂😂
@M1kk1z11 ай бұрын
Our half-year portions 😂
@Mvslim78611 ай бұрын
Ye mera half yearly syallabus hai
@cricrime65Күн бұрын
Tho class 9th 2024-25 students tum log bas 2:11:30 yahatak dekna bai😅
@TEJASCORPORATION-m8k10 күн бұрын
30:18 Gujarati 😂😂
@lovestatus-hq4ruАй бұрын
0:12 yha pr class leave kr rha hu yad dila dena 💀💀 Edit - Thanks for 20 likes💀 Edit - Thanks for 40 likes 💀
@RASMITANAIK-gy5boАй бұрын
12 seconds ki class😂😂😂
@arjitsingh3542Ай бұрын
bhi tu phade kyu raha hai
@truestory95126 күн бұрын
❤I understood more here than in school. do you guys agreed ❤
@SuhasG-sw1er2 күн бұрын
Vote for Heron's formula chapter 👇
@Demonking-ez8pv3 күн бұрын
13:09 kon kon tuition test ke liye dekh raha hai like- kardo
@XomedyDream7 ай бұрын
I've Literally Watched Over 7-8 Lectures, And Almost Everyone Said That Their Lecture's The Best On KZbin BUT ONLY THIS MAN SPEAKS TRUTH
@phenix.695710 күн бұрын
Pro tip : never watch shobit sir lecture without speaker ☠️
@JiyaSinh3 күн бұрын
Why😅
@user-wy1rh6jj6iАй бұрын
Revision Notes on Lines and Angles Basic terms and Definitions 1. Point - A Point is that which has no component. It is represented by a dot. 2. Line - When we join two distinct points then we get a line. A line has no endpoints it can be extended infinitely. 3. Line Segment - It is the part of the line which has two endpoints. 4. Ray - Ray is also a part of the line which has only one endpoint and has no end on the other side. Basic terms 5. Collinear and Non-collinear points - Points lie on the same line are known as collinear points and the points that don't lie on the same line are known as Non-Collinear Points. Collinear and Non-collinear points Angles When two rays begin from the same endpoint then they form an Angle. The two rays are the arms of the angle and the endpoint is the vertex of the angle. Types of Angles Angle Notation Image Acute An angle which is between 0° and 90°. Acute Angle Right An angle which is exactly equal to 90°. Right Angle Obtuse An angle which is between 90° and 180°. Obtuse Angle Reflex An angle which is between 180° and 360° Reflex Angle Straight An angle which is exactly equal to 180°. Straight Angle Complete An angle which is exactly equal to 360°. Complete Angle Complementary and Supplementary Angles Complementary Angles are those which have the sum of two angles as 90°. Supplementary Angles are those which have the sum of two angles as 180°. Relation between two Angles Angles Relation Image Adjacent Angles If two angles have the same vertex and their one of the arm is common then these are called adjacent angles. Adjacent Angles Linear pair of Angles If two angles have the same vertex and one common arm but the arms which are not common are making a line then these are called the linear pair of angles. Linear pair of Angles Vertically opposite Angles If two lines intersect each other at a point then the opposite angles are vertically opposite angles.
@user-xm1fi5yj7cАй бұрын
Thanku ❤❤
@ShobhnaGupta-ys3pnАй бұрын
Thankyou ❤
@AnshNexttopper2 ай бұрын
Who is watching in 2024-2025 👇
@ARTfromSIYAКүн бұрын
Kis kis ko shobhit bhaiya apne school me maths teacher chahiye 👇👇
@gajendersingh43242 күн бұрын
Friends please vote for next chapter surface area and volume 👇
@sangeetadevi787 Жыл бұрын
Next triangle and Quadrilateral please bhaiya your explanation is too easy or understandable we want these chapters also like who want these chapters!! 👇🏻
@Lordff711 ай бұрын
Quadrilateral is just too complex 💀
@khushidupper408011 ай бұрын
@@Lordff7 bro it's easy
@mittalsisodiya490Ай бұрын
1:12:32 par chod kar j raha hu yad dila Dena plz
@abdulbee95979 күн бұрын
I also
@sluxywave3 күн бұрын
Me Toh Advance Me Phad Rha Hu!! 😢😊
@BhupendraJogi-yu7th3 ай бұрын
AARAMBH BATCH students attendance who come here for Home work that bhaiya gave us before the start of Triangles chapter
@_EDITZ3303 ай бұрын
Ho gaga bhai
@_EDITZ3303 ай бұрын
2x PE dekh liya
@rudrac5513 ай бұрын
Yes bro
@Tisha.Dahiya3 ай бұрын
Yess 😅😅
@SaumyaSingh-bn4dz3 ай бұрын
Yess 😂
@Studymotivation54563 ай бұрын
Kon kon shobhit bhaiya ke kahne pe aaj aarambh batch se aya h 2024 ok like karo 😅 😊
@DineshBasumatary-jo2kw3 ай бұрын
Me 😁
@riddhianshu11873 ай бұрын
Mee
@AbhayPrajapati-fv5xh3 ай бұрын
Mai
@SumanSahu-qb5ub3 ай бұрын
Meee
@sakshammonga59103 ай бұрын
Me
@russias73865 күн бұрын
Legends are seeing just before exam
@alishahzar592110 ай бұрын
Me is only one who's watching before few hours of exam 😅😅😅😅
@KeybruteYT10 ай бұрын
Same😂
@xgfirewolf632710 ай бұрын
Same
@yasmeensaroya9737Ай бұрын
Legends 😂
@RekhaTripathi-uo5hlАй бұрын
Me studying before 1 hr of the exam 😅😅
@benchmatesofficialАй бұрын
Good
@namannegi81904 ай бұрын
I am student of the 2024-25 batch of 9th and when the spring holidays were going on i was just surfing through the internet and found this guy ,due to him during my whole spring break i finished the whole ncert and I am hoping to get 100 in the first exams, THANKS SHOBHIT BHAIYAA!!!!!
@SDGaming-hk1ko3 ай бұрын
kitne marks ae?
@Ankushkumar764583 ай бұрын
Abhi exam nhi hua bhai August or September mai hoga
@namannegi81902 ай бұрын
July main honge bhai
@atharvatambe5812 ай бұрын
benstoks puri ncrt khatam kardi bhai ne😱
@ssofttons4892 ай бұрын
July 22 2024@@Ankushkumar76458
@AbhiSingh-bj9sq3 күн бұрын
1:19:04 1:19:05 1:19:06 Yes⚡⚡in Speed
@kusumlatagajendra91626 күн бұрын
final exam me fail nahi hona hai to like karo. do not take risk exam ke sath bakar nahi like kar de bhai bhn kuch nahi jata
@afzalrahman4589 Жыл бұрын
Time Stamp: INTRO - 0:01:00 BASIC DEFINITION - 00:02:00 TYPES OF ANGLES - 00:08:15 PAIR OF ANGLES - 00:10:10 INTERSECTING AND NON INTERSECTING LINES - 00:29:45 AXIOM NO.1 - 00:35:48 AXIOM NO.2 - 00:38:52 THEOREM NO.1 - 00:41:15 LAPPU QUESTION NO.1 - 00:52:47 LAPPU QUESTION NO.2 - 01:00:44 LAPPU QUESTION NO.3 - 01:10:00 LAPPU QUESTION NO.4 - 01:12:30 TRANSVERSAL - 01:19:00 PARALLEL LINE AND TRANSVERSAL - 01:29::05 CONDITION OF PARALLELISM - 01:32:40 THEOREM NO.2 - 01:36:34 LALLU PROBLEM NO.5 - 01:37:24 LALLU PROBLEM NO.6 - 01:44:45 LALLU PROBLEM NO.7 - 01:53:45 LALLU PROBLEM NO.8 - 02:01:09 LALLU PROBLEM NO 9 - 02:05:43 ANGLE SUM PROPERTY/THEOREM NO. 3 - 02:11:15 THEOREM NO.4 - 02:16:55 LALLU PROBLEM NO.10 - 02:22:47 LALLU PROBLEM NO.11 - 02:29:05 OUTRO - 2:35:59
@Elvi.in9 Жыл бұрын
THANKS TOMORROW I HAVE EXAM ❤😭
@chhayagavate8490 Жыл бұрын
@@Elvi.in9 me too bro which school I am in DAV
@JayNolan211 ай бұрын
Lappu problem 😂
@user-ls6fi9eh9n Жыл бұрын
Loved it sir. Needed Gravitation Notes.
@user-xk4ym8qn6c11 ай бұрын
Yes
@simranjeetkaurhundal515211 ай бұрын
Yes
@FlyHigh26611 ай бұрын
Yes pls
@All_Purpose_Mathematics8 ай бұрын
Hello pls Maine bhi lines and angles padhaya hai aaplog dekh lijiye na pls agar accha Lage toh dekhiye varna chale jayega
@user-ks9vi8gf8k9 күн бұрын
kya haal chaal mere bhaiyo or beheno 🥴🤛✊👊
@vpfx_vallabha Жыл бұрын
This man will make the next generation amazing.
@FocusWit Жыл бұрын
Systemmmmm bhaiya ka 😎
@mffouzaanmd Жыл бұрын
nope
@ANILKUMAR-qk2rp11 ай бұрын
Definitely
@All_Purpose_Mathematics8 ай бұрын
Hello pls Maine bhi lines and angles padhaya hai aaplog dekh lijiye na pls agar accha Lage toh dekhiye varna chale jayega
@NivratiGupta24 күн бұрын
1:00:52 bro literally called the figure something weird
@murlidharsurwase3582Күн бұрын
1:29:00 ALL CORRECT! ✅
@MR.AKM_gaming8 күн бұрын
Math me jisko be 20mark chaeye ho like kare
@Gamingboyunknown74 Жыл бұрын
This man will bring evolution between youth
@codeSundaram Жыл бұрын
Vote for Shobit Bhaiya❤️😇 Smartwork 💥💀
@The_killeryt1444 ай бұрын
Kis kis ne lecture pura dekha❤😅😂🎉😊
@AmitKumar-pz8lqАй бұрын
Pahle dekhne to do
@ancientanimetor110225 күн бұрын
Mene dekha bhayyyyy😁
@salonisaini29705 күн бұрын
Sir being a caring teacher, brother, parent, taunt marne vale relative, and our saviour at the same time still he is one of the best teacher also far better than school teachers 💪🏻✨
@jayshreegehlot393512 сағат бұрын
1:29:00 bhaiya all are right
@abdalahmad9561Ай бұрын
1:00:00 chor kr jaarha huu... Yaad dilaadenaa 🥲
@hammad_mirАй бұрын
Aaja sale parh le
@simransood1135Ай бұрын
@@hammad_mir😂
@simransood1135Ай бұрын
Ha Bhai padh le😂
@lovestatus-hq4ruАй бұрын
When I translated it to English the words disappear 💀
@EnvyVlogsDiaryInsideOut17 күн бұрын
@@lovestatus-hq4ruI chscked it after your reply and it really worked💀
@Hrdships819vlogs27 күн бұрын
Got all correct {1:29:01} Who all get correct like this comment.
@AvantikaDas-o1r9 күн бұрын
He gives me butterflies by saying meri jaan 🥲🥲
@adithyaaron85748 күн бұрын
Broo destroyed physics wallah in the first 20 sec
@JiyaSinh3 күн бұрын
Howww?
@kavyaladdugopalbhakti3063 Жыл бұрын
Needed triangle one shot lecture ....🎉 Thanks for this lecture bhaiya
@kalpanabahl1292 Жыл бұрын
Bhayiya I understand this full chapter properly ❤thanks pls make lecture on triangles also
@dipikadey1889 күн бұрын
1:53:47 sir ek doubt hai angle z=angle y bhi to ho skta tha na alternate interior angles tofir use 90° se - kyu kiya
@Messi-l5u7 күн бұрын
Di, Tumne sahi socha hai ki (A.I angle) se ho skta hai but here is a problem ki ANGLE "Z" jo hai vo alternate interior ka rule follow nhi kr rha "Z" pura angle kaha form kr rha hai dhyan se dekho, AUR JO LINE "AE" HAI VO LINE "EF" KE PERPENDICULAR HAI TOH UNKE ANGLE KA SUM 90° He HOGA N TOH USS WJH SE SOBHIT BHAIYA NE 90° KA USE KIYA HAI ( "TBH" 👐🏻, Sister tell me. My feedback is appreciating you or not 😢)
He is literally like a friend who teaches one day before the exam .... Lot's of LOVE❤❤❤
@Atzdesifitnes3 ай бұрын
Aarambh Wale Jo dekh rahe like...❤
@InduMishra-t5nКүн бұрын
I wish everyone gets good marks in maths😊😊😊.
@AnjaliVerma-jv9qt3 күн бұрын
Legends r studying one day before exam😂💀
@NoraHyugaАй бұрын
shobhit bhaiya ka "meri jaan" ek din meri jaan lelega
@FlyHigh26611 ай бұрын
29:56 is the best part
@Dhruvtechsm8 күн бұрын
Kon kon is video ko 2x par dekh raha hai
@rambaranpal48224 күн бұрын
1:00:00 yaha pe video chor raha hu yaad dila dena.😂😅😊
@Yourskullguy Жыл бұрын
Really❤❤ You won't believe but in night i dream shobhit bhaiya teaching and today really received this lecture .. Dreams comes true 😂😂 Btw thanks Bhaiya we need it for our preparation.